Chapter 8Chapter 8

REPUBLICAN REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: ASCENDANCY: The The

Jeffersonian VisionJeffersonian Vision

America Past and PresentAmerica Past and Present

Eighth EditionEighth Edition

DivineDivine BreenBreen FredricksonFredrickson WilliamsWilliams GrossGross BrandBrand

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Republican Identities in Republican Identities in a New Republica New Republic

An age of rapid population growthAn age of rapid population growth– 7.2 million in 1810; 2 million more than in 7.2 million in 1810; 2 million more than in

18001800– 20% black slaves20% black slaves– Children under sixteen the largest single Children under sixteen the largest single

groupgroup Strong regional identities facilitated by Strong regional identities facilitated by

transportation improvements and transportation improvements and motivated by defensivenessmotivated by defensiveness

Early secession movements threatened Early secession movements threatened national unitynational unity

North America in 1800North America in 1800

Westward the Course of Westward the Course of Empire Empire

Intense migration to West after 1790Intense migration to West after 1790 New statesNew states

– Kentucky—1792Kentucky—1792– Tennessee—1796Tennessee—1796– Ohio—1803Ohio—1803

Western regional culture rootless, Western regional culture rootless, optimisticoptimistic

Native American Native American ResistanceResistance

Settlers bought land fraudulently Settlers bought land fraudulently Native Americans resistedNative Americans resisted

– Tecumseh led Shawnee; defeated in War of Tecumseh led Shawnee; defeated in War of 18121812

– Creek defeated by Andrew Jackson at Battle of Creek defeated by Andrew Jackson at Battle of Horseshoe BendHorseshoe Bend

Jefferson wanted Native Americans moved Jefferson wanted Native Americans moved west of Mississippi and to become yeoman west of Mississippi and to become yeoman farmers with help of federal Indian agents farmers with help of federal Indian agents

Commercial Life in the Commercial Life in the CitiesCities

U.S. economy based on agriculture and U.S. economy based on agriculture and trade (84% of population in agriculture)trade (84% of population in agriculture)

American shipping prospered, 1793-1807American shipping prospered, 1793-1807 Cities’ main function was international Cities’ main function was international

trade, otherwise marginal role in national trade, otherwise marginal role in national life: only 7% of population was urban life: only 7% of population was urban

Commerce preferred, manufacturing Commerce preferred, manufacturing seen as too riskyseen as too risky– Samuel Slater an exceptionSamuel Slater an exception

Industrialization and mechanization just Industrialization and mechanization just beginning to frighten skilled craftsmenbeginning to frighten skilled craftsmen

Jefferson as PresidentJefferson as President

Jefferson’s personal styleJefferson’s personal style– Despised ceremonies and formalityDespised ceremonies and formality– Dedicated to intellectual pursuitsDedicated to intellectual pursuits

Jefferson’s goals as presidentJefferson’s goals as president– Reduce size and cost of governmentReduce size and cost of government– Repeal Federalist legislation like the Sedition Repeal Federalist legislation like the Sedition

ActAct– Keep U.S. out of warKeep U.S. out of war

Jefferson was skillful politicianJefferson was skillful politician– Good relations with Congressional leaders, Good relations with Congressional leaders,

never had to veto a billnever had to veto a bill– Picked talented, loyal men for his cabinetPicked talented, loyal men for his cabinet

Jeffersonian ReformsJeffersonian Reforms

Cutting federal debt a priorityCutting federal debt a priority Tax system re-structured, direct taxes eliminated, Tax system re-structured, direct taxes eliminated,

federal revenue from customsfederal revenue from customs Military cut substantiallyMilitary cut substantially

– Cut government expenses Cut government expenses – Republican ideology favored militia over standing armyRepublican ideology favored militia over standing army– Military professionalism kept by creating Army Corps of Military professionalism kept by creating Army Corps of

Engineers and West PointEngineers and West Point Federalists fell apartFederalists fell apart

– Moderate Federalists allowed to remain bureaucracy and Moderate Federalists allowed to remain bureaucracy and were co-opted by Republicanswere co-opted by Republicans

