Post on 15-Aug-2018
HIGH
YIELD
Peter Johnson
Cereal Specialist, OMAFRA
peter.johnson@ontario.ca
WHEAT!
@WheatPete
World’s highest wheat yields?
16.2 t/ha
(241 bu/acre)
in 2010
Competitiveness based on technology Average wheat yields (t/ha)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
USA UK
t/ha
Effective
herbicides
Effective
fungicides
Semi-dwarf
varieties
Increase in N Average yields
doubled from around
60 to 120 bu/acre
between early 1970s
to mid 1990s
Ontario Winter Wheat Yields
1981 - 2014
y = 1.0165x - 1964.4
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Yie
ld (
bu
/ac
)
Years
Updated: November, 2014
Thomas and Graf, 2013
Bruce
John
SMART Trials!
Strategic
Management
Adding
Revenue
Today
Horst Bohner, 2008
Acknowledgements Jonathan Brinkman Dr. Dave Hooker
Technical •Scott Jay •Shane McClure •Rob Templeman •Bruce Humphries •Todd Phibbs •Cheryl VanHerk •Eric Vyn Advisors •Albert Tenuta (OMAFRA) •Ian Nichols (WIN) •Dr. Bill Deen (UofG) •Dr. John Lauzon (UofG) •Dr. Art Schaafsma (UofG) •Dr. Luc Bourgeois (Bayer CropScience) •Dr. Trevor Kraus (BASF) •Dr. Harold Wright (Syngenta Crop Protection) •Grain Farmers of Ontario (GFO) Summer Students •20 over 3 years Grower Co-operators – many thanks!
Various
Seed Companies
430-600 plots/location!!!
S.M.A.R.T. Small Plot Wheat Intensive
Photo Courtesy of Ken Nixon (Ilderton, 2008)
2008-2010 Average
Yield (bu/ac)
90N 120N 150N
No fungicide 93.0 96.7 99.4
+ T3 fungicide 99.9 105.1 108.6
+ T1 +T3 fung 99.7 106.2 111.1
Small plot SMART trials across all varieties
2008-2010 Average
Yield (bu/ac)
90N 120N 150N
No fungicide 93.0 96.7 99.4
+ T3 fungicide 99.9 105.1 108.6
+ T1 + T3 99.7 106.2 111.1
Small plot SMART trials across all varieties
2008-2010 Average
Yield (bu/ac)
90N 120N 150N
No fungicide 93.0 96.7 99.4
+ T3 fungicide 99.9 105.1 108.6
+ T1 + T3 99.7 106.2 111.1
Small plot SMART trials across all varieties
2009 25R47
Yield (bu/ac)
90N 120N 150N
No fungicide 86.3 101.0 105.5
+ T3 fungicide 99.4 105.8 114.8
+ T1 +T3 95.7 111.3 123.4
Small plot SMART trials across locations 2009
2010 Emmit
Yield (bu/ac)
90N 120N 150N
90 N 99.0 98.2 106.4
+ T3 fungicide 106.2 106.9 109.8
150 N +T1 +T3 106.6 107.3 113.4
Small plot SMART trials across locations 2010
SMART 2008!!
Yield Gain
Check 91.3
Fungicide 98.9 +7.6
+High N 112.6 +21.3
20 sites 2008
SMART 2009!!
Yield Gain
Check 86.0
Fungicide 92.4 +6.4
+High N 107.2 +21.2
16 sites 2009
SMART 2010!!
