บทที่3 Data Resource Management

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Data Resource Data Resource ManagementManagement

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• Explain the importance of Explain the importance of implementing data resource implementing data resource management processes and management processes and technologies in an organization.technologies in an organization.

• Understand the advantages of a Understand the advantages of a database management approach database management approach to managing the data resources of to managing the data resources of a business.a business.

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• Explain how database management Explain how database management software helps business professionals software helps business professionals and supports the operations and and supports the operations and management of a business.management of a business.

• Illustrate each of the following concepts:Illustrate each of the following concepts:– Major types of databasesMajor types of databases– Data warehouses and data miningData warehouses and data mining– Logical data elementsLogical data elements– Fundamental database structuresFundamental database structures– Database access methodsDatabase access methods– Database developmentDatabase development

Learning Objectives (continued)Learning Objectives (continued)33

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Section ISection I

• Managing Data ResourcesManaging Data Resources

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Data Resource ManagementData Resource Management

• A managerial activityA managerial activity

• Applies information systems Applies information systems technology to managing data technology to managing data resources to meet needs of resources to meet needs of business stakeholders.business stakeholders.

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• Logical Data ElementsLogical Data Elements

33 Foundation Data ConceptsFoundation Data Concepts

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• Levels of dataLevels of data– CharacterCharacter

• Single alphabetical, numeric, or other Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbolsymbol

– FieldField• Groupings of charactersGroupings of characters• Represents an attribute of some entityRepresents an attribute of some entity

33 Foundation Data Concepts (continued)Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

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Foundation Data Concepts (continued)Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

– RecordsRecords• Related fields of dataRelated fields of data• Collection of attributes that describe an Collection of attributes that describe an

entityentity• Fixed-length or variable-lengthFixed-length or variable-length

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– Files (table)Files (table)• A group of related recordsA group of related records• Classified byClassified by

– Primary usePrimary use– Type of dataType of data– permanencepermanence

Foundation Data Concepts (continued)Foundation Data Concepts (continued)33

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– DatabaseDatabase• Integrated collection of logically related Integrated collection of logically related

data elementsdata elements• Consolidates records into a common pool Consolidates records into a common pool

of data elementsof data elements• Data is independent of the application Data is independent of the application

program using them and type of storage program using them and type of storage devicedevice

Foundation Data Concepts (continued)Foundation Data Concepts (continued)33

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Types of DatabasesTypes of Databases

• OperationalOperational– Supports business processes and Supports business processes and

operationsoperations– Also called subject-area databases, Also called subject-area databases,

transaction databases, and transaction databases, and production databasesproduction databases

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Types of Databases (continued)Types of Databases (continued)

• DistributedDistributed– Replicated and distributed copies or Replicated and distributed copies or

parts of databases on network parts of databases on network servers at a variety of sites.servers at a variety of sites.

– Done to improve database Done to improve database performance and securityperformance and security

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• ExternalExternal– Available for a fee from commercial Available for a fee from commercial

sources or with or without charge on sources or with or without charge on the Internet or World Wide Webthe Internet or World Wide Web

• HypermediaHypermedia– Hyperlinked pages of multimediaHyperlinked pages of multimedia

33 Types of Databases (continued)Types of Databases (continued)

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Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Warehouses and Data Mining

• Data warehouseData warehouse– Stores data extracted from Stores data extracted from

operational, external, or other operational, external, or other databases of an organizationdatabases of an organization

– Central source of “structured” dataCentral source of “structured” data– May be subdivided into data martsMay be subdivided into data marts

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Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)

• Data miningData mining– A major use of data warehouse A major use of data warehouse

databasesdatabases– Data is analyzed to reveal hidden Data is analyzed to reveal hidden

correlations, patterns, and trendscorrelations, patterns, and trends

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Database Management ApproachDatabase Management Approach

• Consolidates data records and Consolidates data records and objects into databases that can be objects into databases that can be accessed by many different accessed by many different application programsapplication programs

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Database Management Approach (continued)Database Management Approach (continued)

• Database Management SystemDatabase Management System– Software interface between users and Software interface between users and

databasesdatabases– Controls creation, maintenance, and Controls creation, maintenance, and

use of the databaseuse of the database

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33 Database Management Approach (continued)Database Management Approach (continued)

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• Database InterrogationDatabase Interrogation– QueryQuery

• Supports ad hoc requestsSupports ad hoc requests• Tells the software how you want to Tells the software how you want to

organize the dataorganize the data• SQL queriesSQL queries• Graphical (GUI) & natural queriesGraphical (GUI) & natural queries


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– Report GeneratorReport Generator• Turns results of query into a useable Turns results of query into a useable

reportreport

• Database MaintenanceDatabase Maintenance– Updating and correcting dataUpdating and correcting data


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• Application DevelopmentApplication Development– Data manipulation languageData manipulation language– Data entry screens, forms, reports, or Data entry screens, forms, reports, or

web pagesweb pages


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Implementing Data Resource ManagementImplementing Data Resource Management

• Database AdministrationDatabase Administration– Develop and maintain the data Develop and maintain the data

dictionarydictionary– Design and monitor performance of Design and monitor performance of

databasesdatabases– Enforce database use and security Enforce database use and security

standardsstandards

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Implementing Data Resource Management Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)(continued)

