Post on 20-Jan-2016
Transportation on Vacation:Cruise Ships and their Impacts
http://www.bluewaternetwork.org
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360 m long
BIG SHIPS
World's biggest cruise ships:World's biggest cruise ships:Royal Carribean’sRoyal Carribean’s
“Oasis of the Seas“ (2009) “Oasis of the Seas“ (2009)“Allure of the Seas” (2010)“Allure of the Seas” (2010)
3.6 Canadian football fields /4.9 Thai football fields long
6296 passengers
BIG SHIPS
World's 2World's 2ndnd biggest cruise ship: biggest cruise ship:Royal Carribean’sRoyal Carribean’s
"Freedom of the Seas“ "Freedom of the Seas“338.91 m / 3,634 passengers338.91 m / 3,634 passengers
BIG SHIPS
World's 3rd largest cruise ship:World's 3rd largest cruise ship:Cunard’sCunard’s
“Queen Mary 2” “Queen Mary 2”345 m / 3056 passengers345 m / 3056 passengers
THE BIGGEST SHIPSCruise ships keep getting bigger:
Year Passengers Ship Cost ($US)
1996 1,800 $400 million
2006 3,600 $720 million
2010 6,296 $1.4 billion
Royal Carribean’s “Oasis of the Seas“
• 6,296 passengers• 225,282 tonnes • 360 metres (1,181 ft) long• 47 m (154 ft) wide • Cruising speed: 22.6 knots (41.9 km / hr)
BIG FLEETS
Total ships operating in U.S.
• 1996: 131
• 2006: 200
Number of new ships
• nine or more new cruise ships added globally every year since 2001, all at 100,000 GT or greater.
BIG GROWTH
5 million
19 million
47%
• Number of passengers taking a cruise in 1996
• Number of passengers taking cruises in 2011
• Increase in cruise passengers 2001-2006
BIG GROWTH
Source: UNWTO (2010): Cruise Tourism – Current Situation and Trends
BIG GROWTH
Source: UNWTO (2010): Cruise Tourism – Current Situation and Trends
BIG BUSINESS
There are approximately
64 operational cruise lines registered worldwide
in 2012
A US $29.4 billion dollar industry in 2011
BIG BUSINESS
Carnival and Royal Caribbean together control most cruise line brands and 80 percent of the market:
Profits of > $US 3.0 billion in 2005
BILLION DOLLAR CRUISING
88% of the world’s supply of cruise ship bed-places is controlled by three large groups:
– Carnival Corporation & Plc– Royal Caribbean Ltd. – Star Cruises
• very close to an oligopoly• These three multi-brand groups encompass all
market segments and operate very modern fleets (average age about 12 years).
BILLION DOLLAR CRUISING
• 2005: $11 billion revenues $2.3 billion profit
• 2004 $9.7 billion revenues $2.2 billion profit
• One of the largest and most profitable tourism companies in the world.
• Stayed profitable during and after 2009 economic meltdown
BILLION DOLLAR CRUISING
• 2005 $4.9 billion revenues $716 million profit
• 2004 $4.5 billion revenues $475 million profit
• Stayed profitable during and after 2009 economic meltdown
Additional costs of ‘all-inclusive’ cruisesHidden costs and camouflaged price increases:• port fees• taxes (e.g., 50% of taxes returned to cruise company in Belize )• fuel surcharges (not always justified)
Optional onboard expenses / upselling:• gratuities• overpriced shore excursions (100% markups typical)• vertical integration (‘company store’ syndrome)• controlled onshore shopping destinations• casinos• phone and internet services• alcoholic beverages• cooking lessons, spa services, fitness classes• premium restaurants
BIG INFLUENCE• Royal Caribbean’s lobbying costs
1997-2004• Carnival Corporation’s lobbying
costs, 1997-2004• International Council of Cruise
Lines lobbying costs, 1997-2004
$900 million
$2.5 million
$1.6 million
BIG POLLUTION19 to 26 litres
1.58 billion litres
4.8 km (3 miles)
0 km
• Sewage dumped per passenger per day
• Sewage dumped per year
• Distance from shore where raw sewage is dumped
• Distance from shore where treated sewage and raw graywater are dumped
BIG POLLUTIONSee online lists:• Pollution and Environmental Violations
and Fines, 1992 – 2012 (Only those reported in the media or public documents)
http://www.cruisejunkie.com/envirofines.html
• Large Environmental Fines ($100,000 or more)
http://www.cruisejunkie.com/largefines.html
US $25 million
US $50 million
• Fines paid by cruise lines in U. S. for illegally dumping oily water and air pollution violations, 2000 - 2005
• Fines paid for illegally dumping oily water and destroying coral reefs, 1995-1999
BIG FINES
BIG FINES
• 1998 and 1999. Royal Caribbean Cruises pleaded guilty to 30 charges and was fined $27 million for a fleetwide conspiracy to dump oily bilge wastewater into U.S. waters. Article:
http:/www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2002/2002-11-08-cruise-dumping-side1.htm
How they did it:
• http://www.usatoday.com/travel/_graphics/gcruisedumping/flash.htm
BIG LOOPHOLES
0
37
• Monitoring of cruise ship sewage dumping by U.S. Coast Guard in federal waters
• Number of years cruise ships have been exempted from discharge laws in the U.S. Clean Water Act of 1973
BIG LOOPHOLES
0
10
• New national laws passed to control cruise ship dumping since 1973
• Years without response from the U.S. EPA since Bluewater Network and 58 groups filed petition to control cruise ship pollution
LACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITY
200
0
• Number of cruise ships dumping sewage in U.S. waters
• Number of cruise lines supporting no discharge zones in U. S. waters
LACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITY
79 out of 80
20
• Number of sewage samples taken in Alaska that failed federal standards in 2005
• Number of ships treating sewage to higher Alaska standards
LACK OF SPENDING ONLACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITYAIR AND WATER QUALITY
A cruise ship in Milford Sound, New Zealand, with A cruise ship in Milford Sound, New Zealand, with stack exhaust gases constrained by an inversion layerstack exhaust gases constrained by an inversion layer
LACK OF SPENDING ONLACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITYAIR AND WATER QUALITY
Passenger excursion ship (1912 steamer Passenger excursion ship (1912 steamer TSS EarnslawTSS Earnslaw) on ) on Lake Wakatipu, near Queenstown, New Zealand Lake Wakatipu, near Queenstown, New Zealand
LACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITY
0
43
• Number of U. S. cruise ships with advanced air pollution controls
• Number of Swedish cruise ships, large ferries and ships with advanced air pollution controls
2
6
3
• Number of cruise lines equipping ships to plug into shorepower
• Number of cruise ships equipped to plug into shorepower
• Number of U.S. ports equipped with shoreside power hook-ups for cruise ships
LACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITY
LACK OF SPENDING ONAIR AND WATER QUALITY
16
4
2
1
• Number of states where cruise ships call
• Number of states with cruise ship pollution laws
• Number of states with voluntary agreements
• Number of states that ban cruise ship dumping
U.S. FEDERAL LEGISLATION
PROPOSED (AGAIN) 111th Congress (2009)
History:111th Congress: H.R. 3888 Dead110th Congress: S. 2881 Dead110th Congress: H.R. 6434 Dead109th Congress: S. 793 Dead109th Congress: H.R. 1636 Dead108th Congress: S. 2271 Dead108th Congress: H.R. 4101 Dead
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Waste discharges to water
Liquid wastes:
• Sewage
• Grey water
• Oil
• Hazardous liquid wastes
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Waste discharges to water
Solid wastes:
• inorganic
• organic (primarily food wastes)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Waste discharges to air
‘Master’ and ‘slave’ engines• Master engines: used for propulsion• Slave engines: used for electricity
generation
Marine engines generally burn cheap residual fuel oil of low quality (‘bunker oil’, not standard diesel fuel).
Air Quality
A cruise ship’s diesel engines can emit as much exhaust as 10,000 cars, even when idling in port.
Air Quality
New fuel formulations containing glycerol and surfactants have improved emissions, but cost more – Science Daily,
Aug. 2012
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Waste discharges to air:
Solid waste incinerator emissions:• gaseous emissions• particulate emissions• greenhouse gases Annex VI of MARPOL (International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution From Ships) is concerned with the prevention of air pollution from ships.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Some progress:
EPA's Clean Diesel Locomotive and Marine program
• Audio Soundbite:Stephen L. Johnson,EPA Administrator
• Listen to or download the audio file (MP3, 0:21 secs, 514 KB)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Biosecurity risks:
• Hull fouling by organisms
• Organisms in ballast water
• Undeclared food items, plants, and animals taken on or off ships
• Bio-stowaways (rats, vermin, etc.)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Risks from maritime accidents
• Leaks
• Fuel spills
• Physical wreckage
• Hazardous substances
• Salvage operation impacts
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Effects on wildlife
• Behavioural disturbances
• Avoidance behaviour
• Adaptation to humans
• Scavenging behaviour
• Direct safety threats
• Collisions
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Increased Turbidity
• Sediment stirring and disturbance from propulsion and wakes of ship
• Increased wave action
• Direct discharge of solid matter
• Coastal / shoreline erosion
A plume of silt stirred up by a cruise ship in Key West stays in suspension and is carried by the tides to smother the only living coral reef in North America.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Anchor damage
• Mechanical damage to sea floor
• Dragging damage
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Antifouling chemicals
• Heavy metals
• Toxic compounds
• Hull paint flaking
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUISE SHIPS
Impacts on shore communities
• Water consumption and pollution
• Sewage• Energy and fuel use• Souvenir and artifact
production and sale • Food consumption and distribution