– Many leaders like Jay retired from public lifeMany leaders like Jay retired from public life– Campaigning to commoners seen as demeaningCampaigning to commoners seen as demeaning– Westward expansion favored RepublicansWestward expansion favored Republicans

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

Spain gave Louisiana to France, New Spain gave Louisiana to France, New Orleans closed to American shipsOrleans closed to American ships

Jefferson saw New Orleans as vital to U.S.Jefferson saw New Orleans as vital to U.S.– Sent James Monroe to negotiate its purchaseSent James Monroe to negotiate its purchase

Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million$15 million

Importance: it would help make America a Importance: it would help make America a first-rank powerfirst-rank power

Constitution vague on power to acquire Constitution vague on power to acquire land inhabited by foreignersland inhabited by foreigners

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana French and Spanish Louisiana French and Spanish inhabitants unfamiliar with inhabitants unfamiliar with Republican principlesRepublican principles

Louisiana Government Act denied Louisiana Government Act denied Louisiana self-ruleLouisiana self-rule

Another Jeffersonian departure from Another Jeffersonian departure from RepublicanismRepublicanism

The Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionExpedition

Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to purchase of commissioned prior to purchase of LouisianaLouisiana

Goal to find if Missouri River goes to Goal to find if Missouri River goes to Pacific and to explore flora and faunaPacific and to explore flora and fauna

Sacagawea critical in helping expedition Sacagawea critical in helping expedition deal with nature and Native Americans deal with nature and Native Americans whom they encounteredwhom they encountered

Report on Louisiana’s economic promise Report on Louisiana’s economic promise confirmed Jefferson’s desire to purchaseconfirmed Jefferson’s desire to purchase

The Louisiana Purchase and The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and the Route of Lewis and

ClarkClark

Conflict with the Barbary Conflict with the Barbary StatesStates

North African states demanded tribute North African states demanded tribute from ships sailing in Mediterraneanfrom ships sailing in Mediterranean

Jefferson refused and dispatched U.S. Jefferson refused and dispatched U.S. fleet to intimidate Barbary statesfleet to intimidate Barbary states

Attacks failed and U.S. ended up paying Attacks failed and U.S. ended up paying ransom for crew of ransom for crew of U.S.S. PhiladelphiaU.S.S. Philadelphia

U.S. finally forced negotiation with a U.S. finally forced negotiation with a blockadeblockade

Jefferson won re-election Jefferson won re-election overwhelmingly overwhelmingly

The Barbary StatesThe Barbary States

The Election of 1804The Election of 1804

Jefferson’s Critics Jefferson’s Critics

Dispute over Jefferson’s reforms of Dispute over Jefferson’s reforms of federal judiciaryfederal judiciary

Conflicts between RepublicansConflicts between Republicans Burr’s plot to separate the WestBurr’s plot to separate the West Sectional dispute over the slave Sectional dispute over the slave

tradetrade

Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: Judiciary ActJudiciary Act

Judiciary Act of 1801 created new Judiciary Act of 1801 created new circuit courts filled with loyal circuit courts filled with loyal FederalistsFederalists– ““Midnight judges”Midnight judges”

1802—Jeffersonians repealed 1802—Jeffersonians repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish courts and save moneycourts and save money

Federalists charged violation of Federalists charged violation of judges’ constitutional right of tenurejudges’ constitutional right of tenure

Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison (1803) ruled (1803) ruled Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

Federalist Marbury denied his Federalist Marbury denied his judgeshipjudgeship

Republicans claimed victoryRepublicans claimed victory Chief Justice John Marshall ensured Chief Justice John Marshall ensured

Federalist influence through judicial Federalist influence through judicial reviewreview

Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: ImpeachmentsImpeachments

1803—Federalist John Pickering 1803—Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism, impeached, removed for alcoholism, insanity, but no “high crimes”insanity, but no “high crimes”

Republicans began fearing the Republicans began fearing the destruction of an independent destruction of an independent judiciaryjudiciary

Jefferson exacerbated fears by Jefferson exacerbated fears by seeking to impeach Federalist seeking to impeach Federalist Samuel ChaseSamuel Chase

Republican Senate refused to convictRepublican Senate refused to convict

Politics of Desperation:Politics of Desperation:“Tertium Quids”“Tertium Quids”

