Basic Needs Of Human

Food

Shelter

Air

Water

To breathe

To protect from• danger• extreme weather• sun & rain

Give energyGrow

Stay healthy

Drinks

Grow

Stay healthy

1.1 Understanding that humans have basic needs

Basic Needs Of Animals

Food

Shelter

Air

Water

To breathe

To protect from• danger• extreme weather• sun & rain

Give energyGrow

Stay healthy

Drinks

Grow

Stay healthy

1.2 Understanding that animals have basic needs

Types :• holes• cave• nest• beehive

Plants Have Basic Needs

Air SunlightWater

With :• grow healthy• grow well• not wilted

Without :• wilted• Turn yellow• Die

1.3 Understanding that plants have basic needs

2.1 Analysing life processes that humans undergo

Analysing Life Processes ThatHuman Undergo

Respond To Stimuli

Breathing

Reproduce

Organs

Inhale – take in air

Exhale – give out air

Nose/Mouth Wind-pipe Lungs

A process to produceTheir young or offspring

Rate of breath

Number of chest movement In a period of time

Organs

Eyes - Sight

Nose - Smell

Tongue - Taste

Ears - Sound

Skin - Touch

Excrete Defecate

Lungs( Carbon dioxide+ water vapour )

Kidney ( urine + mineral salt )

Skin ( Sweat + mineral salt )

Faeces

Purpose :• avoid danger• avoid getting hurt• avoid getting injured• to survive

2.2 Being aware that certain behaviour can disturb life processes

Behaviour That Can DisturbLife Processes

Smoking Taking DrugDrinking Alcohol

Effects• Lung cancer• Coughing

Effects• Delay respond to stimuli• Lose ability to walk in straight line• Can cause accidentsHow to avoid

Participate in a campaign

Discourage among their peers

2.3 Analysing the life processes that animals undergo

Animals Life Processes

BreathingExcrete Reproduce

Lay Eggs Give BirthOrgans

Lungs• monkey• bird• whale

Gills• fish• prawn

Lungs-book• crab

MoistSkin• frog• earthworm

TracheaStructure• insects

Defecate

To get rid of waste productfrom their bodies cat

tigerbatwhale

butterfly

bird

2.4 Life processes plants undergo

plants respond to stimuli.

water, sunlight, touch, gravity.

why plants need to reproduce

to ensure the survival of the species.

various ways plants reproducethrough…seeds, spores, suckers, stem cutting, leaves, underground stem.

what will happen to the world if

plants do not reproduce.

no food supply.

plants reproduce.

Seeds – balsam, corn, durianSpores – fern, mushroomSuckers – banana, pineappleStem cutting – hibiscus, rose, tapiocaLeaves – bryophyllum, begoniaStem – potato, onion, ginger and lily

the part of plant that responds

to touch.

the part of plant that responds

to sunlight.

Shoot

the part of plant that responds

to gravity.

Roots

the part of plant that responds to water

Roots

Science Year 4INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS2. Living Things Undergo Life Processes

Special characteristics of animals that protect them from danger.

special behaviour of animals that protect them from danger.

The special characteristics and behaviour of animals help to protect them from danger.

3.1 animals have specific characteristics and behaviour to protect themselves

Thick and hard skinTo prevent their enemies from injuring

Hard shellSnails and tortoise retract their headAnd legs into the shell when the are

Attacked by enemies

Hard scalesPangolins and crocodiles have hard

scales To protect their bodies from injuries

SpinesRaise the sharp spines when

the enemies Advance towards them

Horns Use their horn to attack enemies.

Sharp clawsTo protect themselves and their

Young from the enemies- lion ,cat,Bears, and eagle.

Spray black inkDark surrounding helps the animal not

to been seen by enemies – e.g: octopus, squid

Poisonous sting or fangsCan hurt and kill enemies-e.g..: scorpion,

centipede snake , bee.

