America Past and PresentAmerica Past and PresentEighth EditionEighth Edition

Divine Divine Breen Breen Fredrickson Fredrickson Williams Williams Gross Gross Brand Brand

CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2New World ExperimentsNew World Experiments

England’s Seventeenth-Century ColoniesEngland’s Seventeenth-Century Colonies

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Breaking AwayBreaking Away

Rapid social change in seventeenth-Rapid social change in seventeenth-century Englandcentury England

English population mobileEnglish population mobile Different motives for immigrationDifferent motives for immigration

• Religious versus economicReligious versus economic• Personal: to escape bad marriages, jail Personal: to escape bad marriages, jail

terms, or lifelong povertyterms, or lifelong poverty

The Stuart MonarchsThe Stuart Monarchs

English Civil War and Glorious English Civil War and Glorious RevolutionRevolution

English Civil War, 1640-1649English Civil War, 1640-1649• Stuart Monarchy vs. ParliamentStuart Monarchy vs. Parliament• Charles I beheadedCharles I beheaded• Oliver Cromwell made Lord ProtectorOliver Cromwell made Lord Protector• Stuarts restored with Charles II, 1660Stuarts restored with Charles II, 1660

Glorious Revolution, 1688Glorious Revolution, 1688• William and Mary replaced James IIWilliam and Mary replaced James II• Established that monarchs must rule Established that monarchs must rule

with Parliamentwith Parliament

Four Colonial SubculturesFour Colonial Subcultures

The ChesapeakeThe Chesapeake New EnglandNew England Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies The CarolinasThe Carolinas

The Chesapeake: The Chesapeake: Dreams of WealthDreams of Wealth

Richard HakluytRichard Hakluyt• Colonies make great profit for investorsColonies make great profit for investors• Free England from dependence on rival Free England from dependence on rival

powers for valuable commoditiespowers for valuable commodities Anti-Catholicism prompted English Anti-Catholicism prompted English

people to challenge Spanish claims in people to challenge Spanish claims in New WorldNew World

Entrepreneurs in VirginiaEntrepreneurs in Virginia

Joint-stock companies provided financingJoint-stock companies provided financing English stockholders in Virginia Company English stockholders in Virginia Company

expected instant profits expected instant profits Jamestown settled in 1607Jamestown settled in 1607 Colony’s location in a swamp unhealthyColony’s location in a swamp unhealthy Competition from expansive PowhattanCompetition from expansive Powhattan Colonists did not work for common goodColonists did not work for common good

Chesapeake Colonies, 1640Chesapeake Colonies, 1640

Spinning Out of ControlSpinning Out of Control

1608-1609—John Smith imposed order1608-1609—John Smith imposed order 1609—London Company re-organized 1609—London Company re-organized

colonial governmentcolonial government 1610— “Starving Time” ended by arrival of 1610— “Starving Time” ended by arrival of

Lord De La Warr, fresh settlers, and Lord De La Warr, fresh settlers, and martial lawmartial law

Conflict with PowhattanConflict with Powhattan• Contributed to “starving time”Contributed to “starving time”• 1622—natives attempted to drive out English1622—natives attempted to drive out English• 1644—second attempt to drive out English; 1644—second attempt to drive out English;

Powhattan empire destroyedPowhattan empire destroyed

““Stinking Weed” Stinking Weed”

1610—John Rolfe introduced tobacco1610—John Rolfe introduced tobacco 1618—Reforms of Edwin Sandys1618—Reforms of Edwin Sandys

• House of Burgesses instituted for House of Burgesses instituted for Virginia self-governmentVirginia self-government

• Headright: 50-acre lot granted to each Headright: 50-acre lot granted to each colonist who paid his own colonist who paid his own transportation, or for each servant transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony brought into the colony Allowed development of huge estatesAllowed development of huge estates

Time of ReckoningTime of Reckoning

Population increase prevented by Population increase prevented by imbalanced sex ratioimbalanced sex ratio• 3570 colonists to Virginia, 1619-16223570 colonists to Virginia, 1619-1622• Men outnumbered women 6:1 after 1619 Men outnumbered women 6:1 after 1619

