Chapter 27AMERICA AND THE WORLD,

1921–1945

America Past and PresentEighth Edition

Divine Breen Fredrickson Williams Gross Brand

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry

1920s: American diplomacy permeated by a sense of disillusionment

U.S. refused to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace

Retreat in Europe

U.S. quarreled with former allies over repayment of $10 billion in wartime loans

U.S. never joined the League of NationsU.S. refused recognition of Soviet Union

Cooperation in Latin America

Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substituted cooperation for military coercion

FDR’s "Good Neighbor" policy renounced past imperialism

U.S. continued political, economic domination of Latin America

Rivalry in Asia

1920: Japanese occupied Korea, parts of Manchuria

U.S. Open Door policy blocked Japanese dominance of China

Rivalry in Asia:Washington Conference of 1921

England agreed to U.S. naval equality Japan accepted as third largest naval

powerFour-Power Treaty: Established alliance

among U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France

Isolationism

Depression shifted focus to domestic affairs

Rise of militaristic regimes threatened war– Germany– Italy– Japan

The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality

Most Americans resolved against another meaningless war

1935: Senator Gerald Nye led passage of neutrality legislation – U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited– U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited

1937--Japan invaded ChinaFDR permitted sale of arms to China

War in Europe

FDR approved appeasement of Hitler1938: Hitler seized CzechoslovakiaFDR attempted to revise the neutrality

acts, to give edge to England, FranceJuly, 1939: FDR attacked neutrality actsSeptember, 1939: W.W.II began,

Roosevelt declared the acts in force

The Road to War

U.S. remained at peace 1939–1941Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for

Germany and JapanRoosevelt openly expressed favor for

Allies, moved cautiously to avoid outcry from isolationists

From Neutrality to Undeclared War

1939–1941: FDR sought help for England without actually entering the war

November, 1939: Belligerents may buy U.S. goods on "cash and carry" basis

1940: German occupation of FranceAmerica First forms to protest drift

toward warWhite Committee wanted to aid Britain

From Neutrality to Undeclared War: Increased Aid to England

U.S. greatly increased military spending and began a first-ever peacetime draft

U.S. ships transported war suppliesEventual consensus that a Nazi victory in

Europe would threaten western civilizationLend LeaseU.S. Navy told to shoot submarines on

sight

The Election of 1940

Showdown in the Pacific

1937: Japanese occupation of coastal China

U.S. limited exports to Japan of strategic materials– OIL, STEEL

1940: Japan allied with Germany, Italy Japanese invasion of Indochina

prompted U.S. to end all trade

Showdown in the Pacific:Pearl Harbor

1941: U.S.-Japanese negotiations Japan’s demands

– Free hand in China – Restoration of normal trade relations

U.S. demanded Japanese troops out of China

December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor attackedDecember 8: War declared

Effects

Dec. 8, 1941 – FDR addresses Congress– By that afternoon, Congress votes 388-1 to

declare war on Japan– Germany and Italy declare war days later

2,403 American deaths– 68 civilians– 1,178 wounded– 1,177 dead from USS Arizona alone

Why Would Japan Attack?

No steel or iron trade with U.S.Oil embargo part of trade restrictions

with JapanLimited oil supplies force Japan to

attack quickly

Turning the Tide Against the Axis

December, 1941: Axis on the offensive 1942–1943: U.S., England, Russia

fought to seize the initiative1944–1945: Offensive to crush Axis

Wartime Partnerships

U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill

Soviet Union unsatisfied with allianceSoviet Union often perceives itself alone

in conflictWartime tensions persist after victory

Checking Japan in the Pacific

Two-pronged drive against Japan– Douglas MacArthur led drive through New

Guinea to the Philippines– Chester Nimitz led navy westward from

Pearl Harbor to the Philippines

June, 1942: Victory at Midway launches advance into Japanese-held territories

World War II in the Pacific

Halting the German Blitz

November, 1942: U.S. invaded North Africa

May, 1943: U.S., England invaded Italy– Mussolini fell from power– Slow advance up the Italian peninsula

Summer, 1943: Battle of Stalingrad – Russia defeated Germans– Russia advanced into eastern Europe

Victory

June 6, 1944: Normandy InvasionApril 25, 1945: U.S., Russian

forces met at TorgauMay 7, 1945: Unconditional

German surrender

The Plans

German Bunker

Cross Recognizes Fallen Soldier

World War II in Europe and North Africa

Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific

June 21, 1945: U.S. captured Okinawa, complete control of Pacific, defeat of Japan only a matter of time

May–August: Intense air attacks on JapanManhattan Project offered way to crush

Japan without invasion– August 6: Atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima– August 9: Atom bomb destroyed Nagasaki

August 14: Japan surrenders

The Manhattan ProjectLed by Robert J. OppenheimerOver 600,000 Americans involved in secret

development of Atomic BombEven Truman didn’t know until he became

Pres.