CamouflageHas body colour or patterns that that are

Similar to the surrounding

Pretend to deadTo trick their enemies –e.g.: beetle

3.2/3.3

Animals have specific characteristics

and behaviour to protect themselves from

extreme weather and survive

how specific characteristics and behavior of animals help to protect them from very hot or cold weather.

specific characteristics and behavior of animals that protect

them from very hot and cold weather.

Hot weather Cold weather

Wrinkled SkinElephant ,hippopotamuses and buffaloes

lose body heat through wrinkled skins

WallowingElephant, hippopotamuses and buffaloes

keep their body cool by wallowing in mud holes

HumpsCamels store food and water in the form

Of fats in the humps on their back.

Thick FurPolar bears have thick fur to prevent the body

From losing heat to cold surroundings.

Fat Layers Under The SkinsPenguins, seals, and whales have fat layers under

their skin to keep their bodies warm

Small EarsSeals and Walruses have small ears to prevent

Heat loss from their bodies.

HibernatePolar bears hibernates during extreme cold

Weather

3.4 Plants havespecific characteristics to protect

themselves from enemy

The specific characteristics of plants that protect them from enemies

How the specificcharacteristics of

plants help to protect them from enemies.

characteristics that protect plants.

Have thorns

poisonous Have fine hairs

Produces

latex

Close leaflets

when touch

3.5 Plants have specific characteristics to

protect themselves from dry region and

strong wind

strong winddry region

Eg : cactus.

a. Long roots to absorb waterb. Succulent stem can store waterc. Thorn can can prevent the excessive loss of water

Eg: Coconut tree, bamboo tree, mangrove tree

a. Have stems that bend easily b. Have buttress rootsc. Have separated leavesd. Needle- shaped leaves

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY

Volume

MEASUREMENT1.1 Length

1.2 Area

1.5 Mass

1.6 Time

1.7 Standard units

1.3 Solid1.4 Liquid

1.1Length

Terminology

- The distance between two points/place/position

Ways to measure

Measuring tape

Cubit

Arm spanString

Ruler

Standard Tools

Measuring tape Ruler

Unit

mm cm m km

Correct technique

- The eye must be directly above the end of object

1.2 Area

- Area is the amount of Space taken up by the surface of an object.

Terminology

- Using square card with a sides of 1 centimetre

Standard unit

- Square millimetre (mm2)- Square centimetre (cm2)- Square metre (m2)- Square kilometre (km2)

- Using formula

Area = length X width1cm

1cm

Different ways to measure area

2cm

4cm

= 4cm X 2 cm = 8cm2

3cm

3cm

- by placing uniform objects such as tiles, books and stamps on the surface of the objects

Volume

Terminology

The amount of space thatsomething takes up

1.3 Solid

1.4 LiquidFormula

Length x width x height

Standard Units

mm3, cm3, m3

Tools

Standard Units

measuringcylinder

ml, lCorrect technique

a) taking the reading at the lowest part of the meniscus.b) eyes must be at the same level as the lowest part of the meniscus