Contagious disease killed settlersContagious disease killed settlers• 1618: Virginia population numbered 7001618: Virginia population numbered 700• 1618-1622: 3000 immigrated1618-1622: 3000 immigrated• 1622: Virginia population numbered 12401622: Virginia population numbered 1240

Indentured servants denied promised landIndentured servants denied promised land 1622—Powhattan attack killed 347 settlers1622—Powhattan attack killed 347 settlers

Corruption and ReformCorruption and Reform

Problems of colony blamed on greed Problems of colony blamed on greed and mismanagement of London and mismanagement of London CompanyCompany

1624—King James I dissolved London 1624—King James I dissolved London Company Company

Virginia became a royal colonyVirginia became a royal colony House of Burgesses continued to House of Burgesses continued to

meetmeet Burgesses created County Courts Burgesses created County Courts

Maryland: A Troubled Refuge Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholicsfor Catholics

Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as refuge for English Baltimore) as refuge for English CatholicsCatholics

1632—Calvert’s son Cecilius (second 1632—Calvert’s son Cecilius (second Lord Baltimore) gained charter to Lord Baltimore) gained charter to Maryland Maryland

Required toleration among Catholics Required toleration among Catholics and Protestants and Protestants

Maryland: A Troubled Refuge Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholicsfor Catholics

Wealthy Catholics unwilling to Wealthy Catholics unwilling to re-locate in Americare-locate in America

Common settlers demanded greater Common settlers demanded greater voice in Maryland governmentvoice in Maryland government

Protestants refused to tolerate Protestants refused to tolerate Catholics and seized control in 1655Catholics and seized control in 1655

Scattered riverfront settlements of Scattered riverfront settlements of poor tobacco planters poor tobacco planters

Reforming England in AmericaReforming England in America

PilgrimsPilgrims• Separatists who refused to worship in the Separatists who refused to worship in the

Church of England Church of England • Fled to Holland to escape persecutionFled to Holland to escape persecution• Worried that children were becoming too DutchWorried that children were becoming too Dutch

1620—Plymouth founded 1620—Plymouth founded Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact William Bradford and Squanto ensured William Bradford and Squanto ensured

colony survivedcolony survived 1691—absorbed into Massachusetts Bay1691—absorbed into Massachusetts Bay

““The Great Migration”The Great Migration”

Puritans Puritans • Worked within the Church of England to Worked within the Church of England to

eliminate remaining vestiges of eliminate remaining vestiges of CatholicismCatholicism

Puritans saw Stuarts as unconcerned Puritans saw Stuarts as unconcerned with needed church reformswith needed church reforms

1630—John Winthrop led Puritan 1630—John Winthrop led Puritan group to Massachusetts with charter group to Massachusetts with charter giving them power to make decisions giving them power to make decisions without direction from Englandwithout direction from England

““A City on a Hill”: SettlementA City on a Hill”: Settlement

1630-1640—16,000 immigrated1630-1640—16,000 immigrated Settlers usually came as family unitsSettlers usually came as family units Area settled generally healthyArea settled generally healthy Puritans view of their colony:Puritans view of their colony:

• Success as part of covenant with GodSuccess as part of covenant with God• A “beacon of righteousness” to the worldA “beacon of righteousness” to the world

Church attendance required, but Church attendance required, but membership not automaticmembership not automatic

““A City on a Hill”: PoliticsA City on a Hill”: Politics

Public confession and execution of Public confession and execution of criminalscriminals

Government by elected Government by elected representatives responsible to Godrepresentatives responsible to God

All adult male church members could All adult male church members could votevote

Ministers had no formal role and Ministers had no formal role and were prohibited from holding officewere prohibited from holding office

Town was center of Puritan lifeTown was center of Puritan life

Limits of Religious Dissent Limits of Religious Dissent

Laws and Liberties,Laws and Liberties, 1648 1648• Codified rights and responsibilities of Codified rights and responsibilities of

citizenscitizens• Engendered public trust in governmentEngendered public trust in government• Kept magistrates from arbitrary ruleKept magistrates from arbitrary rule

