Chapter 9Chapter 9

NATION BUILDING AND NATION BUILDING AND NATIONIONALISMNATIONIONALISM

America Past and PresentAmerica Past and PresentEighth EditionEighth Edition

DivineDivine BreenBreen FredricksonFredrickson WilliamsWilliams Gross Gross BrandBrand

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as LongmanCopyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Expansion and MigrationExpansion and Migration American perspective shifted from Europe American perspective shifted from Europe

to West after 1815to West after 1815 Rush-Bagot Agreement, 1817 Rush-Bagot Agreement, 1817

U.S. recognized Canada as British; British U.S. recognized Canada as British; British agreed not to invade U.S.agreed not to invade U.S.

Anglo-American Convention of 1818Anglo-American Convention of 1818 4949thth parallel boundary between U.S. and parallel boundary between U.S. and

CanadaCanada Joint occupation of OregonJoint occupation of Oregon

Continent held in part by the English, Continent held in part by the English, Spanish, and IndiansSpanish, and Indians

Extending the Boundaries: Extending the Boundaries: Taking Spanish LandsTaking Spanish Lands

West Florida annexed, 1810-1812West Florida annexed, 1810-1812 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams’s Secretary of State John Quincy Adams’s

goal was reduction of Spanish holdingsgoal was reduction of Spanish holdings First Seminole War, 1818First Seminole War, 1818

Andrew Jackson occupied east FloridaAndrew Jackson occupied east Florida Weakened Spain accepted Adams-Onis Weakened Spain accepted Adams-Onis

Treaty Treaty U.S. got all FloridaU.S. got all Florida U.S.-Spanish boundary to PacificU.S.-Spanish boundary to Pacific U.S. paid $5 million in Spanish debts to AmericansU.S. paid $5 million in Spanish debts to Americans

Extending the Boundaries: Extending the Boundaries: The Oregon Country The Oregon Country

John Jacob Astor and the American Fur John Jacob Astor and the American Fur Company in Oregon and St. LouisCompany in Oregon and St. Louis

““Mountain men” like Kit Carson and Jim Mountain men” like Kit Carson and Jim Beckwourth roamed through Plains and Beckwourth roamed through Plains and Rockies, fueling romantic mythsRockies, fueling romantic myths

Military expeditions created impression Military expeditions created impression that Plains were “great American desert” that Plains were “great American desert” unfit for settlement unfit for settlement

North America, 1819North America, 1819

Native American Societies Native American Societies Under PressureUnder Pressure

““Five Civilized Tribes” (60,000 strong) Five Civilized Tribes” (60,000 strong) controlled much of Southcontrolled much of South Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and

SeminoleSeminole Adopted many ways of American populationAdopted many ways of American population

Despite adapting, Native Americans seen Despite adapting, Native Americans seen as obstacles to settlementas obstacles to settlement

Different Native American groups reacted Different Native American groups reacted differently to white encroachmentdifferently to white encroachment

Native American Societies Under Native American Societies Under Pressure: The CherokeePressure: The Cherokee

Cherokee largest of “Five Civilized Tribes”Cherokee largest of “Five Civilized Tribes” John Ross led move to accommodate John Ross led move to accommodate

AmericansAmericans Cherokee became market economy farmers and Cherokee became market economy farmers and

plantation ownersplantation owners Slavery and discrimination against African Slavery and discrimination against African

Americans resulted from thisAmericans resulted from this Adopted Constitution of Republican government Adopted Constitution of Republican government

in 1827in 1827 Sequoyah created alphabet for Cherokee Sequoyah created alphabet for Cherokee

language, 1821-22language, 1821-22

Native American Societies Under Native American Societies Under Pressure: The SeminolePressure: The Seminole

Seminole smallest of “Five Civilized Tribes”Seminole smallest of “Five Civilized Tribes” Seminole a combination of Florida natives with Seminole a combination of Florida natives with

Creeks and escaped slavesCreeks and escaped slaves Seminole slavery was more payment of tribute Seminole slavery was more payment of tribute

than ownership of humansthan ownership of humans Second Seminole War was example of Seminole Second Seminole War was example of Seminole

resistanceresistance War described as “a negro and not an Indian War described as “a negro and not an Indian

war”war”

Native American Societies Under Native American Societies Under Pressure: Indian RemovalPressure: Indian Removal

Federal government used deception, threats, Federal government used deception, threats, and bribery to get Native Americans to cede landand bribery to get Native Americans to cede land