1.5 Mass

Terminology

- Amount of matter in an object

Tools

Electronic balance

Simple balance

Beam balance

Kitchen scale

Bathroom scale

Lever balance

Standard unit

mg g kg

Correct technique

1.6 TimeTerminology

- Duration between two event

Way to measure

- Sundial , sand clock , candle clock

Process that repeats uniformly can be used to measure time

-Swinging pendulum

-Pulse rate candle

-water dripping

-Changing day and night

Tool

Standard unit

- Second , minute , hour

- Digital clock , watch , wrist watch , clock

Old clock

Events can be used measuring time

1.7 The Importance of Standard Units

- for accuracy and consistency

- easy to communicate and understanding

Investigating Materials

1.1 The properties of materials

Insulator

Float on water

Conduct electricity

metal

conduct heatSink in water

Light to pass through

Can be stretch

wood

stone rubber ring

glass carbon plastics

metalwood

1.2Applying knowledge

properties of materials in everyday life

Suggest ways to keep things hot

Covered with insulators

Suggest ways to keep things cold

hot thing cold thing

To prevent heat loss

prevent fromabsorbing heat

1.3 Uses of

materials based on their properties

List of object and materials that they

are made of

object materials properties

spoon metal hard

tissue wood Soft

glasses glass transparent

Reason why particular materials are used to

make an object

cheap

easy to get

strength

good quality

naturalmaterials

Man-madematerials

wood metal

rubber

cotton plastics synthetic cloth

glass

State that man-made materials comes from natural materials

reducing reusing recycling

public transport plastic bag bottle plastics glass

1.4The importance of

reuse, reduce and recycle of materials

RUSTING CAN PREVENTED

DIFFERENT WAYS TO PREVENT OBJECTS FROM

RUSTING

Coating with non rusting materials

*paint

*oil

*grease

THE NECESSARY TO

PREVENT RUSTING

*Everlasting Live

*Save Natural

material

*Save Cost

*Looking good

1.6

*Conclusion; Rusting can be avoided by preventing iron contact with air and water.

UNDERSTANDING THAT SOME

MATERIALS CAN BE RUST

RUSTY OBJECTS NON RUSTY OBJECTS

OBJECT MADE OFIRON AND STEEL

OBJECT MADE OF GLASS PLASTIC,

WOOD, CLAY AND SILK

*Nail*Spoon*Knife

*Needle

*Glass*Bottle*Cup

*Pencil

INVESTIGATING THE EARTH

AND THE UNIVERSE

1.1The solar system

List of constituents

List of planets

Planets move around

the Sun

-Nine Planets-Natural satellites-Meteors-Comets-Asteroids

Mercury – MyVenus – VeryEarth – ExcellentMars – MotherJupiter – JustSaturn – ServedUranus – UsNeptune – NinePluto – Pudding

THE SOLAR

SYSTEM

1.2 The relative size and distance between

the Earth, the Moon and the Sun

Size of the Sunrelative to the size

of the Earth.

Size of the Earthrelative to the size

of the Moon.

The relative distance fromthe Earth to the Sun comparedto the relative distance from the

Earth to the Moon.

the Sun

1

the Earth

100

the Earth

1

the Moon

4

the Sun

the Earth the Moon

150 000 000 km 382 500 km

1 : 400

1.3Appreciating the perfect placement

of the planet Earth in theSolar System

Why certain planetsare not conducivefor living things.

EFFECTThe Earth is the only planet in the

Solar System that has living things.

•The nearer a planet to the Sun is, the hotter is the surface of the planet .•The farther a planet from the Sun is, the colder is the surface of the planet.•Do not have enough air and water.

•Earth is the third planet from the Sun, it receives enough light and heat from the Sun.•It is not too hot or too cold.•The atmosphere of the Earth contains air and there is water on Earth.

Much nearer : •The temperature on the Earth would rise.•Water on Earth would evaporate.•No water and the temperature would be very hot.Much farther :•The temperature on the Earth would drop.•Water would freeze into ice.•All living things would die.

INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGY

1.1.Understanding the importance of technology in everyday life

Limitation of human abilityExamples of human limitations are

• Unable to see fine objects•Unable to speak loud

•Unable to walk for long distance•Unable to see far away objects

Devices to overcome human limitation

Microscope- The usage of lens to see fine

features of objects and microbes Microphone

-To increase the voice volumeTelephone

-To communicate from long distanceBicycle, motorcycle, airplanes

-Can travel long distance in a shorter time

Telescope, binocular- To see far away objects

TECHNOLOGY

1.2 Understanding The Development Of

Technology

Agriculture

e.g.:

hoe plough tractor

combine harvesterTransportation

Land: Animal bicycle car train

Air: hot air balloon airship glider aeroplane

Water: canoe raft sampan ferry

shipCommunication

Drawing carrier pigeon

Telephone

Construction

Cave hut wooden house apartment

Examples

Problems theyencounter in their daily life

TECHNOLOGY

Ideas to solvethe problems identified

Device to solvethe problem identified.