Puritans did not tolerate religious Puritans did not tolerate religious dissentdissent

Limits of Religious Dissent: Limits of Religious Dissent: Roger WilliamsRoger Williams

Extreme separatismExtreme separatism Questioned validity of colony’s Questioned validity of colony’s

chartercharter Advocated toleration of religious Advocated toleration of religious

beliefsbeliefs Expelled to Rhode Island, 1636Expelled to Rhode Island, 1636

Limits of Religious Dissent:Limits of Religious Dissent:Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson

Claimed direct divine inspiration by Claimed direct divine inspiration by the Holy Spiritthe Holy Spirit

Suggested most Puritan ministers Suggested most Puritan ministers were no better than those of Church were no better than those of Church of Englandof England

Her views called the established Her views called the established church into questionchurch into question

Her actions challenged accepted Her actions challenged accepted behavior of women in this timebehavior of women in this time

Banished to Rhode Island in 1637Banished to Rhode Island in 1637

Mobility and DivisionMobility and Division

New Hampshire—1677 New Hampshire—1677 • Made a separate colony from Massachusetts Made a separate colony from Massachusetts

BayBay Connecticut—1636Connecticut—1636

• First settlements led by Thomas HookerFirst settlements led by Thomas Hooker• 1662, king granted a charter1662, king granted a charter

New Haven—absorbed into ConnecticutNew Haven—absorbed into Connecticut Rhode Island—1636 Rhode Island—1636

• Under Roger Williams, it accepted dissenters Under Roger Williams, it accepted dissenters from Massachusettsfrom Massachusetts

• Toleration, but much infightingToleration, but much infighting• 1663, king granted a charter1663, king granted a charter

New England Colonies, 1650New England Colonies, 1650

Diversity in the Middle ColoniesDiversity in the Middle Colonies

New YorkNew York New JerseyNew Jersey PennsylvaniaPennsylvania DelawareDelaware

Middle Colonies, 1685Middle Colonies, 1685

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the HudsonHudson

Dutch most aggressive European tradersDutch most aggressive European traders New Netherlands—two settlementsNew Netherlands—two settlements

• Fort Orange on Hudson (Albany)Fort Orange on Hudson (Albany)• New Amsterdam on Manhattan IslandNew Amsterdam on Manhattan Island

New Amsterdam very diverse: eighteen New Amsterdam very diverse: eighteen different languages in use by 1644different languages in use by 1644

1664—colony captured by English fleet 1664—colony captured by English fleet • Dutch can keep propertyDutch can keep property

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the HudsonHudson

Area given to king’s brother, James, Area given to king’s brother, James, Duke of YorkDuke of York

Property included New York, New Property included New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and islandsJersey, Delaware, Maine, and islands

Duke’s laws guaranteed religious Duke’s laws guaranteed religious toleration and created local toleration and created local governmentgovernment

Inhabitants had no political voice Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local levelbeyond the local level

Confusion in New JerseyConfusion in New Jersey

James gave New Jersey to Lord James gave New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George CarteretBerkeley and Sir George Carteret

Some land titles already given by Some land titles already given by New YorkNew York

Confusion over who had right to Confusion over who had right to grant land and organize governmentgrant land and organize government

Berkeley split colony by selling out to Berkeley split colony by selling out to Quaker groupQuaker group

Re-united in 1702 as single royal Re-united in 1702 as single royal colonycolony

Quakers in AmericaQuakers in America

Pennsylvania founding inseparable Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakersfrom Quakers

Quakers believed no need for a Quakers believed no need for a formal ministry; each person’s formal ministry; each person’s interpretation of scripture is equally interpretation of scripture is equally validvalid

““Quaker” a derogatory term for Quaker” a derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of those who “tremble at the word of the Lord”the Lord”

Members called sect “Society of Members called sect “Society of Friends”Friends”