Yield Gain
Check 91.3
Fungicide 99.2 +7.9
+High N 109.7 +18.4
16 sites 2010
SMART wheat Yield bu/ac
Site 90 N 90 Fung 120 Fung 150 Fung
Rodney 82 90 85 80
SMART field scale 2010 16 sites
SMART wheat Yield bu/ac
Site 90 N 90 Fung 120 Fung 150 Fung
Rodney 82 90 85 80
Melbourne 71 92 93 93
SMART field scale 2010 16 sites
SMART wheat Yield bu/ac
Site
90
N 90 Fung 120 Fung 150 Fung
Rodney 82 90 85 80
Melbourne 71 92 93 93
Forest 112 112 122 129
SMART field scale 2010 16 sites
SMART wheat Yield bu/ac
Site 90 N 90 Fung 120 Fung 150 Fung
Rodney 82 90 85 80
Melbourne 71 92 93 93
Forest 112 112 122 129
St Thomas 86 90 103 115
Average 91 99 105 109
SMART field scale 2010 16 sites
98% OF CANADIANS SAY 'OH SHIT‘ BEFORE
GOING IN THE DITCH ON A SLIPPERY
ROAD.
THE OTHER 2% ARE FROM MANITOBA
AND SAY, 'HOLD MY BEER
I'M GONNA TRY SOMETHING .'
Nitrogen!
Nitrogen
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0 N 30 N 60 N 90 N 120 N 150 N
Bu
/ac
Johnson, McClure 2011-2013
Nitrogen and Fungicide
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0 30 60 90 120 150
Bu
/ac
N lbs/ac
With Fungicide
W/O Fungicide
Johnson, McClure 2011-2013
Synergy!
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
100.0
0 30 60 90 120 150
Bu
/ac
N Rate
fung
no fung
Johnson, McClure 2011-2013
Synergy!
Treatment 24 sites fung* gain
6 sites no
fung** gain
0 54.5 64.3
60 78.3 23.8 82.4 18.1
90 86.1 7.8 87.1 4.7
120 91.4 5.3 88.6 1.5
150 95.6 4.2 87.8 -0.8
Johnson, McClure 2011-2013
* 14/24 150N
** 4/6 90N
Prevent Lodging!
Variety
Seeding rate
Split nitrogen
Protected nitrogen
Fungicides
Growth regulators
Protein!
What does it take?
1 bushel @ 12% = 1.2 lb N
1 bu @ 10% = 1.0 lb N
1 bu @ 8% = 0.8 lb N
100 bu @ 1.0% = 10 lb N
Use efficiency 50%?
Protein 1/6 N, Wheat 60 lbs/bu
Management Input Protein
Increase (%)
35 kg/ha additional N 0.5
70 kg/ha additional N 1.0
Split N (GS 30 + 32) 0.5
Post Anthesis N (GS 30 + 69) 0.75
Split N (GS 30 + 32 +69) 1.0
Agrotain Plus 0.2
ESN 50% 0.5
ESN 100% 0.75
Johnson and McClure 2008-2013
Fungicide Timing
Field Scale
Plot Design!
Plot Design?
Treatment Yield
(bu/ac)
Check 99.6
Agrotain 99.9
Check 95.8
Agrotain 94.0
Check 91.7
Agrotain 89.2
Plot Design?
Treatment Yield
(bu/ac)
Check 99.6
Agrotain
Check 95.8
Agrotain
Check 91.7
Agrotain
Plot Design?
Treatment Yield
(bu/ac)
Check
Agrotain 99.9
Check
Agrotain 94.0
Check
Agrotain 89.2
Plot Design?
Treatment Yield
Average (bu/ac)
Check 95.7
Agrotain 94.4
Plot Design!
Treatment Randomized
Check Check
Agrotain Agrotain
Check Agrotain
Agrotain Check
Check Agrotain
Agrotain Check
80
82
84
86
88
90
92B
u/
ac
Starter
Johnson, McClure 23 sites 2011-2013
0102030405060708090100
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
lbs
P2O
5 /
acre
bu
/ac
Starter
Yield P2O5 A Applied in Starter
Johnson, McClure 23 sites 2011-2013
65
70
75
80
85
90
95b
u/
ac
Low Test Soils P 6, K 73
Johnson, McClure 2013
85
90
95
100
105
110
Bu
/ac
High Test Soils P 27, K 133
Johnson, McClure 2013
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
lbs/
ac
Bu
/ac
Low Potash P 35, K 61
Yield
Starterpotash
Johnson, McClure 2013
Spring Wheat Starter?
