CHAPTER 1 New World Encounters America Past and Present Eighth AP* Edition Divine Breen ...

CHAPTER 1New World Encounters

America Past and PresentEighth AP* Edition

Divine Breen Fredrickson Williams Gross Brand

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman


Native American Histories Before Conquest 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters

became first American inhabitants 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of

South America These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from

many communicative diseases


Routes of the First Americans


The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant

supply of meat Some suggest they over-hunted and caused

the extinction of several large species Climatic warming probably played a much

bigger role 5000 years ago—agricultural revolution

Crops included maize, squash, and beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to

permanent villages or large cities


Mysterious Disappearances

Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon Sophisticated irrigation Well-built roads for transportation

Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley Large ceremonial mounds Extensive trade network

Cahokia—Mississippi Valley Large ceremonial mounds Far-flung trade network


Aztec Dominance

Aztecs settled valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly organized social and political

structure Ruled through fear and force


Eastern Woodland Cultures

Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and

gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by

English settlers


Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s


A World Transformed

Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures

The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural

survival


Cultural Negotiations

Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Place in society defined through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical

formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around

reciprocal relationships


Confederacies of Eastern North America Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes

Ontario and Erie Iroquois—central New York Powhattan—Chesapeake


Threats to Survival: Trade

Native Americans were eager for European trade

They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans

Commerce also influenced warfare patterns


Threats to Survival: Disease

Contact brought population decline among American Indians

Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic disease Smallpox Measles Influenza

Rate as high as 95%


West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

Diversity of sub-Saharan cultures Islam Strong traditional beliefs

A history of empires Mali Ghana

Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans


Trade Routes in Africa


Beginnings of theSlave Trade

Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa

Native rulers sold prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves


How Many Slaves?Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per yearEighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the AmericasBy 1860—ca. 11 millionBefore 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas


Europe on the Eve of Conquest

Tenth century—Leif Ericson settled “Vinland” Late fifteenth century—preconditions for

overseas settlement attained Rise of nation-states Spread of new technologies Spread of old knowledge

1492—Columbus initiated large-scale European colonization


Building New Nation-States

Population growth after 1450 “New monarchs” forged nations from

scattered provinces Spain France England

“Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed


Imagining a New World

Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization

Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492—Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provided

rehearsal for colonization


Myths and Reality

Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay”

1492—initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of

China 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached

the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America


The Conquistadores

Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands

By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire 1539-1542—de Soto explored Southeast 1540-1542—Coronado explored Southwest


Voyages of European Exploration


From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewarded Conquistadors

Large land grants Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute

Appointed officials answered only to crown Catholic Church

Protected Indian rights Performed mass conversions

By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarried Mixed-blood population emerged


The French Claim Canada

1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec

French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi

French crown makes little effort to foster settlement

Fur trade underpinned economy Indians became valued trading partners


The English Enter the Competition

Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I


Birth of English Protestantism

Protestant Reformation played a major role in England’s rise to dominance 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in

Germany 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in

Geneva Reformation pitted European Protestants

against Catholics


The English Reformation

Tudor monarchs brought political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547)

strengthened Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI

(r. 1547-1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cut short English

Catholic Counter-Reformation Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidated English

Reformation


Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation

God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation

Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation

Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe France—Huguenots Scotland—Presbyterians England—Puritans


Woman in Power

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduced Via Media

Protestant Doctrine “Catholic” Ritual Ended religious turmoil in England

Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted Spanish crusade against England

England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers


Religion, War, and Nationalism

Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood

Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes

Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire

1588—Spanish Armada defeated


Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement

English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World

To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric They would view Native Americans the same

way


English Conquest of Ireland

Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization Irish viewed as backward English under Elizabeth seized Irish land


English Brutality

English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile English employed brutal methods, such as

massacring women and children, to crush frequent Irish resistance

English adventurers compared Native Americans with “wild” Irish


An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke

Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 He named the region Virginia after the Virgin

Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and

their fate remains a mystery


Campaign to Sell America

By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American

colonization Claimed that England needs American colonies

CHAPTER 1 New World Encounters America Past and Present Eighth AP* Edition Divine Breen ...

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