World War I

World War IChapter 18 Notes

Objectives:Identify the causes of the war.Identify the major Alliances.Describe trench warfare & new technology used in this war & discuss its impact. Identify turning points/battles. Identify & evaluate reasons for US involvement in World War I. Causes of the War:Competition b/w countries:Nationalism--Militarism Imperialism Yrs. of instability in the BalkansOverlapping ethnic & religious groups Austria-Hungary & Serbia competing over control of BosniaPowder Keg of Europe

Spark: Assassination of Archduke F. Ferdinand of Austria by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo PrincipAustria-Hungary declares war on SerbiaArchduke Franz Ferdinand & his family

The assassin: Gavrilo Princip ***VIDEO!Europe divided: Triple Entente (Allied Powers) SerbiaRussiaFranceBritainItaly (1915)United States (1917)

Allied Powers (Triple Entente)

George V [Br]

Nicholas II [Rus]

Victor Emmanuel II [It]Pres. Poincare [Fr]Europe divided: Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Austria-HungaryGermanyOttoman EmpireBulgaria

Central Powers (Triple Alliance)

Franz Josef [A-H]Enver Pasha[Turkey]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Schlieffen Plan

Germany hoped to defeat France quickly by attacking from Belgium & cut-off Britain from the rest of Europe, then go after Russia

Central Powers Strategy:Schlieffen Plan: First Battle of Marne: Schlieffen Plan failsFrench are out gunned by GermansBoth sides dig in; War reaches stalemateTrench Warfare:Both armies dug & occupied trenches for hundreds of milesRats, lice, unburied bodies, flooding, sickness & disease

Turkish soldiers in the trenches

Trench warfare: No mans landthin strip of bombed out land b/w trenches filled w/ barbed wire & land mines

No mans land

New Weapons/ Technology:Machine gunsTanksPoison gasSubmarinesAirplanes

Big Bertha

Renault tank

Real Flying Aces

Eddie Rickenbacher, USFrancescoBarraco, It.Eddie MickMannoch, Br.Willy Coppens deHolthust, BelgRene PaukFonck, Fr.Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.[The Red Baron]Important Battles:First Battle of the Marne major German offensiveBattle of Gallipolli *Battle of Verdun--Longest battle of the war; most casualtiesBattle of the Somme--1st offensive for Br.; known for high casualty rateSecond Battle of the Marne--last German offensive (poor attempt); final offensive of the warBattle of Argonne Forest-- heavy American casualties; American success

US Neutrality Wilson issues declaration of neutrality Americans see war as a European problemTradition of isolationism

Privately US favors Allied PowersEconomically US does more business w/ Allied Powers

Events leading to U.S. involvement in WWI:Brit. Intercepting & searching U.S. shipsGerman U-boat attacksArms trading w/ AlliesZimmerman NoteLusitania

Zimmerman Note

Sinking of the Lusitania

Apr. 1917Congress declares war

Opposition to War:QuakersMennonitesRep. Jeannette Rankin & Sen. Robert LaFollette, Jane AddamsSocialist PartyLets Review:What were the causes of World War I?What were the 2 major alliances? Who made up each alliance?How was the war fought?What was some of the new technology used in World War I?What were some of the major turning points in the war?How did the US come to be involved in World War I?Objectives:Describe how America mobilizes for war.Discuss how womens roles changed during the war. Analyze how the war impacted the civil liberties of American citizens. Mobilization Selective Service Act:required men aged 21-30 to register w/ local draft boardsPros:Build more democratic country by uniting a variety of peopleIndian citizenship (1924)Cons:Segregated unitsBlacks limited in the positions they could serveConscientious objectors rejected

song

Army recruitment posters

Training Troops:New facilities builtMedical examsFighting drills

American Expeditionary Force:Convoy systemGen. John Pershing1917march through France1918began participating in fighting

The 369th Hell Fighters were rewarded the Croix de Guerre for gallantry in battle and returned to the U.S. as heroes to African Americans.Sgt. Alvin C. York

The War Effort at HomeRaise money:Liberty & Victory bondsincreased taxes (War Revenue Act)

The War Effort at HomeDaylight savings timeProhibition18th AmendmentVolstead Act The War Effort at HomeWar boards:Food Admin. (Hoover)Fuel Admin. (Garfield)Railroad Admin. (McAdoo)War Industries Board (Baruch)War Labor Board (Taft & Walsh)

Spirit of 76

Mobilizing Workers:National War Labor BoardArbitrates disputes b/w labor & businessUnion membership grewLabor shortages & strikesGreat MigrationAfr. Amer. To North & CitiesUS Shipping Board

Mobilizing WorkersVolunteerismJuliette LowGirl ScoutsBoy Scouts

Women Mobilizing WorkersWomen worked outside home19th amendment passes

Women Munitions Workers

Women Munitions Workers

German women in a munitions factory

Woman ambulance driver

Hello GirlsFrench speaking women hired as switchboard operators

The Red Cross

Russian female soldiers

Mata Hari

Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle

German Spy!

Propaganda:Committee on Public Information (George Creel)Anti-German sentimentsAmericanization

Impact of the War on the US:Unemployment disappeared.Expansion of big government.Increased govt. regulation of econ.Cooperation b/w public & private sectors.New opportunities for disadvantaged groups.Attacks on Civil LibertiesEspionage ActSedition ActSchenk v. United States Gov. limit on rights:Espionage Act:forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or promoted insubordination in the militaryordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mailfines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prisonGov. limit on rights: Sedition Act:Makes it a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the warwith intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the warSchenck v. US 1919 - in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the 1st Amendment. - BUT, every act of speech must be judged acc. to the circumstances in which it was spoken.

-The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes]

- If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.Lets Review:How did the US mobilize for war?How did womens lives change during the war?How were civil liberties restricted during the war?Objectives:Discuss the Russian Revolution.Evaluate the end of the war, including the Treaty of Versailles & Wilsons 14 Points Discuss the Influenza pandemic. Russian Revolution:March 1917--Overthrew czarBolsheviks seized power in Nov. Vladimir Lenin signed treaty w/ Central Powers & exited warGermans concentrate on France

The War EndsSecond Battle of MarneGermanys last offensiveAllies push Germans back 3 timesGerman econ. is wrecked & people are starvingGermans surrender 1918 (Armistice)

Wilsons 14 Points:9 dealt w/ self determination & territorial disputesCauses of warEst. League of NationsAmer. Favored idea, Allies had mixed feelings & Germans rejected it

Treaty of Versailles:Divided Germanys colonies & Ottoman Empire b/w AlliesEst. mandate systemCreated new nationsGermany takes full responsibility & pays reparations

Casualties of the War8.5 million dead21 million wounded

World War I Casualties

Most of Europe in ruinsGerman econ. devastated

Results:U.S. Congress rejects League of NationsUnrest in Middle EastBalfour DecisionJewish homeland in PalestineCreated League of NationsInfluenza Pandemic 1918-1919600,000 Americans killed by fluMore Americans killed by flu virus than WWI

I had a little bird, Its name was Enza. I opened the window, And in-flu-enza

Lets Review:What occurs in Russia & how does it impact the war?What document ends the war? Was it fair?How does President Wilson respond to the end of the war?How does the influenza pandemic impact the US?