63139482 Mind Map Upsr Complete 1

7/29/2019 63139482 Mind Map Upsr Complete 1

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Basic NeedsOf Human

food

shelter

air

water

To protect from

1.1 Understanding that humans have basic needs


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Basic NeedsOf Animals

food

Shelter

air

water

To protect from

1.2 Understanding that animals have basic needs

Types :


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Plants Have Basic Needs

air Sun lightwater

With :

Without :

1.3 Understanding that plants have basic needs


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2.1 Analysing life processes that humans undergo

Analysing Life Processes ThatHuman Undergo

take in air

give out air

Nose/Mouth Wind-pipe Lungs

A process to produce

Their young or offspring

Number of chest movement

In a period of time

Organs

- Sight

- Smell

- Taste

- Sound

- Touch

( Carbon dioxide

+ water vapour )

( urine + mineral salt )

( Sweat + mineral salt )

Faeces

Purpose :


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2.2 Being aware that certain behaviour can disturb life processes

Behaviour That Can Disturb

Life Processes

Effects

Effects

How to avoid


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2.3 Analysing the life processes that animals undergo

Animals Life Processes

breathexcrete reproduce

Lay Eggs Give BirthOrgans

Monkey

bird

whale

fish prawn

crab frog earthworm

insects

defecate

To get rid of waste productfrom their bodies


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2.4

Life processesplants undergo

plants respond to stimuli.

water, sunlight, touch, gravity.

why plants need to reproduce

to ensure the survival of the species.

various ways plants reproducethroughseeds, spores, suckers, stem cutting,

leaves, underground stem.

what will happen to the world if

plants do not reproduce.

no food supply.

plants reproduce.

Seeds balsam, corn, durianSpores fern, mushroomSuckers banana, pineappleStem cutting hibiscus, rose, tapiocaLeaves bryophyllum, begoniaStem potato, onion, ginger and lily

the part of plant that responds

to touch.


to sunlight.

Shoot


to gravity.

Roots


to water

Roots

Science Year 4INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS2. Living Things Undergo Life Processes


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Special characteristics

of animals that protect themfrom danger.

special behaviour

of animals that protect themfrom danger.

The special characteristics and

behaviour of animals help toprotect them from danger.

3.1 animals have specific characteristics andbehaviour to protect themselves

Thick and hard skinTo prevent their enemies from injuring

Hard shellSnails and tortoise retract their headAnd legs into the shell when the are

Attacked by enemies

Hard scalesPangolins and crocodiles have hard

scales To protect their bodiesfrom injuries

SpinesRaise the sharp spines when

the enemiesAdvance towards them

HornsUse their horn to attack enemies.

Sharp clawsTo protect themselves and their

Young from the enemies- lion ,cat,Bears, and eagle.

Spray black inkDark surrounding helps the animal not

to been seen by enemies e.g: octopus, squid

Poisonous sting or fangsCan hurt and kill enemies-e.g..: scorpion,

centipede snake , bee.

CamouflageHas body colour or patterns that that are

Similar to the surrounding

Pretend to deadTo trick their enemiese.g.: beetle


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3.2/3.3

Animals have specific characteristics

and behaviour to protect themselves from

extreme weather and survive

how specific characteristics andbehavior of animals help to protectthem from very hot or cold weather.

specific characteristics andbehavior of animals that protect

them from very hot and cold weather.

Hot weather Cold weather

Wrinkled SkinElephant ,hippopotamuses and buffaloes

lose body heat through wrinkled skins

WallowingElephant, hippopotamuses and buffaloes

keep their body cool by wallowing in

mud holes

HumpsCamels store food and water in the form

Of fats in the humps on their back.

Thick FurPolar bears have thick fur to prevent the body

From losing heat to cold surroundings.

Fat Layers Under The SkinsPenguins, seals, and whales have fat layers under

their skin to keep their bodies warm

Small EarsSeals and Walruses have small ears to prevent

Heat loss from their bodies.

