What is Urinalysis

8/13/2019 What is Urinalysis

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CERTIFICATE OF

AUTHENTICITY-This is to certify that Master Debashish

Mandal of Kendriya Vidyalaya Tatanagar,

Roll No._________ has successfully

completed his project entitled Urinalysis

under my supervision for AISSCE2013 2014 of CBSE and has given anexcellent account of it.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

(Subject Teacher) (Examiner)

Mrs. S.Kabi

P.G.T. (Chemistry)

SIGNATURE

(Principal)

Mrs. Nalini Dean


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Urine consists of:

(96%)

Water

Inorganic:Cl

-, Na, K.

trace amounts of:

sulfate, HCO3etc.)

Urine: Is an ultrafiltrate of plasma from which glucose,

amino acids, water and other substances essential to body

metabolism have been reabsorbed. Urine carries waste products and excess water out of the body.

(4%)dissolved solids:

(2%)

Urea: (half)(2%)

Other compounds

Organic:creatinineuric acid


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What is Urinalysis? :It is the series of test done on urine. It is the one of the most common

method of medical diagnostic.

Why Urinalysis :

* Most of the blood constituents are present in urine. Most of thebody wastes are brought to kidney for filtration. Hence the bodyailment can be located through this analysis.

*Most of the bacteria and viruses are discharged from our bodythrough urine.

This method is more convenient than blood test because:

* Some might be scared of blood so this provides to be analternative for blood tests.


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Urine Collection:

Types of urine specimens: type of specimen and collection procedure are determined by physician and

depend on the tests to be performed.

There are basically four types of urine specimens:1.First morning specimen2.Random urine specimen

3.Fractional collection4.Timed collection Composition and concentration of urine changes during 24hr Urine conc. vary according: to water intake and

physical activities.


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Preservation of Urine :

1. Physical Preservation: Urine is stored in therefrigerator which doesnt affect the constituent ofurine.Required Volume : 30-45 ml taken within 4 minutesTemperature : 32.5C to 37.7C

2. Chemical preservation : This process is doneunder following reagents :-*Phenol: causes an odor change

*Toluene: not effective for bacteria and molds*Thymol crystals: preserves glucose and sediments well*Formalin: excellent sediment preservative*Boric acid: preserves protein well.


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Physical examination involves:1.Color2.Transparency3.Odour4.Volume5.pH6.Specific gravity


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1-Color:

Many things affect urine color, includingfluid balance, diet, medicines, and diseases.

Color intensity of urine correlates toconcentration.

Darker color means more concentratedsample.

Amber yellow (derivativeUrochromeof urobilin, produce from bilirubin degradation, is

pigment found in normal urine).

Colorless due toreducedconcentration.

Silver or milky appearance Pus,bacteria or epithelial cells

Reddish brown Blood(Hemoglobin).

Yellow foam Bile or medications. Orange, green, blue or red

medications.

Vitamin Bsupplements can turn urinebright yellow.


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2-Transparency:

Urine is normally clear. Bacteria, blood,sperm, crystals, or mucus can make urinelook cloudy.

Is classified as clear or turbid. In normal urine: the main cause of

cloudiness is crystalsand epithelial cells.

In pathological urine: it is due topus,bloodandbacteria.

Degree of cloudiness depends on:pHand dissolved solidsTurbidity:may be due to gross

bacteriuria,

Smoky appearance: is seen inhematouria.Thread-like cloudiness: is seen in

sample full of mucus.


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Urine sample

Benedicts solution

~Fehlings solution 1

~ Fehlings solution 2

~ Copper sulphate solution

~ Sodium hydroxide

~ Borschs reagent

~ Ethanol

~ Test tubes


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Chemical Examination :


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RESULT

TEST RESULTColour Yellowish

PH 7.0 (Light Green)Blood Glucose 0.5Amine group Amines are present

Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp presentKetone Test Ketones are present


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Aldehyde Test Aldehyde are absentProtein test (Buriet Test) 15 (approx.)

FeCl3Test No reactionPhenol AbsentSummaryThe above urine sample is having all vital urine

parameter NORMAL . The blood glucose level is

Normal (1.0%). The person is HEALTHY .

SAMPLE 2TEST RESULT

Colour YellowishPH 6.0 (Light Orange)

Blood Glucose 1.0Amine group Amines are present



FeCl3Test No reaction


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Phenol Absent

SummaryThe given urine sample is bit acidic (PH = 6.0) . This

PH is not a case of concern . All the other values are

corresponding to normal value . The person is

HEALTHY .

TEST RESULT

Colour ClearPH 7.4 (Light Green)


Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp presentKetone Test Ketones are presentAldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test) 12 (approx.)FeCl3Test No reaction


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Phenol AbsentSummary

All the values are corresponding to normal value .

The person is HEALTHY .


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SAMPLE 4-

TEST RESULTColour YellowishPH 7.0 (Light Green)




FeCl3Test No reactionPhenol Absent

SummaryThe person is having substantially higher blood sugar

than normal . He might be affected by Diabetes . All

other values are normal .


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TEST RESULT

Colour YellowishPH 8.0 (Dark Green)


Carbonyl gp Carbonyl gp presentKetone Test Ketones are presentAldehyde Test Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test) 23 (approx.)FeCl3Test No reaction

Phenol AbsentSummary

In the given sample of urine specimen, the values of PH ,

Blood Glucose level and Protein are the serious one .

Higher albumin (protein) & PH level in urine indicates

serious trouble in Kidney. The person is also affected

by Diabetes .


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BIBLOGRAPY :

I took help from-

Class XI I practical textbook- .Wikipedia-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagent http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxi

dation.html

http://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htm

http:/ /www.austincc.edu/mlt/ua/ua_li nks.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagenthttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htmhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagent

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