The Ultimate Ultimatum

US warned Japan that it faced “prompt and utter destruction” unless surrendered, which it refused to do

Aug. 6, 1945- Enola Gay dropped atomic bomb named Little Boy over Hiroshima

Almost every building in city collapsed into dust

The shadow of the parapets are imprinted on the surface of the bridge, 2,890 feet (880 meters) south-south-west of the hypocenter. These shadows give a clue as to the exact location of the hypocenter.

3 days later Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki

By end of year- 200,000 ppl dead b/c of injuries and radiation

The smoke stacks of the sprawling Mitsubishi Steel and Armament Works. This plant was located about 2,500 feet (760 meters) downriver from ground zero.

The burns are in a pattern corresponding to the dark portions of the kimono she was wearing at the time of the explosion.

A strap of her bag saves part of her skin from the keloids or tumor-like growths of scar tissue.

Keloids form on the legs of a solider exposed to the radiation 2,950 feet (900 meters) from the hypocenter.

This solider's left side is affected by the thermal radiation. He was about 650 feet (200 meters) from the hypocenter at Hiroshima. Note the line where his cap protected his skin from the thermal effects.

Severe keloids, or scarring, caused by thermal radiation.

Charred remains of a person who was 800 yards from ground zero. This is a result of the thermal waves.

Hiroshima survivors have hypertrophic scar. Think, rubbery, overgrowth of protective skin tissue. Developed in people who had deep flash burns.

Wristwatch frozen in time the moment the bomb exploded on Hiroshima (8:16 a.m.)

Fire storm the covered city blocks.

Shadows burned into a wooden observation tower. This is outlined in chalk by investigators. An air-raid observer had hung up his sword and was taking off his jacket when the bomb exploded.

The Home Front

War ended depression Economy geared for military output

– Automobile factories converted to tank and airplane production

The Arsenal of Democracy

American factories turned out twice as many goods as German and Japanese factories

Scarce goods rationed Income of lowest-paid laborers

increased faster than the rich Income taxes started to affect many

more people and system of payroll deduction occurred

High-savings rate laid basis for postwar prosperity

A Nation on the Move

Wartime migration South and WestEarly marriages, increased birth ratesFamily-related social problems

– Housing shortages– More divorces– Neglected children

A Nation on the Move: Improving Conditions

Women’s income increased 50% African Americans

– Fair Employment Practices Commission to insure equal opportunities in war-related industry

– Surging migration from the rural South– Segregation and discrimination were still problems– Wartime experience laid groundwork for postwar

Civil Rights Movement

Mexican Americans took urban factory jobs

A Nation on the Move: Japanese Internment

120,000 Japanese moved from the West Coast to detention camps

1944: Supreme Court rejected appeal for release

1988: Congress voted indemnity of $1.2 billion for survivors

Japanese American Internment Camps

Win-the-War Politics

Dr. New Deal became Dr. Win-the-War1942: Republican-Southern Democrat

coalition controled Congress1944 election

– FDR dumped VP Henry Wallace because of criticism that he was too radical

– Truman was made VP to attract moderate– FDR won fourth term– Wallace made Secretary of Commerce

The Election of 1944

All Working for the War Effort1942- end of car production for private use

Retooled to produce tanks, planes, boats, command cars

One shipyard produced a Liberty ship (cargo carrier) in 4 days

1944- 18 million workers laboring in war industries, 3 times as many as in 1941– 6 million were women

Rosie the Riveter – image used to attract women to wartime work force

Rationing

= fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for military

Meant to distribute scarce items fairlyHouseholds received ration books w/

coupons to buy meat, shoes, sugar, gas, etc.

Other Efforts

War bonds = Govt. savings notes bought by Amers to help finance WWII

Victory gardens = home projects that raised vegetables

Dr. Seuss’ WWII Cartoons

Appeasement

War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy

Soviets did bulk of fighting against Germany– 300 SU divisions, only 58 U.S. and British

Soviets decided to control Eastern Europe to prevent another German attack

U.S. sought collective security arrangement including the United Nations

Yalta Conference February 1945– Agreement let Soviets control elections in Eastern

Europe– Soviets agreed to enter war against Japan 3

months after Germany surrendered April 12, 1945: death of FDR

The Transforming Power of War

U.S. the most powerful nation on earthUnprecedented economic prosperityFederal government a permanent force

in daily life