““Tertium Quids” claimed pure Tertium Quids” claimed pure Republicanism Republicanism

Attacked Jefferson as sacrificing Attacked Jefferson as sacrificing virtue for pragmatismvirtue for pragmatism

Politics of Desperation:Politics of Desperation:The Yazoo ControversyThe Yazoo Controversy

Yazoo controversy Yazoo controversy – Fraudulent land case in Georgia Fraudulent land case in Georgia – Jefferson attempted to settle by providing Jefferson attempted to settle by providing

land to innocent partiesland to innocent parties– Quids complained settlement condoned Quids complained settlement condoned

fraudfraud Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck (1810) (1810)

– Marshall Court upheld Jefferson’s Marshall Court upheld Jefferson’s settlementsettlement

– Court may nullify unconstitutional state Court may nullify unconstitutional state lawslaws

Murder and Conspiracy: The Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of Aaron Curious Career of Aaron

Burr Burr Vice-President Aaron Burr broke with Vice-President Aaron Burr broke with

JeffersonJefferson Burr sought Federalist support in Burr sought Federalist support in

1804 New York governor’s race 1804 New York governor’s race Alexander Hamilton blocked Burr’s Alexander Hamilton blocked Burr’s

effortsefforts Burr killed Hamilton in a duelBurr killed Hamilton in a duel

The Burr ConspiracyThe Burr Conspiracy

Burr fled West after Hamilton duelBurr fled West after Hamilton duel Schemed to invade Spanish territory, Schemed to invade Spanish territory,

separate Louisiana from U.S.separate Louisiana from U.S. Burr arrested, tried for treasonBurr arrested, tried for treason Acquitted on constitutional grounds of Acquitted on constitutional grounds of

insufficient evidenceinsufficient evidence Precedent made it difficult for presidents Precedent made it difficult for presidents

to use charge of treason as a political tool, to use charge of treason as a political tool, especially hearsay and circumstantial especially hearsay and circumstantial evidenceevidence

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade

Constitution had said Congress could Constitution had said Congress could consider banning importation of consider banning importation of slaves after 1808slaves after 1808

Jefferson asked for and Congress Jefferson asked for and Congress approved such a banapproved such a ban

Sectional conflict over what to do Sectional conflict over what to do with captured slaveswith captured slaves– Northerners could not agree Northerners could not agree – Southerners demanded states regulate Southerners demanded states regulate

slaveryslavery– Law said states deal with captured Law said states deal with captured

smuggled slavessmuggled slaves

Embarrassments Embarrassments OverseasOverseas

1803—England and France resumed 1803—England and France resumed warwar

American ships subject to seizureAmerican ships subject to seizure– By England through “Orders in Council” By England through “Orders in Council” – By Napoleon through Berlin, Milan DecreesBy Napoleon through Berlin, Milan Decrees

ChesapeakeChesapeake vs.vs. LeopardLeopard:: public public demanded wardemanded war

Jefferson refused war to preserve Jefferson refused war to preserve financial reform and recognized that his financial reform and recognized that his military cuts had left nation ill prepared military cuts had left nation ill prepared for warfor war

Embargo Divides the Embargo Divides the NationNation

1807—Congress prohibited U.S. ships 1807—Congress prohibited U.S. ships from leaving portfrom leaving port

Purpose: to win English, French Purpose: to win English, French respect for American rightsrespect for American rights

Embargo unpopular at homeEmbargo unpopular at home– Detailed government oversight of Detailed government oversight of

commercecommerce– Army suppressed smuggling Army suppressed smuggling – New England economy damagedNew England economy damaged

The Election of 1808The Election of 1808

A New Administration A New Administration Goes to WarGoes to War

1808—James Madison elected president1808—James Madison elected president 1809—Embargo repealed in favor of Non-1809—Embargo repealed in favor of Non-

Intercourse ActIntercourse Act– U.S. would resume trade with England and U.S. would resume trade with England and

France on promise to cease seizure of U.S. France on promise to cease seizure of U.S. vesselsvessels

British official promised to complyBritish official promised to comply Prime Minister Canning changed his mind; Prime Minister Canning changed his mind;