HibernatePolar bears hibernates during extreme cold

Weather


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3.4 Plants havespecific characteristics to protect

themselves from enemy

The specific characteristicsof plants that protect themfrom enemies

How the specificcharacteristics ofplants help to

protect themfrom enemies.

characteristics thatprotect plants.

Have thorns

poisonousHave fine hairs

Produces

latex

Close leaflets

when touch


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3.5 Plants have specific characteristics to

protect themselves from dry region and

strong wind

strong winddry region

Eg : cactus.

a. Long roots to absorb waterb. Succulent stem can store

waterc. Thorn can can prevent

the excessive loss ofwater

Eg: Coconut tree, bamboo tree,mangrove tree

a. Have stems that bend easilyb. Have buttress rootsc. Have separated leavesd. Needle- shaped leaves


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INVESTIGATING FORCE ANDENERGY


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Volume

MEASUREMENT1.1 Length

1.2 Area

1.5 Mass

1.6 Time1.7 Standard units

1.3 Solid

1.4 Liquid


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1.1Length

Terminology

- The distance

between two

points/place/position

Ways to measure

Measuring tape

Cubit

Arm spanString

Ruler

Standard Tools

Measuring tape Ruler

Unit

mm cm m km

Correct technique

- The eye must be

directly above the

end of object


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1.2 Area

-Area is the amount ofSpace taken up by the

surface of an object.

Terminology

- Using square card with asides of 1 centimetre

Standard unit

- Square millimetre (mm2)

- Square centimetre (cm2)

- Square metre (m2)

- Square kilometre (km2)

- Using formula

Area = length X width

1cm

1cm

Different ways to measure area

2cm

4cm

= 4cm X 2 cm

= 8cm2

3cm

3cm

- by placing uniform

objects such as tiles,

books and stamps

on the surface ofthe objects


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Volume

Terminology

The amount of space that

something takes up

1.3 Solid

1.4 LiquidFormula

Length x width x height

Standard Units

mm3, cm3, m3

Tools

Standard Units

measuring

cylinder

ml, lCorrect technique

a) taking the reading at the

lowest part of the meniscus.

b) eyes must be at the same level

as the lowest part of the meniscus


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1.5 Mass

Terminology

- Amount of matter in

an object

Tools

Electronic

balance

Simple

balance

Beam

balance

Kitchen

scale

Bathroom

scale

Lever

balance

Standard unit

mg g kg

Correct technique


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1.6 Time

Terminology

- Duration between

two event

Way to measure

- Sundial , sand clock ,

candle clock

Process that repeats uniformly

can be used to measure time

-Swinging pendulum

-Pulse rate candle

-water dripping

-Changing day and night

Tool

Standard unit

- Second , minute , hour

- Digital clock , watch ,

wrist watch , clock

Old clock

Events can be used measuring time


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1.7 The Importance of Standard Units

- for accuracy and

consistency

- easy to communicate

and understanding


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Investigating

Materials


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1.1

The properties of materials

Insulator

Float on water

Conduct

electricity

metal

conduct heatSink in water

Light to pass

through

Can be stretch

wood

stone rubber ring

glasscarbon plastics

metalwood


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1.2Applying knowledge

properties of materials in everyday life

Suggest ways

to keep things hot

Covered with insulators

Suggest ways

to keep things cold

hot thing cold thing

To prevent

heat loss

prevent from

absorbing heat


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1.3Uses of

materials based on their properties

List of objectand materials that they

are made of

object materials properties

spoon metal hard

tissue wood Soft

glasses glass transparent

Reason why particularmaterials are used to

make an object

cheap

easy to get

strength

good quality


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naturalmaterials

Man-made

materials

wood metal

rubber

cotton plastics synthetic cloth

glass

State that man-made materialscomes from natural materials

reducing reusing recycling

public transport plastic bag bottle plastics glass

1.4The importance of

reuse, reduce and recycle of materials


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RUSTING CAN PREVENTED

DIFFERENT WAYS TOPREVENT OBJECTS FROM

RUSTING

Coating with nonrusting materials

*paint

*oil

*grease

THE NECESSARY TO

PREVENT RUSTING

*Everlasting Live

*Save Natural

material

*Save Cost

*Looking good

1.6

*Conclusion; Rusting can be avoided by preventing iron contact

with air and water.