Demonstrate that device invented can be used to

solve the problem identified

1.3 Synthesising

how technology can be used to solve problems

Cannot move and lift heavy thing

Cannot move farther

Sketch the model

Brain storming

lever

wheelbarrow

Pully – can lift everything Wheel barrow – can move heavything easily

1.4 Analysing That Technology Can Benefit Mankind If Used Wisely

Advantages of Technology Disadvantages of Technology

•CommunicationEnable human to learn more about things happening around the world

•TransportationEnable human to travel

far away places in shorter time•Agriculture

Machines make it easier to plants and harvest their crops

•ConstructionRoads, highways, bridges and

building is easier and faster to build

Environmental pollution from increase In waste materials

Environmental destruction result fromexcessive usage of natural resources

Social problem

Bad effects on health result from environmental pollution and excessive

use of chemicals

1.1 Understanding that microorganism is a living things

Microorganism

Bacteria Fungi Protozua Virus

Cannot see with naked eyes

GrowMoveBreathe

Characteristics

Cause thedough rise

• Rotten oranges• Mouldy rice

tiny

1.1 Understanding that some microorganism are harmful and some are useful

Some Organisms Are Harmful AndSome Are Useful

Useful Harmful

Can cause

Illness Foodpoisoning

Food stale

Toothdecay

Making bread/tapai/tempe/fertilizer

Prevention

Disease

Stomach upset

Measles/cough

Tooth decay

Conjunctivitis/mumps

Washing hand

Drink boiled water

Covering mouth & nose when coughing& sneezing

2.1Survival of Animal

Species

Examples animals that take care of their eggs and young.

how animals take care of Their eggs and young.

Why animals take care of their eggs and young.

Bird - Eggs with shell coveringFrog - Eggs are thick, slimy and having bad smellSpider - kept in a bag underneath its bodyFish - keep their young in their mouthsSnake, Tiger - attack in order to protect their eggs Turtle - hide their eggsKangaroo - carry their young in their pouches Elephant - stay in herds

2.3Importance

Shortage of food resource

Animals and plants species may face extinction.

Bird, Frog, Spider, Fish, Snake,turtle, Kangroo, Elephant

To ensure the survival of their species

2.2Survival of Plant

Species

Water

Explosive mechanism

Wind

Animal

• Light

• Air Space in the fruits

• Not water absorbent

• Light

• Small in size

• Winged

• Dry when ripe

• Explodes when mature

• Brightly coloured

• Edible

• Have smells

• Have hook

• Coconut

• Lily

• Shorea

• Angsana

• Lalang

• Rubber fruit

• Balsam fruit

• Chestnut

• Rambutan

• Mango

• Love grass

• Mimosa

Agents of dispersal Special characteristic Examples

3.1 Food Chain

Animals and the food they eat

Classify animals into herbivore, carnivore

and omnivore.Producer Consumer Construct food chain

Green plant obtain energy from

the sun to make food. Green

Plant as a producer

Herbivore :Animals that eat plants only.

e.g.: cow, goat, deer

Carnivore:Animals that eat other animals.

e.g.: tiger, lion

Omnivore:Animals that eat plants and

other animals

Animals that eat plantor other animals

are called consumers.

The food relationshipamong living things

can be shown bya food chain.

To construct food chain It must start

with plant as a producer.

In a food chainthe arrow

means ‘eaten by’

All living things need food to survive.

Green plant can make theirown food. However

animals cannot make their own make

their own food.

3.2 Synthesizing food chainto construct food web.

Food web

What will happenIf there is a change in population of a certainspecies in a food web

Foodweb of different

habitats

What will happento a certain species

of animals if theyeat only one type

of food

Paddy field

garden

A change in the populationof a certain species

will effect the Population of other species

They will face difficultyto survive – if the

Source of food runs out

1 Energy

2 Electricity

3 Light

4 Heat

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY

ENERGY 1.1 The Uses of Energy

Why energy is needed?

