Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

16
Wheat yield losses due to rusts and powdery mildew presented By Dr. M. Abdelkader

Transcript of Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Page 1: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Wheat yield losses due to rusts and powdery mildew

presented By

Dr. M. Abdelkader

Page 2: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

-Rust diseases of wheat and powdery mildew causes significant yield

losses . -The damage caused depends upon the severity and time of infection

resulting into yield reduction. -Estimates yield losses of cereals caused by rusts since 1918 are

maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture Research Service Cereal Disease Laboratory in St. Paul,

Minnesota . -Wheat stripe rust in the CWANA countries causing severe yield losses

more than 70% in 2010. -leaf rust can cause grain yield losses higher than 50% in severe

epidemics.

-In Australia stem rust cause losses up to 37% in 1992.

-In 1995 wheat stripe rust caused yield losses ranged from 14 to 26% in

delta region in Egypt, while the national loss was about 10%.

-Wheat rusts under the Egyptian condition was the main cause to discarded some varieties such as Giza 139,144,150 sakha 8, 69, Gemmiza-1 and 5.

Page 3: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Disease infection leads to

- Complete damage to the economic part ( loose smut)

- Partial damage to the economic part

(covered smut) .

- Damage to the other parts (down mildew, powdery mildew, leaf spot

and rusts)

Missing plants (damping –off,

wilt) No

yield

Page 4: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Yield losses estimation

-Total yield ( yield per plot )

-Single plant (gm.)

-1000 -Kernel weight (gm.)

-Test weight

Yd

Loss % =1- ------- x100

Yh

Where: Yd = yield of diseased plants

Yh = yield of healthy plants (Calpouzos et al., 1976).

Page 5: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Factors Affecting Yield Losses

1 -Varietal susceptibility (S-Ms-Mr-R).2 -Time of disease appearance (which growth stage) .

3 -Environmental conditions( temperature and relative humidity.(

For good experimental yield losses

1 -Using fungicides to protect the control plots. 2 -Inoculation at different dates.

3 -Inoculation with different inoculum level.4 -Host predisposition.

Page 6: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Why we do estimate

Yield loss

To estimate the Economic Significance of the disease

ByRelating the disease

infection To yield loss

To determine the economicThreshold at which the

control measurement is applied

To evaluate the genetic Level of resistance in

A variety

Page 7: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Relationship between stem rust severity, wheat growth stage, and percentage of yield loss.

BootFlowerMilkEarly

dough

Late

dough

Ripe%

Yield

loss

----trace50.0

---trace5100.5

--trace510255.0

-trace510254015.0

trace51025406550.0

51025406510075.0

10254065100100100.0

Roelfs (1992)

Page 8: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Relationship between leaf rust severity, wheat growth stage, and percentage of yield loss.

Pre-tillering

JointingBoot to heading

Flowering

MilkEarly dough

%

Yield

loss

--trace1025401

-trace102540403

trace102540656510

1025406510010020

25406510010010035

406510010010010050

10010010010010010095

Chesters (1946)

Page 9: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

100 grain samples

infected seeds Healthy seeds One pustule

10000 spores

One pustule

3000 spores

Page 10: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Yield Losses due to stem rust infection

Cultivar

1000 grain weight

2009/2010

1000 grain weight

2010/2011

Disease severity

Inf. (gm)Prot. (gm)

Reduction %

Disease severity

Inf. (gm)Prot. (gm)

Reduction %

Sakha 85 S40 .2740.400.32120 S39.1143.179.4

Giza 16020 S38.1942.4710.0720 S28.0734.5818.82

Giza 1645 S38.4640.835.810 S30.3834.3311.50

Gemmiza 3Tr S40.0540.260.5215 S50.3552.o40.363

Page 11: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Yield Losses due to leaf rust infection

Cultivar

1000 grain weight

2009/2010

1000 grain weight

2010/2011

Disease severity

Inf. (gm)Prot. (gm)

Reduction %

Disease severity

Inf. (gm)Prot. (gm)

Reduction %

Gemmeiza-780 S43.23848.65611.13580 S40.11948.32817.138

Gemmeiza-1070 S40.25845.04710.63180 S37.23845.65618.240

Gemmeiza-1170 S52.05954.3284.17670 S51.33254.2575.391

Sakha-9380 S41.89547.7769.81580 S39.47746.08914.346

Page 12: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Yield Losses due to stripe rust infection

Cultivar

1000 grain weight

2009/2010

1000 grain weight

2010/2011

Disease severity

Inf. (gm)Prot. (gm)

Reduction %

Disease severity

Inf. (gm)Prot. (gm)

Reduction %

Gemmeiza-530 S32.0041.67723.2120 S46.7251.128.6

Sakha-850 S27.12342.536.1840 S37.3643.5514.21

Sakha-6940 S28.7942.46032.1930 S31.33245.25730.07

Giza-16080 S25.54142.77639.11250 S32.742.5423.13

Page 13: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Yield Losses due to Powdery mildew infection

Cultivar1000 grain weight

2010/2011

Disease severity%

Inf. (gm)Prot. (gm)Reduction%

Gemmeiza-74034.1137.7339.59

Gemmeiza-109028.37334.0716.72

Sakha-935034.0937.779.73

Giza-1606026.89331.2o13.81

Page 14: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

How to reduce wheat yield losses

Planting Resistant Varieties

New races

Yr 9

Ug99

Yr27

1-Tolerant Varieties2-Slow Rusting Varieties

Agriculture Practes.

1-Sowing Dates .2-Sowing Density .

3 -Irrigation. 4-fertilization

Page 15: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

Thank You

Page 16: Yield losses dou to wheat rusts and powdery

-Rust diseases of wheat and powdery mildew causes significant yield

losses . -The damage caused depends upon the severity and time of infection

resulting into yield reduction (S. Ahmad et al., 2010). -Estimates of yield losses of cereals caused by rusts since 1918 are

maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture Research Service Cereal Disease Laboratory in St. Paul,

Minnesota (Chen et al., 2004).

-Wheat strip rust in the CWANA countries causing severe yield losses

more than 70% in 2010. -leaf rust can cause grain yield losses higher than 50% in severe

epidemics (German et al. 2007) . -In Australia stem rust cause losses up to 37% in 1992 .

-In 1995 wheat strip rust caused yield losses ranged from 14 to 26% in

delta region in Egypt, while the national loss was about 10% (El- Daoudi et al., 1996) .

-Wheat rusts under the Egyptian condition was the main cause to discarded some varieties such as Giza 139,144,150 sakha 8, 69, Gemmiza-1 and 5.