• Data PlanningData Planning– Corporate planning and analysis Corporate planning and analysis

functionfunction– Developing the overall data Developing the overall data

architecturearchitecture

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• Data AdministrationData Administration– Standardize collection, storage, and Standardize collection, storage, and

dissemination of data to end usersdissemination of data to end users– Focused on supporting business Focused on supporting business

processes and strategic business processes and strategic business objectivesobjectives

– May include developing policy and May include developing policy and setting standardssetting standards

33Implementing Data Resource Management Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)(continued)

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• ChallengesChallenges– Technologically complexTechnologically complex– Vast amounts of dataVast amounts of data– Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and

failuresfailures

33Implementing Data Resource Management Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)(continued)

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Section IISection II

• Technical Foundations of Technical Foundations of Database ManagementDatabase Management

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Database StructuresDatabase Structures

• HierarchicalHierarchical– TreelikeTreelike– One-to-many relationshipOne-to-many relationship– Used for structured, routine types of Used for structured, routine types of

transaction processingtransaction processing

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Database Structures (continued)Database Structures (continued)

• NetworkNetwork– More complexMore complex– Many-to-many relationshipMany-to-many relationship– More flexible but doesn’t support ad More flexible but doesn’t support ad

hoc requests wellhoc requests well

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• RelationalRelational– Data elements stored in simple tablesData elements stored in simple tables– Can link data elements from various Can link data elements from various

tablestables– Very supportive of ad hoc requests Very supportive of ad hoc requests

but slower at processing large but slower at processing large amounts of data than hierarchical or amounts of data than hierarchical or network modelsnetwork models

33 Database Structures (continued)Database Structures (continued)

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• Multi-DimensionalMulti-Dimensional– A variation of the relational modelA variation of the relational model– Cubes of data and cubes within cubesCubes of data and cubes within cubes– Popular for online analytical Popular for online analytical

processing (OLAP) applicationsprocessing (OLAP) applications


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• Object-orientedObject-oriented– Key technology of multimedia web-Key technology of multimedia web-

based applicationsbased applications– Good for complex, high-volume Good for complex, high-volume

applicationsapplications


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Accessing DatabasesAccessing Databases

• Key fields (primary key)Key fields (primary key)– A field unique to each record so it can A field unique to each record so it can

be distinguished from all other records be distinguished from all other records in a tablein a table

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Accessing Databases (continued)Accessing Databases (continued)

• Sequential accessSequential access– Data is stored and accessed in a Data is stored and accessed in a

sequence according to a key fieldsequence according to a key field– Good for periodic processing of a large Good for periodic processing of a large

volume of data, but updating with new volume of data, but updating with new transactions can be troublesometransactions can be troublesome

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• Direct accessDirect access– MethodsMethods

• Key transformationKey transformation• IndexIndex• Indexed sequential accessIndexed sequential access

33 Accessing Databases (continued)Accessing Databases (continued)

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Database DevelopmentDatabase Development

• Data dictionaryData dictionary– Directory containing metadata (data Directory containing metadata (data

about data)about data)• StructureStructure• Data elementsData elements• InterrelationshipsInterrelationships• Information regarding access and useInformation regarding access and use• Maintenance & security issuesMaintenance & security issues

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Database Development (continued)Database Development (continued)

• Data Planning & Database DesignData Planning & Database Design– Planning & Design ProcessPlanning & Design Process

• Enterprise modelEnterprise model• Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs)Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs)• Data modelingData modeling

– Develop logical framework for the physical Develop logical framework for the physical designdesign

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Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

• How should an e-business enterprise How should an e-business enterprise store, access, and distribute data & store, access, and distribute data & information about their internal operations information about their internal operations & external environment?& external environment?

• What roles do database management, What roles do database management, data administration, and data planning data administration, and data planning play in managing data as a business play in managing data as a business resource?resource?

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Discussion Questions (continued)Discussion Questions (continued)

• What are the advantages of a What are the advantages of a database management approach to database management approach to organizing, accessing, and managing organizing, accessing, and managing an organization’s data resources?an organization’s data resources?

• What is the role of a database What is the role of a database management system in an e-management system in an e-business information system?business information system?

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33 Discussion Questions (continued)Discussion Questions (continued)

• Databases of information about a firm’s Databases of information about a firm’s internal operations were formerly the only internal operations were formerly the only databases that were considered to be databases that were considered to be important to a business. What other important to a business. What other kinds of databases are important for a kinds of databases are important for a business today?business today?

• What are the benefits and limitations of What are the benefits and limitations of the relational database model for the relational database model for business applications?business applications?

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• Why is the object-oriented database Why is the object-oriented database model gaining acceptance for model gaining acceptance for developing applications and managing developing applications and managing the hypermedia databases at business the hypermedia databases at business websites?websites?

• How have the Internet, intranets, How have the Internet, intranets, extranets, and the World Wide Web extranets, and the World Wide Web affected the types and uses of data affected the types and uses of data resources available to business end resources available to business end users?users?

33 Discussion Questions (continued)Discussion Questions (continued)

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ReferencesReferences

• James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas. Management Information Systems: Managing Information Technology in the Business Enterprise 6th Ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin,2004

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