40
45
50
55
60
65
Check 2.5 gal6-24-6
5.0 gal6-24-6
10 gal6-24-6
40 lbs7-34-20
150 lbs7-34-20
100 lbsMAP
100 lbsMESZ
200 lbs7-34-20bdcst
Low P
Low K
Johnson, McClure 2010-2012
Greenseeker
Wheat
Trial
2013
RABE & JOHNSON 2013
Greenseeker 40% Maplewood
Loam (poorly drained / class 2)
30% Bennington Loam (well drained /class 1)
30% Tavistock Loam (imperfectly drained / class 1)
Slope: Level to very gentle slopes
RABE & JOHNSON 2013
Field 4: Yield Summary
OMAF/UofG 15ft John
Deer Combine
Count: 3080 points
Average Yield: 89.15 bu/ac
Std Dev: 15.9 bu/ac
RABE & JOHNSON 2013
2010 Aerial Imagery
Greenseeker N Statistics Pass #1
Focus
next
slide…
RABE & JOHNSON 2013
Pass 1 Count: 85 points
Average N: 32.5 gal/ac
Std Dev: 6.1 gal/ac
GreenSeeker vs
Fixed Rate (west)
Area VR-N
N Rate
VR-N
Yield
(bu/ac)
150 N
Yield
(bu/ac)
115 N
Yield
(bu/ac)
#1 175 86.6 86.6 98.3
#2 120 83.3 89.3 80.4
#3 175 78.7 87.9 81.3
#4 171 71.4 78.3 82.2
#1
#2
#3
#4
RABE & JOHNSON 2013
Greenseeker Statistics Pass #2
Focus next
slide
RABE & JOHNSON 2013
Pass 2 Count: 120 points
Average N: 30.7 gal/ac
Std Dev: 6.1 gal/ac
GreenSeeker vs
Fixed Rate (east)
Location VR-N
N
Rate
VR-N
Yield
(bu/ac)
150 N
Yield
(bu/ac)
NE 114 96.4 94.1
Mid-East 167 77.3 93.7
SE 160 80.6 81.1
RABE & JOHNSON 2013
NE
Mid
SE
Nitrogen on Corn
300 Million $$ Question??
Comparison of MERN Determinations for 16 Site/ Years (2010-2013)
in South Western Ontario.
(Δ Yield MERN versus Multi Rate QP MERN)
y = 1.1523x - 9.1111 R² = 0.95
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200
Δ Y
ield
ME
RN
(lb
-N/
ac
)
QP MERN (lb-N/ac)
1,025
1,045
1,065
1,085
1,105
1,125
1,145
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 501 1,001 1,501 2,001 2,501 3,001 3,501 4,001
Ele
vati
on
(ft
)
Gra
in Y
ield
(b
u/
ac)
Distance from Front of Field (ft)
High N
Yield
Field Topography
2013 Greenseeker Case Study: Greenseeker Variable
vs. Fixed Average Rates
Low N Yield
1,025
1,045
1,065
1,085
1,105
1,125
1,145
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 501 1,001 1,501 2,001 2,501 3,001 3,501 4,001
Ele
vati
on
(ft
)
Gra
in Y
ield
(b
u/
ac)
Distance from Front of Field (ft)
High N
Yield
Field Topography
Δ Yield
MERN 144
2013 Greenseeker Case Study: Greenseeker Variable
vs. Fixed Average Rates
Low N Yield
Δ Yield
MERN 141
Δ Yield
MERN 180
GreenSeeker Test Field 2014 - Delta Yield Plots
(15 and 175 lbs N/acre)
WIND SPEED!!!
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
700 750 800 850
# k
ern
els
/sa
mp
le
rpm
Infected Kernels
4
5
6
7
700 750 800 850
FD
K %
rpm
Fusarium
0
5
10
15
700 750 800 850
pp
m
rpm
DON
56.5
57.0
57.5
58.0
58.5
700 750 800 850
lbs/
bu
rpm
Test Weight