A powder jet target for a Neutrino Factory Ottone Caretta, Chris Densham (RAL), Tom Davies (Exeter...
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Transcript of A powder jet target for a Neutrino Factory Ottone Caretta, Chris Densham (RAL), Tom Davies (Exeter...
![Page 1: A powder jet target for a Neutrino Factory Ottone Caretta, Chris Densham (RAL), Tom Davies (Exeter University), Richard Woods (Gericke Ltd)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e2b5503460f94b19d4b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
A powder jet target for a Neutrino Factory
Ottone Caretta, Chris Densham (RAL), Tom Davies (Exeter University), Richard
Woods (Gericke Ltd)
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Open jets
Target technology problems:
Power dissipationRadiation damage
Shock waves/ thermal stress
MovingSegmentedMonolithicContained
liquids
Increasing power
SOLIDS LIQUIDS
Cooling Lubrication/ tribology Reliability
Shock waves, Cavitation Corrosion
Radiochemistry
Splashing, radiochemistry,
corrosion
Challenges:
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
T2K at JPARC
Next Generation Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Solid T2K target supported within the 1st Horn
Helium cooling pipe
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Graphite to titanium diffusion bond
Graphite-to-graphite bond
Flow turns 180° at downstream
window
Inlet manifold
Outlet manifold
Upstream
Window
T2K Target Design:
Helium cooling path
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Pressures (gauge)Pressure drop = 0.792 bar
Velocity StreamlinesMaximum velocity = 398 m/s
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Options for T2K upgrade to Superbeam
• Window: should be OK if increased power is gained by increasing rep rate.
• Target: Static target difficult beyond 1 MW beam power – problems include:– Power dissipation– Thermal stress– Radiation damage– High helium flow rate, large pressure drops
• Target: expect to replace target increasingly often as beam power increases
• New target technology seems necessary
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Open jets
Is there a ‘missing link’ target technology?
SOLIDS LIQUIDS
Monolithic Powder jets Contained liquidsSegmented
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Examples: fluidised jets of particles in a carrier gas
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Different fluidising technologies
www.claudiuspeters.com
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Powder jet targets: some potential advantages
• Shock waves– a near hydrostatic stress field develops in the particles so high
energies can be absorbed before material damage– Shock waves constrained within material – no splashing or jets as for
liquids– Material is already broken
• Heat transfer– A flowing powder provides high heat transfer opportunities so the bed
can dissipate high energy densities and total power (and perhaps more than one beam pulse)
– External cooling
• Solid vs liquid?– Carries some of the advantages of both the solid phase and of the
liquid phase: • metamorphic, can be shaped to suit• Pumpable• replenishable - as powder wears out or gets damaged
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Powder jet targets: some potential difficulties
• Erosion of material surfaces, e.g. nozzles• Activated dust on circuit walls (no worse than e.g.
liquid mercury?)• Activation of carrier gas circuit• Achieving high material density – typically 50%
material packing fraction for a powdered material
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Some existing solutions to the erosion problem
Turbulent energy dissipation
Specially designed gravity fed heat exchangers
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Could a flowing powder or powder jet be a useful target technology?
For a T2K upgrade or another Superbeam e.g. SPL
• Obvious material for T2K would be graphite powder
• But 50% material would reduce pion yield• How about titanium powder?• Density of titanium powder may be similar to
solid graphite, ie 50% ρTi ≈ ρgraphite
For a Neutrino Factory target• Tungsten powder obvious candidate
–> the rest of this talk
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Schematic outline of a powder jet as a NuFact target
solenoid
W powder jet
He flow
beam
Pionshower
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Neutrino Factory Study II Target station layout
• W powder jet target roughly compatible with mercury jet target station layout – replace Hg pool with W powder receiver
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Neutrino Factory Study II Target station layout
• W powder jet target roughly compatible with mercury jet target station layout – replace Hg pool with W powder receiver
W powder
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AIR LIFT
POWDER JET
NOZZLE
RECEIVER
POWDER COOLER
GAS COOLER
EXHAUSTER
COMPRESSOR
GAS
POWDER
FLUIDISED PRODUCT
Powder jet target plant - outline layout
SOLENOID BORE MIMIC
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
AIR/PRESSURE IN
POWDER IN
JET GENERATION
AIR EXTRACTION/ VACUUM LIFT
DENSE MATERIAL FLOW ~1m
AUXILIARY AIR INPUT (NOT
NEEDED)
Powder jet prototype test plant - layout used in experiment
AIR IN
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
The first day’s experiment18th July 2007
• Tungsten powder < 250 µm particle size• Discharge pipe length = 1 m• Pipe diameter = 2 cm• 3.9 bar (net) pneumatic driving pressure
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
The first day’s experiment18th July 2007
• Tungsten powder < 250 µm particle size• Discharge pipe length = 1 m• Pipe diameter = 2 cm• 3.9 bar (net) pneumatic driving pressure• Approx. 10 m/s and c. 18% material by volume
achieved
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
The second day’s experiment30th August 2007
• Tungsten powder < 250 µm particle size• Discharge pipe length = 1 m• Pipe diameter = 2 cm• 3.9 bar (net) pneumatic driving pressure• Vacuum lift to recirculate powder• Co-axial return air flow at entry of jet into mimic
of solenoid bore
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
The second day’s results:
(Thanks to EPSRC Intrument Loan Pool for use of a high speed video camera)
2
cm
30 cm
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
P0= 4.9 bar (abs)
P1= 1 bar (abs)
Initial bulk density
= 8660 kg/m3
= 45 % W (by volume)
Jet bulk density (approx. results):
~ 5000 kg/m3
~ 25 % W by vol.
(~ 2.5 x graphite density)
Jet velocity = 7-15 m/s
(100 kg in 9 seconds)
Tungsten powder jet – second day’s results
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
NB 1: Calculation is for 10 GeV protons
NB 2: Calculation is for total yield from target ie capture losses excluded
MARS calculation of muon and pion yield from
(i) solid W and
(ii) 50% density W
by John Back, Warwick University
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
• Improve bulk density of jet (-> 45% by volume?)– 18% -> 25% achieved by co-axial air flow - DONE– By changing discharge pipe length?– By incorporating porous (sintered) material into
discharge pipe?– By use of a nozzle?
• Demonstrate shock waves are not a problem– Possibility to use test facility planned at ISOLDE for
shock wave experiment on a powder sample – as for the mercury thimble experiment (Jacques Lettry)
• Demonstrate magnetic fields/eddy currents are not a problem– Use of high field solenoid (post MERIT – collaboration
with CERN + Harold Kirk?)
Powder jet: next stages
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Questions (mine) and requests
• Is a powder jet target of maximum density < 50% volume density an interesting or serious contender for either:– A Superbeam (e.g. graphite or Ti powder for T2K
upgrade?)– A Neutrino Factory (e.g. W)?– NB multiple bunches interacting with same material
should be OK
• If so, what are roughly optimal parameters for e.g. W powder NuFact target? MARS help requested.
• Could a contained pipe flow be used? – Necessary for T2K Superbeam, possible for NuFact? – (NB problems of window and 2ndary heating of pipe to
be addressed)
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Questions (yours)?
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Chris Densham UKNF 3rd Oct 2007
Some porous sintered materials used in fluidised bed technologies