Quaker Beliefs and PracticeQuaker Beliefs and Practice

Founder: George Fox (1624-1691) Founder: George Fox (1624-1691) Believed in “Inner Light” Believed in “Inner Light”

• Rejected predestination; anyone could Rejected predestination; anyone could be savedbe saved

Emphasized values of humility, Emphasized values of humility, simplicity, and pacifismsimplicity, and pacifism

Persecuted as dangerous anarchistsPersecuted as dangerous anarchists

Penn’s “Holy Experiment”Penn’s “Holy Experiment”

Aristocrat William Penn became a Quaker Aristocrat William Penn became a Quaker leader leader

Granted charter for Pennsylvania; bought Granted charter for Pennsylvania; bought Delaware from New Jersey proprietors, Delaware from New Jersey proprietors, insuring ocean accessinsuring ocean access

““Holy Experiment”—a society run on Holy Experiment”—a society run on Quaker principlesQuaker principles

Promoted religious tolerationPromoted religious toleration Balance of power between rich and poorBalance of power between rich and poor Political structure failed because it was too Political structure failed because it was too

cumbersomecumbersome

Settling PennsylvaniaSettling Pennsylvania

Penn’s income came from land sales to Penn’s income came from land sales to settlerssettlers

Settlers recruited from England, Wales, Settlers recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and GermanyIreland, and Germany

Diversity caused conflictDiversity caused conflict• Quaker population racked by contentionQuaker population racked by contention• Non-Quaker population did not share Quaker Non-Quaker population did not share Quaker

idealsideals 1701—1701—Charter of LibertiesCharter of Liberties

• Self-rule to PennsylvaniaSelf-rule to Pennsylvania• Separated DelawareSeparated Delaware

Planting the Carolinas Planting the Carolinas

Reliance on slave labor produced Reliance on slave labor produced superficial similarity to Chesapeakesuperficial similarity to Chesapeake

Diversity of settlers and environment Diversity of settlers and environment produced great divergence from produced great divergence from ChesapeakeChesapeake

Proprietors of the CarolinasProprietors of the Carolinas

Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight “Proprietors” to reward loyalty“Proprietors” to reward loyalty

Tried to recruit settlers from Tried to recruit settlers from established American coloniesestablished American colonies

Few inhabitants in first yearsFew inhabitants in first years

The Barbadian ConnectionThe Barbadian Connection Anthony Ashley Cooper encouraged settlement Anthony Ashley Cooper encouraged settlement

by planters from Barbadosby planters from Barbados Barbadians settled around Charleston, re-created Barbadians settled around Charleston, re-created

plantation system of Barbadosplantation system of Barbados• Rice eventually became the staple cropRice eventually became the staple crop

““Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina” drawn Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina” drawn up by John Lockeup by John Locke• Rejected by population that desired greater self-Rejected by population that desired greater self-

governmentgovernment French Huguenot settlers opposed BarbadiansFrench Huguenot settlers opposed Barbadians 1719—last governor appointed by proprietors 1719—last governor appointed by proprietors

overthrownoverthrown 1729—king takes over and splits the colony into 1729—king takes over and splits the colony into

northern and southern halvesnorthern and southern halves

The Founding of GeorgiaThe Founding of Georgia

Georgia founded in 1732 Georgia founded in 1732 James Oglethorpe’s ideasJames Oglethorpe’s ideas

• Strategic purpose: buffer between Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida Carolinas and Spanish Florida

• Charitable purpose: refuge for Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors from Englandimprisoned debtors from England

• Originally rum and slaves prohibited, Originally rum and slaves prohibited, landowning cappedlandowning capped

Oglethorpe’s ideas unpopular and Oglethorpe’s ideas unpopular and repealed by 1751repealed by 1751

The Carolinas and GeorgiaThe Carolinas and Georgia

Living with DiversityLiving with Diversity

All colonies faced early struggle to All colonies faced early struggle to survive survive

Distinct regional differences Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period the colonial period

Challenge of the eighteenth century Challenge of the eighteenth century was how to create unity out of that was how to create unity out of that diversitydiversity