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UNDERSTANDING THAT SOME

MATERIALS CAN BE RUST

RUSTY OBJECTS NON RUSTY

OBJECTS

OBJECT MADE OF

IRON AND STEEL

OBJECT MADE OF

GLASS PLASTIC,

WOOD, CLAY AND SILK

*Nail*Spoon*Knife

*Needle

*Glass*Bottle*Cup

*Pencil


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INVESTIGATINGTHE EARTH

AND

THE UNIVERSE


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1.1

The solar system

List of

constituents

List of planets

Planets

move around

the Sun

-Nine Planets

-Natural satellites

-Meteors

-Comets

-Asteroids

Mercury MyVenus VeryEarth Excellent

Mars MotherJupiter JustSaturn ServedUranus UsNeptune NinePluto Pudding

THESOLARSYSTEM


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1.2 The relative sizeand distance between

the Earth, the Moonand the Sun

Size of the Sun

relative to the size

of the Earth.

Size of the Earth

relative to the size

of the Moon.

The relative distance from

the Earth to the Sun compared

to the relative distance from the

Earth to the Moon.

the Sun

1

the Earth

100

the Earth

1

the Moon

4

the Sun

the Earth the Moon

150 000 000 km 382 500 km

1 : 400

Much nearer :


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1.3Appreciating the perfect placement

of the planet Earth in theSolar System

Why certain planets

are not conducive

for living things.EFFECTThe Earth is

the only planet in the

Solar System thathas living things.

The nearer a planet to the Sun is,

the hotter is the surface of the planet .

The farther a planet from the Sun is,

the colder is the surface of the planet.

Do not have enough air and water.

Earth is the third planet from the Sun, it receives enough light

and heat from the Sun.

It is not too hot or too cold.

The atmosphere of the Earth contains air and there is water

on Earth.

Much nearer :The temperature on the Earth would rise.

Water on Earth would evaporate.

No water and the temperature would be

very hot.

Much farther :The temperature on the Earth would drop.

Water would freeze into ice.

All living things would die.


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INVESTIGATINGTECHNOLOGY


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1.1.Understanding the importance of technology in everyday life

Limitation of human abilityExamples of human limitations are

Unable to see fine objects

Unable to speak loud

Unable to walk for long distance

Unable to see far away objects

Devices to overcomehuman limitation

Microscope- The usage of lens to see fine

features of objects and microbes

Microphone-To increase the voice volume

Telephone

-To communicate from long distanceBicycle, motorcycle, airplanes

-Can travel long distance

in a shorter time

Telescope, binocular- To see far away objects


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TECHNOLOGY

1.2Understanding The

Development OfTechnology

Agriculture

e.g.:

hoe plough tractor

combine harvester

Transportation

Land: Animal bicycle

car trainAir: hot air balloon airship

glider aeroplane

Water: canoe raftsampan ferry

ship

Communication

Drawing carrier pigeon

Telephone

Construction

Cave hut wooden houseapartment

Examples


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Problems they

encounter in their daily life

TECHNOLOGY

Ideas to solvethe problems identified

Device to solvethe problem identified.