English seized U.S. ships that had opened English seized U.S. ships that had opened trade with Englandtrade with England

A New Administration A New Administration Goes to WarGoes to War

Macon’s Bill Number Two replaced the Non-Macon’s Bill Number Two replaced the Non-Intercourse ActIntercourse Act– Trade with both England and France re-establishedTrade with both England and France re-established– First nation to respect American rights won halt of U.S. First nation to respect American rights won halt of U.S.

trade with the othertrade with the other Napoleon promised to observe U.S. rights but Napoleon promised to observe U.S. rights but

reneges when trade re-openedreneges when trade re-opened Frontier people believed British were encouraging Frontier people believed British were encouraging

Tecumseh, but he was defeated at Battle of Tecumseh, but he was defeated at Battle of Tippecanoe, forcing him to turn to BritainTippecanoe, forcing him to turn to Britain

Fumbling Toward Fumbling Toward ConflictConflict

Congressional War Hawks demanded war Congressional War Hawks demanded war with England to preserve American honorwith England to preserve American honor

British repealed Orders-in-Council as British repealed Orders-in-Council as Madison was asking for declaration of warMadison was asking for declaration of war

War aims somewhat vagueWar aims somewhat vague Difference between War Hawks and Difference between War Hawks and

Madison administration over purpose of Madison administration over purpose of invading Canadainvading Canada

Election of 1812 showed division over warElection of 1812 showed division over war

The Election of 1812The Election of 1812

The Strange War of The Strange War of 1812:1812:

Early CourseEarly Course Americans unprepared for warAmericans unprepared for war

– Congress refused to raise wartime taxesCongress refused to raise wartime taxes– New England refused to support war effort New England refused to support war effort – United States Army smallUnited States Army small– State militias inadequate State militias inadequate

Most attacks against Canada failedMost attacks against Canada failed Two key exceptions in 1813Two key exceptions in 1813

– Oliver Hazard Perry won control of Great Lakes for U.S. Oliver Hazard Perry won control of Great Lakes for U.S. in Battle of Put-In Bayin Battle of Put-In Bay

– William Henry Harrison defeated British and Indians at William Henry Harrison defeated British and Indians at Battle of ThamesBattle of Thames

The Strange War of 1812: The Strange War of 1812: Three-Pronged English Three-Pronged English

Attack, 1814Attack, 1814 British invasion of New York from Canada British invasion of New York from Canada

stopped at Lake Champlainstopped at Lake Champlain Campaign in the ChesapeakeCampaign in the Chesapeake

– Washington D.C. burned in retaliation for Washington D.C. burned in retaliation for American burning of York earlierAmerican burning of York earlier

– Baltimore saved by defense of Fort McHenryBaltimore saved by defense of Fort McHenry Attempt to capture New Orleans thwarted Attempt to capture New Orleans thwarted

by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815– War already over, communication lagWar already over, communication lag– Gave Americans source of prideGave Americans source of pride– Made Jackson a national heroMade Jackson a national hero

The War of 1812The War of 1812

Hartford Convention: The Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Demise of the

FederalistsFederalists Federalists convened in December, Federalists convened in December,

18141814 Proposed constitutional changes to Proposed constitutional changes to

lessen power of South and Westlessen power of South and West Treaty of Ghent, victory of New Treaty of Ghent, victory of New

Orleans made Convention appear Orleans made Convention appear disloyaldisloyal

Federalist party never recoveredFederalist party never recovered

Treaty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent Ends the WarEnds the War

Most problems left unaddressedMost problems left unaddressed Senate unanimously ratified Treaty Senate unanimously ratified Treaty

of Ghent of Ghent Americans portrayed it as victory and Americans portrayed it as victory and

it stimulated American nationalismit stimulated American nationalism

Republican LegacyRepublican Legacy

Founders began to pass away in Founders began to pass away in 1820s1820s

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both died July 4, 1826 both died July 4, 1826

James Madison died in 1836 James Madison died in 1836 despairing that slavery’s despairing that slavery’s continuation undermined legacy of continuation undermined legacy of republican egalitarianism of republican egalitarianism of FoundersFounders