World War II 1939-1942 Essential Question : What caused World War II?
World War II – The Battlefronts
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Transcript of World War II – The Battlefronts
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World War II – The
Battlefronts
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Two WarsEuropean Theater Pacific Theater
• When the U.S. got involved in Dec. 1941, Germany controlled most of Europe.
• In the Pacific it was largely the U.S. challenging Japan.
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Military Leaders to Know
• George Marshall – Chief of Staff of Military• Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower – Supreme
Commander of Allied forces in Europe• Gen. Douglas MacArthur – Leader of Pacific Forces
o Others to be familiar with: • U.S. – Gen. Omar Bradley, Gen. George Patton, Adm. Chester
Nimitz• German – Erwin Rommel, British – Bernard Montgomery, French –
Charles de Gaulle, Chinese – Chaing Kai Shek, Mao Zedong
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Atlantic Ocean War• U.S. had to overcome German subs (Wolfpacks)• Used Convoys and produced more Liberty Ships • Use of sonar, radar and bombing of bases.• What was the impact of subs on Florida?
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Africa and Europe 1942 & 1943
• Operation Torch – taking of North Africa. What was important about North Africa?
• 2nd Front – Stalin was calling for a 2nd front. In Feb., 1943, the Soviets stopped the German advance at the Battle of Stalingrad. Began slow push back.
• U.S./British would invade Sicily and Italy in 1943. It would take 2 years to fully defeat Germans there.
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France• On June 6, 1944, the 2nd front requested by Stalin
finally came with the largest air-sea-land battle.• D-day with the codename Operation Overlord
with the landing on the Normandy coast of France.
• By the end of August, Paris was liberated.
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German Surrender• Germans had desperate counterattack at the
Battle of the Bulge in Dec., 1944, but eventually lost.
• April 30, 1945 – Hitler kills himself• May 8, 1945 – VE Day
o In final months, U.S. troops discovered the concentration camps.
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Pacific Theater• After Pearl Harbor, Japan continued their
expansion.• April, 1942 – MacArthur pushed out of Philippines
and the Bataan Death march.• Turning point – Battles of Coral Sea and Midway in
May and June 1942. Stopped invasion of Australia and destroyed four Japanese carriers (& 300 planes)
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Island Hopping• Plan in Pacific – skip over (and
isolate) strongly held islands and advance towards Japan
• Aug. 1942 – Guadalcanal - 1st land defeat
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1944 & 1945 Pacific• Oct, 1944 – Leyte Gulf (Philippines) – Mac returns as
Japanese Navy is virtually wiped out. (kamikazes used)
• Spring, 1945 – Iwo Jima and Okinawa – fierce fighting to the death by the Japanese.o From Iwo Jima, U.S. could now launch air bombing raids on Japan
• Question for new President Truman – If the Japanese would fight that hard on other land, what would happen in an invasion of their home country?
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Manhattan Project• Who convinced FDR to approve the Manhattan
Project in the early part of the war?• Robert Oppenheimer – head of project• What was the decision that now President Truman had to make?• Hiroshima and Nagasaki – only places in world that
have ever had an atomic bomb used.o Enola Gay – plane that dropped 1st bomb (Little Boy)
• Besides saving lives, what was another reason Truman decided?
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VJ Day• VJ Day – September 2, 1945• On USS Missouri• Japan accepts unconditional surrender
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Wartime Conferences• Atlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill before U.S. in
war• Casablanca – FDR and Churchill (Jan ’43)
o Will accept only an Unconditional Surrender• Teheran – FDR, Churchill, and Stalin (Nov ’43)
o Plan for 2nd front• Yalta – FDR, Churchill, and Stalin (Feb ’45)
o Plan for post-war Eastern Europe and U.N.• Potsdam – Truman, Attlee, and Stalin
o Truman does not trust Stalin (how will that affect bomb decision?)
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Nuremberg Trials• Military Tribunals to try the lead Nazis.• Why is this something different from prior history?
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Marshall Plan• George Marshall’s plan to rebuild war-torn Europe• Any other reasons?• Did it work?• Why did the USSR and Eastern bloc countries not participate?