Demonstrate that deviceinvented can be used to

solve the problem

identified

1.3Synthesising

how technology

can be used tosolve problems

Cannot move and lift heavy thing

Cannot move farther

Sketch the model

Brain storming

lever

wheelbarrow

Pully

can lift everything Wheel barrow

can move heavything easily


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1.4 Analysing That Technology Can Benefit Mankind If Used Wisely

Advantages of Technology Disadvantages of Technology

CommunicationEnable human to learn more about

things happening around the world

TransportationEnable human to travel

far away places in shorter time

AgricultureMachines make it easier to plants

and harvest their crops

ConstructionRoads, highways, bridges and

building is easier and faster to build

Environmental pollution from increaseIn waste materials

Environmental destruction result from

excessive usage of natural resources

Social problem

Bad effects on health result from

environmental pollution and excessive

use of chemicals


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1.1 Understanding that microorganism is a living things

Microorganism

Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Virus

Cannot see withnaked eyes

GrowMoveBreathe

Characteristics

Cause the

dough rise

Rotten oranges

Mouldy ricetiny


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1.1 Understanding that some microorganism are harmful and some are useful

Some Organisms Are Harmful AndSome Are Useful

Useful Harmful

Can cause

Illness Food

poisoning

Food

stale

Tooth

decay

Making bread/

tapai/tempe/fertilizer

Prevention

Disease

Stomach upset

Measles/cough

Tooth decay

Conjunctivitis/mumps

Washing hand

Drink boiled water

Covering mouth &

nose when coughing

& sneezing


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2.1

Survival of Animal

Species

Examples animals that take

care of their eggs and young.

how animals take care of

Their eggs and young.

Why animals take care of

their eggs and young.

Bird - Eggs with shell covering

Frog - Eggs are thick, slimy and having bad smell

Spider - kept in a bag underneath its bodyFish - keep their young in their mouths

Snake, Tiger - attack in order to protect their eggs

Turtle - hide their eggs

Kangaroo - carry their young in their pouches

Elephant - stay in herds

2.3

Importance

Shortage of food resource

Animals and plants species

may face extinction.

Bird, Frog, Spider, Fish, Snake,

turtle, Kangroo, Elephant

To ensure the survival

of their species


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2.2

Survival of Plant

Species

Water

Explosive

mechanism

Wind

Animal

Light

Air Space in the fruits

Not water absorbent

Light

Small in size

Winged

Dry when ripe

Explodes when mature

Brightly coloured

Edible

Have smells

Have hook

Coconut

Lily

Shorea

Angsana

Lalang

Rubber fruit

Balsam fruit

Chestnut

Rambutan

Mango

Love grass

Mimosa

Agents of dispersal Special characteristic Examples


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3.1 Food Chain

Animals and the

food they eat

Classify animals into

herbivore, carnivore

and omnivore.

Producer ConsumerConstruct food chain

Green plant obtain

energy from

the sun to make

food. Green

Plant as a producer

Herbivore :

Animals that eat plants only.

e.g.: cow, goat, deer

Carnivore:

Animals that eat other animals.

e.g.: tiger, lion

Omnivore:

Animals that eat plants and

other animals

Animals that eat plant

or other animals

are called consumers.

The food relationship

among living things

can be shown by

a food chain.

To construct food

chain It must start

with plant asa producer.

In a food chain

the arrow

means eaten by

All living things need

food to survive.

Green plant can make their

own food. However

animals cannot

make their own make

their own food.


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3.2 Synthesizing food chain

to construct food web.

Food

web

What will happen

If there is a change in

population of a certain

species in a food web

Food

web of different

habitats

What will happento a certain species

of animals if they

eat only one type

of food

Paddy field

garden

A change in the population

of a certain species

will effect the Population

of other species

They will face difficulty

to survive if the

Source of food

runs out


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1 Energy

2 Electricity

3 Light

4 Heat

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY


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ENERGY 1.1 The Uses of Energy

Why energy

is needed?

- by living things to carry

out life processes.

