The Counter-Reformation aka the Catholic Reformation

The Complutensian Polyglot Bible

Gasparo Cardinal Contarini, a Catholic reformer

Reginald Cardinal Pole, another reform-minded Catholic leader

Juan de Valdes (+1541), Spanish humanist

Vittoria Colonna (1490-1547), friend of humanists and love interest of

Michelangelo (the sketch of her to the left is by Michelangelo)

Giulia Gonzaga (1512-1566), Italian noblewoman and friend of Juan de Valdes

Peter Martyr Vermigli, Italian reformer

Charles V, the Holy Roman emperor (Titian

portrait)

The Landgrave Philipp of Hesse (1504-1567) – a strong supporter of the Reformation … and a bigamist

Philipp of Hesse and Christine of Saxony

Margarethe von der Saale, Philipp of Hesse’s second wife

Maurice of Saxony, Protestant duke and leader, 1521-1553

Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

The Inquisition

Tomas de Torquemada, inquisitor

Philip II, King of Spain (r.1554-1598)

Index of Prohibited

Books

Ignatius Loyola, founder of the

Society of Jesus

(S.J.)

Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises

St. Teresa of Avila, founder of the Discalced Carmelites

The Ecstasy of

St.Theresa, by

Gianlorenzo Bernini (ca 1650)

St. John of the Cross, another Spanish mystic

A Golden Age in Spain for the arts coexists with this outpouring of religious fervor; sometimes the

two overlap (see El Greco’s paintings, e.g.)

El Greco’s The Burial of Count Orgel (1586-1588)

El Greco’s View of Toledo (1596-1600)