- by living things to carry out life processes. Ex : moving, breathing, growing

The Sources of Energy

Sun

- main source of energy- produces light and heat

Food

- food contains stored energy

Wind

- Moving air- Used to pump water, drive small sawmills

- to move, boil, melt, or bounce non-living things

FuelBatteries

- wood, coal, petroleum, natural gas

- device that generated electrical energy from chemical energy

Water

- moving or falling water produce energy

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY

ENERGY 1.2 Energy can be transformed from one form to another

Form of energySound energy

Heat energy

Light energy Electrical energy Kinetic energy

Chemical energy

Potential energy

Energy can betransformed

a) lighting a candle Chemical energy → heat energy + light energy

b) Kicking a ball Chemical energy → kinetic energy → heat energy

Example of appliance that make use of energy transform

a) Electric iron Electrical energy → heat energy

b) Radio Electrical energy → sound energy

c) Television Electrical energy → sound energy + light energy

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY

ENERGY

1.3 Renewable and Non-renewable Energy

Renewable energy

Energy that cannot be replaced

Resources –solar, wind,biomass fuel,water

Non-renewable energy

Energy that be replenished when it is used up

Resources –natural gas,petroleum,coal

Why use energy wiselyHow to use energy

Some energyresources cannotbe replenishedwhen used up

To savecost

Avoid wastage

Reducepollution

Turn off thetelevision whenno onewatching it

Switch off thelights beforegoing to leavethe room

Electricity Sources

Dry cell

Accumulator

Dynamo

Solar cell

Type of circuit

Name Symbol

Dry cell

Connecting wire

Switch

Bulb

Symbol and componentParallel circuit Series circuit

Precautions

Differences

The bulb in the parallel circuit is brighter then the bulb in the series circuit

Danger of mishandling electrical appliances

Fire Burn

Electric shock Electrocution

Safety precautions to be taken when using

appliances

Do not touch electrical appliances with wet hand

Do not repair electrical appliances on your own

Light

Can be reflected

How ?

Uses of reflection

Side mirror of a car

Periscope Kaleidoscope

Travel in a straight line

How shadow is formed

When light is completely or partially blocked by an opaque

object

The light that falls on objects ‘bounces off’ the objects and comes to your eyes

mirror

Shadow form

Opaque object

Light

Heat Gain

Loss Cooler

Warmer

How to measure temperature using the correct technique

The effects of heat on matter

Matter expands when heated

Matter contract when cooled

InvestigatingMaterials

1.1 Matter exist in the form of solid, liquid or gas

solid liquid gas

has mass

Properties of solid Properties of liquid Properties of gas

fixed volume

fixed shape

has mass

examples

water milk air

no permanent shape

fixed volume

stem

wood

stone

can't fixed shape

has mass

Can't fixed volume

can compressed

1.2 CHANGING STATES OF

WATER

gas - liquid

liquid - gas

liquid - gas

solid - liquid melting

Boiling

Affected by windy and hot weather

evaporation

condensation

Freezing

1.31.3

Understanding the water cycle.Understanding the water cycle.

Circulation of water in Circulation of water in the environment.the environment.

Formation of clouds Formation of clouds and rain. and rain. Importance of water.Importance of water.

Changes in the states of Changes in the states of matter in the water cyclematter in the water cycle

Liquid to gas (evaporation)Liquid to gas (evaporation)Droplets of water will Droplets of water will become bigger andbecome bigger and heavier →heavier → rain

evaporation

condensation

sea

Gas → liquid (Condensation) Gas → liquid (Condensation)

1.41.4

Appreciating the importance Appreciating the importance

of water resources.of water resources.

To prevent living aquatic from being To prevent living aquatic from being destroyed and undergoing extinctiondestroyed and undergoing extinction

Reasons to keep our Reasons to keep our water resources clean. water resources clean. To ensure the cleanliness To ensure the cleanliness

of water supplyof water supply

To regulate To regulate the formation of the formation of clouds and rainclouds and rain

To avoid infected To avoid infected diseasesdiseases

Ways to keep our water Ways to keep our water resources clean resources clean

Keep the rivers cleanKeep the rivers clean Cleanliness campaignCleanliness campaign

2.1 The properties of acid, 2.1 The properties of acid,

alkaline and neutral substances.alkaline and neutral substances.