Ex : moving, breathing,growing

The Sources of Energy

Sun

- main source of energy

- produces light and heat

Food

- food contains

stored energy

Wind

- Moving air

- Used to pump

water, drive

small sawmills

- to move, boil, melt,

or bounce non-living things

FuelBatteries

- wood, coal,

petroleum,

natural gas

- device that

generated

electrical energy

from chemical energy

Water

- moving or

falling water

produceenergy



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ENERGY 1.2 Energy can be transformed fromone form to another

Form of energySound energy

Heat energy

Light energy Electrical energy Kinetic energy

Chemical energy

Potential energy

Energy can be

transformed

a) lighting a candle

Chemical energy

heat energy + light energy

b) Kicking a ball

Chemical energy

kinetic energy

heat energy

Example of appliance that make use of

energy transform

a) Electric iron

Electrical energy heat energy

b) Radio

Electrical energy sound energy

c) Television

Electrical energy sound energy + light energy



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ENERGY

1.3 Renewable and

Non-renewable Energy

Renewable energy

Energy that

cannot

be replaced

Resources

solar, wind,

biomass fuel,

water

Non-renewable energy

Energy that be

replenished when

it is used up

Resources

natural gas,

petroleum,

coal

Why use energy wiselyHow to use energy

Some energyresources cannot

be replenished

when used upTo save

cost

Avoid

wastage

Reduce

pollution

Turn off the

television when

no one

watching it

Switch off the

lights before

going to leave

the room


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Electricity SourcesDry cell

Accumulator

Dynamo

Solar cell

Type of circuit

Name Symbol

Dry cell

Connecting

wire

Switch

Bulb

Symbol and componentParallel circuit Series circuit

Precautions

Differences

The bulb in the parallel circuit is brighter

then the bulb in the series circuit

Danger of mishandlingelectrical appliances

Fire Burn

Electric shock Electrocution

Safety precautions

to be taken when

using appliances

Do not touch electrical

appliances with wet hand

Do not repair electrical

appliances on your own


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Light

Can be reflected

How ?

Uses of reflection

Side mirror of a car

Periscope Kaleidoscope

Travel in a straight line

How shadow

is formed

When light is

completely orpartially

blocked by

an opaque

object

The light that

falls on objects

bounces off

the objects and

comes to your

eyes

mirror

Shadow form

Opaque object

Light


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Heat Gain

Loss Cooler

Warmer

How to measure temperature

using the correct technique

The effects of heat

on matter

Matter expandswhen heated Matter contractwhen cooled


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Investigating

Materials

water milk airwood


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1.1 Matter exist in the form of solid, liquid or gas

solid liquid gas

has mass

Properties of solid Properties of liquid Properties of gas

fixed

volume

fixed shape

has mass

examples

no permanent shape

fixed volume

stemstone

can't fixed

shape

has mass

Can't fixed

volume

can compressed


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1.2

CHANGING

STATES OF

WATER

gas - liquid

liquid - gas

liquid - gas

solid - liquid melting

Boiling

Affected by windy and hot

weather

evaporation

condensation

Freezing


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1.3

Understanding the water cycle.

Circulation of water in

the environment.

Formation of clouds

and rain.Importance of water.

Changes in the states of

matter in the water cycle

Liquid to gas (evaporation)Droplets of water will

become bigger and

heavier rain

evaporation

condensation

sea

Gas liquid (Condensation)


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1.4

Appreciating the importance

of water resources.

To prevent living aquatic from being

destroyed and undergoing extinction

Reasons to keep our

water resources clean. To ensure the cleanliness

of water supply

To regulate

the formation of

clouds and rain

To avoid infected

diseases

Ways to keep our water

resources clean

Keep the rivers clean Cleanliness campaign

2.1 The properties of acid,


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2.1 The properties of acid,

alkaline and neutral substances.

Identify the taste of acidic

and alkaline food.

Identify acidic, alkaline

and neutral substances

using litmus paper.

Conclude the properties ofacidic, alkaline and neutral

substances.