State governments claimed jurisdiction over State governments claimed jurisdiction over lands given to Native Americans by treatylands given to Native Americans by treaty

Black Hawk’s War (1831-32) was last stand of Black Hawk’s War (1831-32) was last stand of Native Americans north of Ohio River and east Native Americans north of Ohio River and east of Mississippi Riverof Mississippi River

By 1830s, idea that Native Americans should be By 1830s, idea that Native Americans should be moved West even if they assimilated was moved West even if they assimilated was dominant viewdominant view

Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move InSettlers Move In

By 1840, over one-third of U.S. population lived By 1840, over one-third of U.S. population lived west of the Appalachians west of the Appalachians

Speculators sold land parcels to settlers on Speculators sold land parcels to settlers on creditcredit

Squatters and PreemptionSquatters and Preemption 1841—Congress approved permanent right of 1841—Congress approved permanent right of

preemptionpreemption New settlers engaged in commercial farming New settlers engaged in commercial farming

Had to pay off debtHad to pay off debt Allowed them to buy consumer goods they did not Allowed them to buy consumer goods they did not

produce produce

The People and Culture of the The People and Culture of the FrontierFrontier

West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil prices, worn-out soil

Settlers brought existing culture with themSettlers brought existing culture with them Myth: self-reliant family farmsMyth: self-reliant family farms Reality: cooperation and community effortsReality: cooperation and community efforts Many families moved frequently in WestMany families moved frequently in West

Abraham Lincoln’s family moved three times between Abraham Lincoln’s family moved three times between 1816-18301816-1830

Result was less attachment to land than other rural Result was less attachment to land than other rural populationspopulations

Easterners saw West as untamedEasterners saw West as untamed James Fennimore Cooper’s James Fennimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking TalesLeatherstocking Tales

A Revolution in A Revolution in TransportationTransportation

Primitive land transportation in the East Primitive land transportation in the East was offset by shipping via the coastal was offset by shipping via the coastal waterwayswaterways

After the War of 1812, political leaders After the War of 1812, political leaders recognized the need to improve the recognized the need to improve the country’s transportation networkcountry’s transportation network

National leaders like Madison and National leaders like Madison and Calhoun called for “internal improvements”Calhoun called for “internal improvements”

Actual federal role less than anticipated in Actual federal role less than anticipated in those calls for internal improvementsthose calls for internal improvements

Roads and SteamboatsRoads and Steamboats

National Road from Cumberland, National Road from Cumberland, Maryland, eventually to Vandalia, IllinoisMaryland, eventually to Vandalia, Illinois

Turnpikes—privately owned toll roads Turnpikes—privately owned toll roads chartered by stateschartered by states

Roads useful for travelers, but too Roads useful for travelers, but too expensive for transportation of bulk goodsexpensive for transportation of bulk goods

Water most efficient for bulk cargo Water most efficient for bulk cargo transportationtransportation

Roads and SteamboatsRoads and Steamboats

Network of rivers encouraged economic Network of rivers encouraged economic developmentdevelopment

Flatboats transported downriver in early timesFlatboats transported downriver in early times Steamboats transported upriver after 1811Steamboats transported upriver after 1811 Upriver capabilities reduced costsUpriver capabilities reduced costs Steamboats catered to passengers with luxury Steamboats catered to passengers with luxury

hotel atmospherehotel atmosphere Steamboat accidents stimulated Ante-Bellum Steamboat accidents stimulated Ante-Bellum

Congressional effort to establish safety Congressional effort to establish safety regulationsregulations

The Canal BoomThe Canal Boom

Canals needed to link West with coastCanals needed to link West with coast Erie Canal, 1825Erie Canal, 1825

New York Governor Dewitt Clinton got state fundingNew York Governor Dewitt Clinton got state funding Canal linked New York City to Great Lakes at Canal linked New York City to Great Lakes at

Buffalo, through AlbanyBuffalo, through Albany Canal cut east-west transportation costs Canal cut east-west transportation costs

dramaticallydramatically Canal stimulated commercial growth of New York Canal stimulated commercial growth of New York

CityCity Other states followed until 1840s, when canal Other states followed until 1840s, when canal

deemed unprofitable, but usefuldeemed unprofitable, but useful

Emergence of a Market EconomyEmergence of a Market Economy

Canals cut shipping expenses for western Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers and eastern manufacturersfarmers and eastern manufacturers

Steamboats on the rivers also reduced Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping costs and stimulated commercial shipping costs and stimulated commercial agricultureagriculture