Identify the taste of acidic Identify the taste of acidic and alkaline food.and alkaline food.

Identify acidic, alkalineIdentify acidic, alkaline and neutral substances and neutral substances

using litmus paper. using litmus paper.

• Conclude the properties of Conclude the properties of acidic, alkaline and neutral acidic, alkaline and neutral substances.substances.

Changes in colour Changes in colour of litmus papersof litmus papers

blue to redblue to red red to bluered to blue

no changeno change

bitterbitter soursour

Properties of alkaliProperties of alkali

Properties of acidProperties of acid

Properties of Properties of neutral substancesneutral substancesTaste bitter & change Taste bitter & change

red litmus paper bluered litmus paper blue

Taste sour & change Taste sour & change blue litmus paper redblue litmus paper red

Other tastes – Other tastes – no changes in litmus paperno changes in litmus paper

acidacid alkalinealkaline

neutralneutral

INVESTIGATING THE EARTH

AND THE UNIVERSE

Show directions

Indicates Seasons

A group of stars that form a

certain pattern in the sky

Importance of constellation

Identify constellation

What constellation is

1.1 Understanding the constellation

Constellation

Big dipper

Scorpion

Orion

Southern Cross

North

NorthSouth April – June

Kite or Cross

Scorpion

Hunter

Water dipper

south

December - January

June - August

planting harvesting

desert

sea

2.1 The movements

of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun

Earth rotates on it axis

Earth rotates and at the same time

moves around the sun

Moon rotates on it axis

Moon rotates and at the same time

moves around the Earth

The Moon and the Earth move

round the Sun at the same time

The earth rotates on its axis from west to east

The changes in length and position

of the shadow throughout the day

THE EARTH , THE MOON AND THE SUN

2.2 The occurrence of day and night

It is day time for the part of the Earth facing the Sun.

It is night time for the part of the Earth facing

away from the Sun.

Day and night occurdue to the rotation of the Earth

on its axis.

the Sun the Earth

night-timenight-time

daytimedaytime

axisaxis

westwest easteast

2.3 Phases Of The Moon

The Moon Does Not Emit Light

The Moon appear bright when it reflect sunlight

Describe the phases of the moon

1-New moon, 3- New half moon, 5- Full moon

7- Old half moon

INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGY

1.1 The shapes of objects in a structure

The shape of objects Identify shape in structure

CuboidCube Cylinder

Sphere ConePyramid

Sphere

Cylinder

Strength and

Stability

Shapes of objects that are stable

The factors that affect stability of objects

How base area affects stability

How height affects stability

1.2 The strength

and stability

of a structure

The factors that affect the strength of a structure

Design a model thatis strong and stable

Cube, cone, cylinder

Height , base area

Bigger base area more stableSmaller base area less stable

Lower object more stableHigher object less stable

Types of materials usedSteel ,Iron, Wood

Suggested design strong and stableBridge – one with manila card

one with wood

INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS

1.1 1.1 AnimalsAnimals

Some live in solitary

(Animals that live by themselves)

SomeSomelive in groupslive in groups

(Animals that live together)(Animals that live together)

zebra giraffesgiraffesbees ants tigerlizardcatsnake

For safetyFor Food

To avoid competition for food To avoid competition for space

Cooperation is a form of interaction

1.2 1.2 Understanding that competition is a form of Understanding that competition is a form of