Changes in colourof litmus papers

blue to red red to blue

no change

bitter sour

Properties of alkali

Properties of acid

Properties of

neutral substancesTaste bitter & change

red litmus paper blue

Taste sour & change

blue litmus paper red

Other tastes

no changes in litmus paper

acid alkaline

neutral


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INVESTIGATINGTHE EARTH

AND

THE UNIVERSE

l ti harvesting


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Show

directions

Indicates

Seasons

A group of stars that form a

certain pattern in the sky

Importance of

constellation

Identify

constellation

What constellation is

1.1 Understanding

the constellation

Constellation

Big dipper

Scorpion

Orion

Southern Cross

North

NorthSouth April June

Kite or Cross

Scorpion

Hunter

Water dipper

south

December - January

June - August

planting harvesting

desert

sea


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2.1

The movements

of the Earth, the Moon

and the Sun

Earth rotates

on it axis

Earth rotates

and at the

same time

moves around

the sun

Moon rotates

on it axis

Moon rotatesand at the

same time

moves around

the Earth

The Moon and

the Earth move

round the Sun at

the same time

The earth

rotates on its axis

from west to east

The changes

in length and position

of the shadow

throughout the day

THE EARTH , THE MOON

AND THE SUN


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2.2

The occurrence of day and night

It is day time for the part

of the Earth facing the Sun.

It is night time for

the part of the Earth facing

away from the Sun.

Day and night occur

due to the rotation of the Earth

on its axis.

the Sun the Earth

night-time

daytime

axis

west east


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2.3 Phases Of The Moon

The Moon Does Not Emit Light

The Moon appear bright

when it reflect sunlight

Describe the phasesof the moon

1-New moon, 3- New half moon, 5- Full moon

7- Old half moon


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1.1

The shapes of objects in a structure

The shape of objects Identify shape in structure

CuboidCube

Cylinder

Sphere ConePyramid

Sphere

Cylinder

Strength

d

Shapes of objects that arestable


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and

Stability

stable

The factors that affect

stability of objects

How base area affects stability

How height affects stability

1.2

The strength

and

stabilityof a structure

The factors that affect the

strength of a structure

Design a model thatis strong and stable

Cube, cone, cylinder

Height , base area

Bigger base area more stable

Smaller base area less stable

Lower object more stable

Higher object less stable

Types of materials used

Steel ,Iron, Wood

Suggested design strong and stable

Bridge one with manila card

one with wood


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INVESTIGATING LIVING

THINGS

1.1


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Animals

Some

live in solitary(Animals that live by themselves)

Some

live in groups

(Animals that live together)

zebra giraffesbees ants tigerlizardcatsnake

For safety

For FoodTo avoid competition for food

To avoid competition for space

Cooperation is a

form of interaction

Sunlight Limited sunlight can reach them


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1.2

Understanding that competition is a form ofInteraction among living thingsAnimals

Plants

Factors for compete

Food

Water

Mate

Shelter

Space

Limited food resources

Limited water resources

Trying to get mate to breed

Defending or looking for shelter

Defending or looking for space

Factors for compete

Nutrient

Sunlight

Water

Space

Limited sunlight can reach them

Limited water resources

Limited space

Limited nutrient

Reason

Reason

Dodo birdDinosaurAuk bird

TigerTurtle

RaflessiaPitcher plantV fl t


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1.3

Understanding theresponsibility of human beings

in protecting endangered species

Extinct animal Endangered animal

Endangered plant

Factors

of Extinction

ways to prevent

extinction

Auk birdDesert rat kangaroo

MammothQuagga

Tasmanian wolf

Orang UtanPandaRhinocerosHornbillBlue Whale

Venus fly trapWild orchid

Illegal HuntingElephant Tusk

Tiger Skin & Bone

Blue Whale FatGiant Panda FurRhinoceros - Horn

Illegal LoggingHuman cut treesForest clearing

The destruction of habitat

Excessive developmentWater & air PollutionMany habitat has

destroyed

Extreme WeatherLong dry season

FloodForest fire

Campaign against

excessive LoggingEducate the public aboutthe importance of protecting& conserving animals & plantAvoid consuming or buying

products made fromendangered speciesEnforcing the law

ReplantingSelective logging

Setting up forest reservedSetting rehabilitation centreEncourage recycle , reuse

& reduce Campaign

Erosion

The Lost of habitatThe lose of raw material &food suppliesClimate changes


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1.4Knowing the impact of human

activities on environment.