The Beginning of Commercial The Beginning of Commercial AgricultureAgriculture

Cheap, widely available land and Cheap, widely available land and marketing revolution spurred profitable marketing revolution spurred profitable commercial farmingcommercial farming

Lower transportation costs meant greater Lower transportation costs meant greater income for the farmerincome for the farmer

Sale to distant markets involved farmers in Sale to distant markets involved farmers in a complex system of credita complex system of credit

Market stimulated specialization Market stimulated specialization North produced wheatNorth produced wheat Lower South produced cottonLower South produced cotton

The Beginning of Commercial The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture: Rise of King CottonAgriculture: Rise of King Cotton

Increased cotton demand from New Increased cotton demand from New England textile factoriesEngland textile factories

Eli Whitney and the cotton ginEli Whitney and the cotton gin New, fertile land available in old New, fertile land available in old

SouthwestSouthwest Slavery permitted large-scale operationSlavery permitted large-scale operation

Commerce and BankingCommerce and Banking

Old style farmer sold crop directlyOld style farmer sold crop directly New style farmer sold to local merchant; local New style farmer sold to local merchant; local

merchant sold to final marketmerchant sold to final market System required farmers and local merchants to System required farmers and local merchants to

have credithave credit Use of credit stimulated banking Use of credit stimulated banking Federal government issued too little money, private Federal government issued too little money, private

banks issued bank notesbanks issued bank notes State banks increased after 1812State banks increased after 1812 1816—Second Bank of the United States created 1816—Second Bank of the United States created

to check state banksto check state banks Bank’s easy credit sparked Panic of 1819Bank’s easy credit sparked Panic of 1819

Early IndustrialismEarly Industrialism

Traditional methods but innovative Traditional methods but innovative financing through “putting out” systemfinancing through “putting out” system ““Putting-out”—merchants delivered raw Putting-out”—merchants delivered raw

materials for farm families; artisans processed materials for farm families; artisans processed these materialsthese materials

Did not disrupt agricultural life patternsDid not disrupt agricultural life patterns After 1815, increased demand stimulated After 1815, increased demand stimulated

mass productionmass production Textile industry in New England led Textile industry in New England led

development of factory systemdevelopment of factory system

Early IndustrialismEarly Industrialism

Before rise of textile factories, New Before rise of textile factories, New England urban economy rested on England urban economy rested on overseas tradeoverseas trade

New England politicians made a shift from New England politicians made a shift from supporting export-favorable low tariffs to supporting export-favorable low tariffs to high protective tariffshigh protective tariffs

Other industries adopted factory model by Other industries adopted factory model by 1840s and 1850s1840s and 1850s

U.S. not yet an industrial country, but was U.S. not yet an industrial country, but was evolving national market economyevolving national market economy

The Politics of Nation The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812Building After the War of 1812 ““Era of Good Feelings,” 1816-1824Era of Good Feelings,” 1816-1824

Politics a one-party systemPolitics a one-party system Interest groups no longer took differences Interest groups no longer took differences

into the political arena; public interest in into the political arena; public interest in politics declinedpolitics declined

Common theme of public policy in this Common theme of public policy in this period: “awakening nationalism”period: “awakening nationalism”

The Republicans in PowerThe Republicans in Power

Federalists died as national party after 1812, but Federalists died as national party after 1812, but Republicans adopted some of their ideas Republicans adopted some of their ideas

Henry Clay’s American System, 1816Henry Clay’s American System, 1816 High tariffs to protect industries that sprang up in High tariffs to protect industries that sprang up in

embargo and warembargo and war Second Bank of the U.S. Second Bank of the U.S. Federal aid for internal improvementsFederal aid for internal improvements

Aid for internal improvements controversialAid for internal improvements controversial Sectional conflict over who benefited Sectional conflict over who benefited Madison, Monroe saw constitutional conflictsMadison, Monroe saw constitutional conflicts

The Election of 1816The Election of 1816

Monroe as PresidentMonroe as President

Madison picked fellow Virginian James Madison picked fellow Virginian James Monroe as his successor in 1816Monroe as his successor in 1816

Monroe sought national harmony, an “era Monroe sought national harmony, an “era of good feelings”of good feelings”

Took no action in Panic of 1819, believed Took no action in Panic of 1819, believed president above such matterspresident above such matters

Provided no leadership controversy over Provided no leadership controversy over MissouriMissouri

Voters accepted Monroe’s view of Voters accepted Monroe’s view of leadership, he is re-elected in 1820leadership, he is re-elected in 1820