Interaction among living thingsInteraction among living thingsAnimals

Plants

Factors for compete

Food

Water

Mate

Shelter

Space

Limited food resources

Limited water resources

Trying to get mate to breed

Defending or looking for shelter

Defending or looking for space

Factors for compete

Nutrient

Sunlight

Water

Space

Limited sunlight can reach them

Limited water resources

Limited space

Limited nutrient

Reason

Reason

1.3 Understanding the

responsibility of human beings in protecting endangered species

Extinct animal

Endangered animal

Endangered plant

Factors of Extinction

ways to prevent extinction

•Dodo bird•Dinosaur•Auk bird

•Desert rat kangaroo

•Mammoth•Quagga

•Tasmanian wolf

•Tiger•Turtle•Orang Utan•Panda•Rhinoceros•Hornbill•Blue Whale

•Raflessia•Pitcher plant•Venus fly trap•Wild orchid

Illegal HuntingElephant – Tusk

Tiger – Skin & BoneBlue Whale – FatGiant Panda – FurRhinoceros - Horn

Illegal LoggingHuman cut treesForest clearing

The destruction of habitat

Excessive developmentWater & air PollutionMany habitat has

destroyed

Extreme WeatherLong dry season

Flood Forest fire

Campaign against excessive Logging

Educate the public about the importance of protecting & conserving

animals & plantAvoid consuming or buying products made

from endangered speciesEnforcing the law

ReplantingSelective loggingSetting up forest

reservedSetting rehabilitation

centreEncourage recycle ,

reuse & reduce Campaign

1.4 Knowing the impact of human

activities on environment.

Environmental destruction caused by human activities

Impact of uncontrolledhuman activities to the Earth

Impact of human activities to environmental destruction

ErosionLandslideFlash-FloodsWater & Air pollution

Illegal & Excessive LoggingClearing ForestImproper management of development

•Erosion•Landslide•Flash-Floods•Loss of habitats

Illegal & Excessive hunting

Improper management of waste from factory

Improper management of waste from household

Extinction of endangered

species

Air & water Pollution

Water Pollution Flash flood

Excessive use of fertilisers, pesticides

& herbicides

Heavy usage of motor vehicles

The Lost of habitatThe lose of raw material &food suppliesClimate changesThe rise in temperature on earthExtinction of endangered speciesThe balance in nature is disturbedThe loss of the Earth’s natural water basin

Air & water Pollution

Air pollution

1.Force 2.Movement

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY

INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY

FORCE

Pull – an action of bringing an object towards us

Push – an action of moving an object away

DEFINITION

EffectsMove a stationary object

Stop a moving object

Change direction of moving object

Make object move faster or slower

Change the motion an object

Change the shape of an object

Friction

Definition

-Force that apposes the movement of an object.

-Two surfaces occurs rub against each other

Effects

-Surfaces warm.

-Difficult to move

-Wear and tear.

-Slow down and stop

Reduce

-Lubricant :oil, wax, grease or water

-Air cushion

-Talcum powder

-Roller marbles

-Ball bearing

Advantages1. Hold thing2. Walk without slipping3. Sharpen a knife4. Slow down moving

Disadvantages1. Worn out the shoes / tyre2. Produce heat

Advantages/Disadvantages

Movement

Speed

A measurement on how fast an object moves

an object which moves faster travels

a longer distance in a given time

Definition

an object which move

faster takes a shorter time

travel a given distance

Conclusion

Calculation

FormulaSpeed = distance / time

Unit• km/h,• m/s ,• cm/s

INVESTIGATING MATERIALS

Microbes that spoilt food

Condition for microbes to grow

What is spoilt food

•Unpleasent smell eg. Fish with bad smell•Unpleasent taste eg. milk turns sour•Changed colour eg.vegetables, rice•Changed texture eg. Yogurt turns curd•Mouldy eg. Yogurt have many black spots

Characteristics of Spoilt Food

Food that has turned bad and is not suitable to be eaten

Bacteria Fungus

•Air•Water•Nutrient•Suitable Temperature( 5°C - 65° C ) •Suitable acidity

1.1 Food Spoilage

1.2 Food Preservation(Process whereby food turning

bad is slowed down)