Environmental destructioncaused by human activities

Impact of uncontrolledhuman activities to the Earth

Impact of human activities toenvironmental destruction

LandslideFlash-FloodsWater & Air pollution

Illegal & ExcessiveLogging

Clearing ForestImproper managementof development

ErosionLandslideFlash-FloodsLoss of

habitats

Illegal & Excessive hunting

Improper management ofwaste from factory

Improper management ofwaste from household

Extinction ofendangered

species

Air &water Pollution

Water Pollution

Flash flood

Excessive use of

fertilisers,pesticides& herbicides

Heavy usage ofmotor vehicles

gThe rise in temperature on earthExtinction of endangered speciesThe balance in nature is disturbedThe loss of the Earths natural water basin

Air &water Pollution

Air pollution


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1.Force 2.Movement

INVESTIGATING FORCE

AND ENERGY

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGYD


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FORCE

Pull an action of bringing an object

towards us

Push an action of moving an objectaway

D

E

F

I

N

I

T

IO

N

Effects

Move a stationary object

Stop a moving object

Change direction of moving object

Make object move faster or slower

Change the motion an object

Change the shape of an object

Friction

Definition

-Force that apposes

the movement of an

object.

-Two surfaces occurs

rub against each

other

Effects

-Surfaces warm.

-Difficult to move

-Wear and tear.

-Slow down and

stop

Reduce

-Lubricant :oil, wax,

grease or water

-Air cushion

-Talcum powder

-Roller marbles

-Ball bearing

Advantages

1. Hold thing

2. Walk without slipping

3. Sharpen a knife

4. Slow down moving

Disadvantages

1. Worn out the shoes / tyre

2. Produce heat

Advantages/Disadvantages


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Movement

Speed

A measurement on how fast an object moves

an object

which moves

faster travels

a longer

distance in agiven time

Definition

an object

which move

faster takes a

shorter time

travel a givendistance

Conclusion

Calculation

Formula

Speed = distance / time

Unit

km/h,

m/s ,

cm/s


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INVESTIGATINGMATERIALS

Food that has turned bad and


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Microbes that

spoilt food

Condition for

microbes to growWhat is

spoilt food

Unpleasent smelleg. Fish with bad smell

Unpleasent tasteeg. milk turns sour

Changed coloureg.vegetables, rice

Changed textureeg. Yogurt turns curd

Mouldyeg. Yogurt have many

black spots

Characteristics of

Spoilt Food

is not suitable to be eaten

Bacteria Fungus

Air

Water

Nutrient

Suitable

Temperature( 5C - 65 C )

Suitable acidity

1.1 Food Spoilage

Example :fi h f it

Example :Eggs water

Example :eggs, vegetables, fruits Example :


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1.2 Food Preservation

(Process whereby food turningbad is slowed down)

DryingBoiling Cooling Vacuum

packing

Pickling

Freezing

fish, prawn, fruits

Reason :Bacteria and fungi cannot

grow without water

Eggs, water

Reason :Boiled will killed bacteria

and fungi

gg g

Reason :Cold temperature slow

down the growth of

bacteria and fungi

Biscuits, crackers,

Reason :Bacteria and fungi

cannot grow

without water

Reason :Prevents the growth

of bacteria and

fungi

Example :Fruits, chili, fish

Bottling/canningPasteurisingSalting


cannot active at a

very low temperature

Example :

Fish, meat


cannot grow

without air

Example :Meat, fish, fruits

Reason :Destroy

microoganism

Example :Milk, yogurt


cannot grow in very

salt substances

Example :Fish, eggs

Reason :Dry the food

Example :Fish, meat

Reason :

