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ESCALATORSESCALATORS

!@!!@!

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It is reputed that the first escalator was designedt is reputed that the first escalator was designedand partially built by Reese Williams, greatnd partially built by Reese Williams, greatgrandfather of Jim Williams, co-owner ofrandfather of Jim Williams, co-owner ofGennesee Valley Water Bottling Company, and anennesee Valley Water Bottl ing Company, and animmigrant from Wales. He owned a smallmmigrant from Wales. He owned a smallcarpentry shop where he originally got the ideaarpentry shop where he originally got the ideafor the escalator. Unfortunately, he did not thinkor the escalator. Unfortunately, he did not thinkto patent his idea before finishing his prototype,o patent his idea before finishing his prototype,and openly talked to his local community about hisnd openly talked to his local community about hisproject. One day, he went to open the shop, androject. One day, he went to open the shop, andfound that it had been burned to the ground, withound that it had been burned to the ground, withnone of his plans intact. Within the next week theone of his plans intact. Within the next week thepatent for the escalator was filed with the USatent for the escalator was filed with the USpatent office. It is unknown as to whether or notatent office. It is unknown as to whether or notthe plans were stolen or this was simply ahe plans were stolen or this was simply acoincidence.oincidence.

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HISTORY OF ESCLATORSHISTORY OF ESCLATORS

Jesse W Renoesse W Reno was the first one to invent thewas the first one to invent theescalator for an amusement park in 1883 in Newescalator for an amusement park in 1883 in New

York.York. He sold this machine to the OTIS elevatorHe sold this machine to the OTIS elevator

company in 1899.company in 1899.Around the same timeAround the same time Charles Seebergerharles Seeberger

developed a form of escalator.developed a form of escalator. The company later combined the best aspects ofThe company later combined the best aspects of

both the Reno (guiding slats) and Seeberger (flatboth the Reno (guiding slats) and Seeberger (flatsteps) inventions and in 1921 produced ansteps) inventions and in 1921 produced anescalator of the type used today.escalator of the type used today.

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AnAn escalatorscalator is a conveyor belt device foris a conveyor belt device fortransporting people, consisting of atransporting people, consisting of a

staircase whose steps move up or down onstaircase whose steps move up or down on

tracks that keep the surfaces of thetracks that keep the surfaces of the

individual steps horizontal.individual steps horizontal.

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OLDEN ESCALATOROLDEN ESCALATOR

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Early escalators were known by a varietyEarly escalators were known by a variety

of names, including "traveling staircase,"of names, including "traveling staircase,"

"inclined elevator" and "magic stairway."inclined elevator" and "magic stairway.

Charles Seebergers term "escalator" is aCharles Seebergers term "escalator" is a

combination of "elevator" and "scala," thecombination of "elevator" and "scala," the

Latin word for steps.Latin word for steps.

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WORKING OF ESCALATORSWORKING OF ESCALATORS

Escalators are one of the largest, mostEscalators are one of the largest, most

expensive machines people use on a regularexpensive machines people use on a regular

basis, but they're also one of the simplest.basis, but they're also one of the simplest.

An escalator is just a simple variation on theAn escalator is just a simple variation on the

conveyer belt.conveyer belt.

A pair of rotating chain loops pull a seriesA pair of rotating chain loops pull a series

of stairs in a constant cycle, moving a lot ofof stairs in a constant cycle, moving a lot of

people a short distance at a good speed.people a short distance at a good speed.

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The core of an escalator is a pair of chains, loopedThe core of an escalator is a pair of chains, loopedaround two pairs of gears.around two pairs of gears.

An electric motor turns the drive gears at the top,An electric motor turns the drive gears at the top,which rotate the chain loops.which rotate the chain loops.

The motor and chain system are housed insideThe motor and chain system are housed insidethethe trussruss , a metal structure extending between, a metal structure extending betweentwo floors.two floors.

At the top and bottom of the escalator, the stepsAt the top and bottom of the escalator, the steps

collapse on each other, creating a flat platform.collapse on each other, creating a flat platform.This makes it easier to get on and off theThis makes it easier to get on and off theescalator.escalator.