DryingBoiling Cooling Vacuum

packing

Pickling

Freezing

Example :fish, prawn, fruits

Reason :Bacteria and fungi cannot

grow without water

Example :Eggs, water

Reason :Boiled will killed bacteria

and fungi

Example :eggs, vegetables, fruits

Reason :Cold temperature slow

down the growth ofbacteria and fungi

Example :Biscuits, crackers,

Reason :Bacteria and fungi

cannot grow without water

Reason :Prevents the growth

of bacteria andfungi

Example :Fruits, chili, fish

Bottling/canning

PasteurisingSalting

Reason :Bacteria and fungi cannot active at a

very low temperature

Example :Fish, meat

Reason :Bacteria and fungi

cannot grow without air

Example :Meat, fish, fruits

Reason :Destroy

microoganism

Example :Milk, yogurt

Reason :Bacteria and fungi

cannot grow in verysalt substances

Example :Fish, eggs

Reason :Dry the food

Example :Fish, meat

Reason :Slow down theloss of water

Example :Fruits

Smoking

Waxing

1.3 The Importance of Preserving Food

Food can be keptfor a longer time

Easier tostore

Easier tocarry

To prevent thewastage of food

2.1 The Effects of Improper Waste Disposal

On The Environment•Gas

•Liquid•Solid

•From agriculturalactivities•From vehicles and open burning•Toxic materials•Rubbish

Sources of wastes

Types of waste

•Open burning•Littering•Chanelling- waste factories into river• Releasing smokeand dangerous gasses

•Treat waste water•Keep environment and home clean•Reuse and recyclerubbish and waste• Reduce car•Build factories farfrom home

The improperways disposal Smoke dissolved

form weak acidKills plants & fishDestroys building & bridges

Rubbish thrown in rivers or drain Cause flash-floods& water over flowKill plants & animals in the river

Open burningCause asthma & eye irritationAir pollution

DiseaseCause by eating polluted fish and plants

The HarmfulEffect

The proper disposal ways

• Animal extinction

• Habitats destruction•Spoil natural beauty

•Change Climate

• Tin can• Plastic

• Synthetic• Glass

• Metal objects

• Give out

poisonous gas• Unpleasant

smell

• Return nutrient

to soil• Prevent rubbishfrom accumulate

•Paper• Wood• Food• Meat

• Fungi

• Bacteria

2.2 Some Waste Can Decay

Waste that decay

Waste that do not decay

Microbes that causewaste to decay

Advantages of waste decaying

Disadvantages of waste decaying

What will happen ifwaste do not decay

INVESTIGATING THE EARTH & THE UNIVERSE

ECLIPSE OF THE MOON

The Earth is between the Sun and the Moon

The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are positioned in a straight line

The Earth’s position blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon.

The Earth’s shadow is formed on the Moon surface and cause an eclipse of the Moon

Sun Moon

Earth

ECLIPSE OF THE SUN

The Moon is between the Sun and the Earth

The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are positioned in a straight line

The Moon’s blocks the sunlight from reaching the Earth

The Moon’s shadow is formed on the Earth’s surface

SUN

Earth

Moon

The place that experienced full eclipse is completely dark during the day time

PHASES OF THE SUN DURING THE ECLIPSE

INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGY

WHEEL AND AXLE

1.1. Simple machine

LEVER

WEDGE

PULLEY

GEAR

INCLINED PLANE

SCREW

-To carry or move heavy objects

- e.g. hammer , spoon , scissor

-To lift heavy objects easier

e.g. stairs , slanting wooden plank

-To carry to move heavy objects easily

e.g screw driver , car spanner

-To carry or lift objects to a higher place

-e.g flag pole , crane

-To cut or separate objects

-E.g knife , saw , axe

-To fix two objects together

-E.g drill bit , spanner

-To move objects easily

-Gear in a watch

A device that allows us to use less force to make work easier

or faster

1.2 Analysing a complex machine

Made up of more than one simple machine.

WheelbarrowLever, wheel and axle

CraneGear, pulley, lever

Egg BeaterGear, wheel and axle

BicycleGear, lever,

wheel and axle ScissorsLever, wedge

Hand DrillWedge, wheel and axle

1.3 Appreciating the invention of machines that make life easier.

Life with machine Life without machine

Difficulty moving heavy things.

Will not be able to travel from one place to another faraway place.

Help to move heavy things.

Work in the fields is made easier and productivity of agricultural product is raised.

Construction work is made easier and can be completed faster.

Help us travel from one place to another.