Slow down theloss of water

Example :Fruits

Smoking

Waxing


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1.3 The Importance of

Preserving Food

Food can be kept

for a longer time

Easier to

store

Easier to

carry

To prevent the

wastage of food

2.1 The Effects of

Improper Waste DisposalTypes of waste


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Improper Waste DisposalOn The Environment

Gas

Liquid

Solid

From agricultural

activities

From vehicles and

open burning

Toxic materials

Rubbish

Sources of wastes

Types of waste

Open burning

Littering

Chanelling- waste

factories into river

Releasing smokeand dangerous gasses

Treat waste water

Keep environment

and home cleanReuse and recycle

rubbish and waste

Reduce car

Build factories far

from home

The improperways disposal Smoke dissolved

form weak acidKills plants & fish

Destroys building &

bridges

Rubbish thrown inrivers or drain Cause flash-floods

& water over flow

Kill plants & animals

in the river

Open burningCause asthma &

eye irritation

Air pollution

DiseaseCause by eating

polluted fish and plants

The HarmfulEffect

The properdisposal ways

2 2 Some Waste


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Animal extinction

Habitats destruction

Spoil natural beauty

Change Climate

Tin can

Plastic

Synthetic

Glass Metal objects

Give out

poisonous gas

Unpleasant

smell

Return nutrient

to soil

Prevent rubbish

from accumulate

Paper

Wood

Food

Meat

Fungi Bacteria

2.2 Some WasteCan Decay

Waste that decay

Waste that do not decay

Microbes that causewaste to decay

Advantages ofwaste decaying

Disadvantages ofwaste decaying

What will happen ifwaste do not decay


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INVESTIGATING THE EARTH& THE UNIVERSE


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ECLIPSE OF THE MOON

The Earth is

between the Sun

and the Moon

The Earth, the Moon

and the Sun are

positioned in a

straight line

The Earths position

blocks sunlight from

reaching the Moon.

The Earths shadow

is formed on the

Moon surface and

cause an eclipse ofthe Moon

Sun Moon

Earth


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ECLIPSE OF THE SUN

The Moon is

between the Sun

and the Earth

The Earth, the Moon and

the Sun are positioned in

a straight line

The Moons blocks

the sunlight from

reaching the Earth

The Moons shadow

is formed on the

Earths surfaceSUN

Earth

Moon

The place that experienced full eclipse is completely dark during the day time

PHASES OF THE SUN DURING THE ECLIPSE


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1 1 Simple machineA device that allows us to usel f t k k i


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WHEEL AND AXLE

1.1. Simple machine

LEVER

WEDGE

PULLEY

GEAR

INCLINED PLANE

SCREW

-To carry or move heavy objects

- e.g. hammer , spoon , scissor

-To lift heavy objects easier

e.g. stairs , slanting wooden plank

-To carry to move heavy objects easily

e.g screw driver , car spanner

-To carry or lift objects to a higher place

-e.g flag pole , crane

-To cut or separate objects

-E.g knife , saw , axe

-To fix two objects together

-E.g drill bit , spanner

-To move objects easily

-Gear in a watch

less force to make work easieror faster


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1.2 Analysing a

complex

machine

Made up of more

than one simple

machine.

WheelbarrowLever, wheel and axle

CraneGear, pulley, lever

Egg BeaterGear, wheel and axle

BicycleGear, lever,

wheel and axle ScissorsLever, wedge

Hand Drill

Wedge, wheel and axle

f


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1.3 Appreciating the invention of machines that

make life easier.

Life with machine Life without machine

Difficulty moving heavy things.

Will not be able to travel from

one place to another faraway

place.

Help to move heavy things.

Work in the fields is made easier and

productivity of agricultural product is

raised.

Construction work is made easier and

can be completed faster.

Help us travel from one place toanother.

63139482 Mind Map Upsr Complete 1

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