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Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels,Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels,which roll along two separate tracks.which roll along two separate tracks.

The upper set (the wheels near the top of theThe upper set (the wheels near the top of the

step) are connected to the rotating chains, and sostep) are connected to the rotating chains, and soare pulled by the drive gear at the top of theare pulled by the drive gear at the top of theescalator.escalator.

The other set of wheels simply glides along itsThe other set of wheels simply glides along its

track, following behind the first set.track, following behind the first set. The tracks are spaced apart in such a way thatThe tracks are spaced apart in such a way that

each step will always remain level.each step will always remain level.

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At the top and bottom of the escalator, the trackst the top and bottom of the escalator, the trackslevel off to a horizontal position, f lattening theevel off to a horizontal position, f lattening thestairway.tairway. Each step has a series o f grooves in it, so it wil l f itach step has a series of grooves in it, so it wil l f it

together with the steps behind it and in front of itogether with the steps behind it and in front of itduring this f lattening.uring this f lattening. In addition to rotating the main chain loops, then addition to rotating the main chain loops, theelectric motor in an escalator also moves thelectric motor in an escalator also moves thehandrails.andrails. . A handrail is simply a rubber conveyer belt that isA handrail is simply a rubber conveyer belt that islooped around a series of wheels. This belt isooped around a series of wheels. This belt isprecisely configured so that it moves at exac tly therecisely configured so that it moves at exac tly thesame speed as the steps.ame speed as the steps.

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INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF AN ESCALATORINDIVIDUAL STEPS OF AN ESCALATOR

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SPEED OF ESCALATORSPEED OF ESCALATOR

Escalator speeds vary from about 90 feetEscalator speeds vary from about 90 feet

per minute to 180 feet per minute.per minute to 180 feet per minute.

An escalator moving 145 feet (44 m) perAn escalator moving 145 feet (44 m) per

minute can carry more than 10,000 peopleminute can carry more than 10,000 people

an hour -- many more people than aan hour -- many more people than a

standard elevator.standard elevator.

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MODERN ESCALATORSMODERN ESCALATORS

Modern escalators have metal steps in a continuous loopModern escalators have metal steps in a continuous loopthat moves on tracks.that moves on tracks.

Escalators are typically used in pairs with one going up andEscalators are typically used in pairs with one going up andthe other going down.the other going down.

Some modern escalators in stores and shopping malls haveSome modern escalators in stores and shopping malls haveglass sides that reveal their workings.glass sides that reveal their workings.

Escalators have moving handrails that approximately keepEscalators have moving handrails that approximately keeppace with the movement of the steps.pace with the movement of the steps.

The direction of movement (up or down) can beThe direction of movement (up or down) can bepermanently the same, or be controlled by personnelpermanently the same, or be controlled by personnelaccording to the time of dayaccording to the time of day

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STANDARD WIDTHS OF STEPSSTANDARD WIDTHS OF STEPS

Sizeize MmMm InchesInches Steptepcapacityapacity Applicatipplicationsns Veryrysmallmall 400 mm400 mm 16 in16 in OneOnepassenger,passenger,

with feetwith feet

togethertogether

An olderAn olderdesign,design,

extremel-yextremel-y

rare todayrare today

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Smallmall 600600mmmm

24 in24 in OneOne

passenpassen

gerger

Low-volumeLow-volume

sites,sites,

uppermostuppermost

levels oflevels ofdepartmentdepartment

stores, whenstores, when

space is limitedspace is limited

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Mediumedium 800 mm800 mm 32 in32 in OneOnepassengerpassenger

+ one+ one

packagepackageor oneor one

piece ofpiece of

luggage.luggage.