The Election of 1820The Election of 1820

The Missouri Compromise: The Missouri Compromise: The IssuesThe Issues

1817—Missouri applied for statehood as slave 1817—Missouri applied for statehood as slave statestate

Northerners believed South over-represented in Northerners believed South over-represented in House of Representatives, despite their own House of Representatives, despite their own decisive majority decisive majority

Tallmadge Amendment called for gradual Tallmadge Amendment called for gradual elimination of slavery if Missouri admitted, elimination of slavery if Missouri admitted, passes Housepasses House

South wished to preserve balance of power South wished to preserve balance of power between slave states and free states between slave states and free states

The Missouri Compromise: The Missouri Compromise: The SolutionThe Solution

Missouri admitted as slave stateMissouri admitted as slave state Maine separated from Massachusetts, Maine separated from Massachusetts,

admitted as free stateadmitted as free state Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana

Purchase above the latitude of 36Purchase above the latitude of 36oo30'30' Missouri controversy exposed deep rift Missouri controversy exposed deep rift

between North and Southbetween North and South Jefferson called it “a fire bell in the night”Jefferson called it “a fire bell in the night”

The Missouri Compromise, The Missouri Compromise, 1820-18211820-1821

Postwar Nationalism and the Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme CourtSupreme Court

John Marshall Chief Justice, 1801-1835John Marshall Chief Justice, 1801-1835 Most dominant chief justice everMost dominant chief justice ever

Liberty and property rights were above attainment Liberty and property rights were above attainment of political, social, and economic equalityof political, social, and economic equality

Role of court to enable economic growth by Role of court to enable economic growth by protecting individuals and businesses from protecting individuals and businesses from interference by state legislaturesinterference by state legislatures

Court should also provide federal government Court should also provide federal government more power to encourage economic growth more power to encourage economic growth

Postwar Nationalism and the Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court: The Key CasesSupreme Court: The Key Cases

Dartmouth College v. Woodward,Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819 1819 Charters granted by states are eternal contractsCharters granted by states are eternal contracts Weakens the ability of states to regulate business, Weakens the ability of states to regulate business,

allows corporation to have limited public responsibilityallows corporation to have limited public responsibility McCulloch v. Maryland,McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 1819

Implied powers doctrineImplied powers doctrine States cannot tax or regulate federal agenciesStates cannot tax or regulate federal agencies

Power to tax is power to destroyPower to tax is power to destroy

Gibbons v. Ogden,Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 1824 Federal regulation of interstate commerce trumps Federal regulation of interstate commerce trumps

state regulationstate regulation

Postwar Nationalism and the Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court: SummationSupreme Court: Summation

Summary of Marshall’s Court actionsSummary of Marshall’s Court actions Broadened powers of federal government at Broadened powers of federal government at

the expense of statesthe expense of states Encouraged growth of a national economyEncouraged growth of a national economy

Exemplified main nationalist trend of the Exemplified main nationalist trend of the period: federal government should period: federal government should promote growth of prosperous, nationwide promote growth of prosperous, nationwide capitalist economycapitalist economy

Nationalism in Foreign Policy:Nationalism in Foreign Policy:The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

U.S. sympathized with Latin American revoltsU.S. sympathized with Latin American revolts U.S. recognized independence of Latin U.S. recognized independence of Latin

American countries after Adams-Onis Treaty American countries after Adams-Onis Treaty approvedapproved

““Grand Alliance” of Europe saw Latin American Grand Alliance” of Europe saw Latin American revolts as democratic challenges to revolts as democratic challenges to authoritarianism authoritarianism

Grand Alliance pushed Spain to re-claim Grand Alliance pushed Spain to re-claim coloniescolonies

Great Britain wanted independent Latin Great Britain wanted independent Latin American countries with open marketsAmerican countries with open markets

Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

Britain asked U.S. to cooperate to oppose Grand Britain asked U.S. to cooperate to oppose Grand Alliance schemes for Latin AmericaAlliance schemes for Latin America

Monroe persuaded by John Quincy Adams that U.S. Monroe persuaded by John Quincy Adams that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independencealone must protect Latin American independence

Monroe Doctrine, 1823Monroe Doctrine, 1823 U.S. opposed European expansion to the Western U.S. opposed European expansion to the Western

HemisphereHemisphere U.S. would not interfere in European affairsU.S. would not interfere in European affairs

Largely dismissed by EuropeansLargely dismissed by Europeans Signified America’s new sense of independence and Signified America’s new sense of independence and

self-confidence self-confidence