ShoppingShopping

malls,malls,

departmendepartmen

t stores,t stores,smallersmaller

airportsairports

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LargeLarge 1000 mm1000 mm 40 in40 in TwoTwo

passengepassengers - oners - one

may walkmay walk

pastpast

anotheranother

MainstayMainstay

of metroof metrosystems,systems,

largerlarger

airports,airports,

traintrain

stations,stations,

somesome

retailretailusageusage

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Different types of escalatorsDifferent types of escalators

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Moving walkwaysMoving walkways

Moving walkways alsoMoving walkways alsoknown as sidewalksknown as sidewalks

,travelators,walkalators are,travelators,walkalators are

built in one of two basicbuilt in one of two basic

styles:-styles:-

Pallet type- a continuousPallet type- a continuous

series of flat metal platesseries of flat metal plates

together to form a walkway.together to form a walkway.

Moving belt-these areMoving belt-these are

generally built with meshgenerally built with mesh

metal belts or rubbermetal belts or rubber

walking surfaces over metalwalking surfaces over metal

rollers.rollers.

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High speed walkwaysHigh speed walkways

The name says it allThe name says it allwhen these were initiallywhen these were initially

started ,they moved at thestarted ,they moved at the

speed of 12km/h but toospeed of 12km/h but too

many people were fallingmany people were fallingover so the speed wasover so the speed was

reduced to 9km/h.Thesereduced to 9km/h.These

walkways have awalkways have a

accelerating andaccelerating and

decelerating zone at thedecelerating zone at the

start and end of thestart and end of the

walkway to avoid abruptwalkway to avoid abrupt

halt or starthalt or start

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Inclined moving sidewalksInclined moving sidewalks

An inclined movingAn inclined moving

sidewalk also known assidewalk also known as

movator,travelator ormovator,travelator or

moving ramp is used inmoving ramp is used in

airports and supermarketsairports and supermarketsto move people to anotherto move people to another

floor with the conveniencefloor with the convenience

of an elevator (people canof an elevator (people can

take along their suitcasetake along their suitcasetrolley or shopping cart).trolley or shopping cart).

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Spiral escalatorsSpiral escalators

Spiral escalators take upSpiral escalators take up

much less horizontal spacemuch less horizontal space

than the straightthan the straight

escalators. Initially theseescalators. Initially these

type of spiral escalatorstype of spiral escalatorswere a failure but laterwere a failure but later

Mitsubishi electricMitsubishi electric

corporation developedcorporation developed

designs that weredesigns that werecommercially successfulcommercially successful

almost since 1980s.almost since 1980s.

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Safety featuresSafety features Escalators equipped withEscalators equipped with

safety devices-safety devices- Step demarcation lightsStep demarcation lights Step demarcation linesStep demarcation lines Combplate impact switchesCombplate impact switches

Missing step detectorsMissing step detectors

Level step switchesLevel step switches Handrail speed sensorsHandrail speed sensors Handrail inlet switchesHandrail inlet switches Skirt brushSkirt brush Raised edgesRaised edges Flat stepsFlat stepsAntislide devicesAntislide devices Emergency stop buttonEmergency stop button

Safety instructionSafety instruction

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Safety tipsSafety tips

Hold handrailHold handrail Do no use escalator while transporting a large package andDo no use escalator while transporting a large package and

should not be used by someone with a walker or crutches.should not be used by someone with a walker or crutches. Check for loose garmentsCheck for loose garments

Keep footwear away from side panels especially shoes withKeep footwear away from side panels especially shoes withtractiontraction Children below the age of 7 should not be taken on aChildren below the age of 7 should not be taken on a

escalatorescalator Do not ride barefootDo not ride barefoot

Face forwardFace forward Keep walking after exiting the escalator to avoid pile upKeep walking after exiting the escalator to avoid pile up Stand to one side of the escalator to allow others to passStand to one side of the escalator to allow others to pass

by.by.

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If the rise is 6m, then,If the rise is 6m, then,

dist. betwn supports (l1) =dist. betwn supports (l1) =

13.27m13.27m

Support loads includingSupport loads including

passenger weight =5kn/m2passenger weight =5kn/m2

Dead weight = 7520 kg.Dead weight = 7520 kg.

Req. power of motor forReq. power of motor for

nominal speed =7.7kwnominal speed =7.7kwV=0.5m/sV=0.5m/s

Angle=35degreesAngle=35degrees

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companiescompanies

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