Wh-relatives in the history of German (and what gender’s...

DiGS20York,19.06.2018

EricFuß

Wh-relativesinthehistoryofGerman(andwhatgender’sgottodowithit)

•  InmanyGermaniclanguages,wecanobservethatdiachronically,d-pronounsarereplacedbywh-formsinrelativeclauses:- English:personald-formsàwho- Dutch:dieàwie'who',datàwat'what'(ongoingprocesses)- German:dasàwas'what'(ongoingprocess)Thistalk:• dasàwasin(headed)relativeclausesinthehistoryofGerman(ongoingchange,≈1000years)• diachronicimplicationsoftheideathatthedas/wasalternationisgovernedbythepresence/absenceofvaluedgenderfeaturesonDrel(cf.Brandt&Fuß2017onpresent-dayGerman)

2

Introduction

1.Introduction

Structureofthetalk:•  Section2:theoreticalanalysisofthedistributionofrelativewasin

present-dayGerman(buildingonBrandt&Fuß2014,2017)•  Section3:overviewofthedevelopmentof(headed)wh-relativesin

thehistoryofGerman•  Section4:discussionofhowthepresent-daysystemcameinto

existence(andwhatgender'sgottodowithit...)

3

2.1dasvs.wasinpresent-dayStandardGerman

•  Headedrelativeclausesareintroducedbyaso-calledd-pronounthatinflectsforcase(assignedintherelativeclause)andagreesingenderandnumberwiththeheadoftherelativeclause:

(1) a.derMann,der/demPeterhilft.themanthat.MASC.NOM/that.MASC.DAT Peterhelps‘themanthathelpsPeter/Peterhelps.’b.dieFrau,diePetergetroffenhatthewomanthat.FEM.ACCPetermet hasc.dasAuto,dasPeterfährtthecarthat.NEUT.ACCPeterdrivesd.dieMänner/Frauen/Autos,diePetergesehenhatthemen/women/cars that.PLPeterseen has 4


•  das➝was:Withacertainsetofneutersingularantecedents,thed-pronounisreplacedbythewh-pronounwas'what'(cf.e.g.Duden2016:§§1661-63):

(2) a.indefinites/quantifiers:alles'everything',

vieles'manythings',etwas'something'... b.demonstratives:das'that',dasjenige'thatthing'... wasc.nominalizedadjectives:dasGute'thegood(thing)',dasBeste'thebest'...

5


(3)a. Alles, wasdieZuschauerdortsehen,istLugundTrug.everythingwhatthespectatorsthereseeisliesanddeception(NON13/JAN.07012NiederösterreichischeNachrichten,17.01.2013,NÖNGroßformat,Ressort:Meinungen;PRO&KONTRA)

b. Das,waswirmachen,istdas,wasunsgefällt.thatwhatwemakeisthatwhatuspleases'Whatwedoiswhatwelike.'(BRZ07/JUN.06447BraunschweigerZeitung,04.06.2007;„Das,waswirmachen,istdas,wasunsgefällt“)

c. DasBeste,wasMicrosoftheutetunkann,ist,Yahoozukaufen.thebestwhatMicrosofttodaydocanisYahootobuy(HAZ08/NOV.01608HannoverscheAllgemeine,08.11.2008,S.15;MicrosoftlässtYahooabblitzen)

6


•  Ifalexicalnounisaddedtoelementssuchasalles'all,everything'thattriggerrelativizationbymeansofwas,ad-relativizermustbeused:

(4) a.alles,was/?*dasesgibt

all what/thatthereisb.allesGold,das/??wasesgibtall goldthat/whatthereis

7

8

2.2Analysis:wasasadefaultrelativizer

•  Conclusion:Theabsence/presenceofalexical-nominalantecedentseemstobethemostimportantfactorgoverningpronounchoiceinrelativeclauses(dasvs.was)

(5) Generalization:Relativizationbymeansofdas/was

N[neutersingular]→das(seeBehaghel1928:725f.,Wiese2013,Brandt&Fuß2014,2017)


•  Basicproposal(Brandt&Fuß2014,2017):wasisanunderspecifieddefaultrelativizerthatisusedwhenthelicensingrequirementsford-pronounsarenotmet(seealsoBoef2012onDutchwat).

•  Coreassumptions:i.  Lexicalgenderisthedefiningcharacteristicoflexicalnouns.ii.  Themorespecifiedexponentdasisinsertediftherelativepronoun

(D0rel)picksupagenderfeatureviaagreementwithalexical

nominalantecedent:[Drel,–obl,–pl,–masc,–fem]↔/das/iii.  Elsewhere,wasisinserted:[Drel,–obl,–pl]↔/vas/

9


Syntax:matchinganalysisofrelativeclauses•  CPrelmergedwithnP(hostinglexical(neuter)gender):(6) [DPdas[nPBuch,[CPdasduliest]]]

thebookthatyouread nP CPrel

DP C' DrelnP

n[+gender]√ Insertionofdas AGREE (duetotheElsewhereCondition,Kiparsky1973)

10

[Drel,–pl,+Case,Gender:–masc,–fem]⟸


Syntax:matchinganalysisofrelativeclauses•  CPrelmergedwithDQ/DEM(lackinglexicalgender):(7) [DPalles,[CPwasduliest]]allwhatyouread DQ/DEMCPrel

DP C' DrelDQ/DEM[–gender]

Insertionofwas

11

[Drel,–pl,+Case,Gender:__]⟸


•  Benefit:UnifiedtreatmentofdifferenttypesofRCsthatlackanappropriate(overt)nominalantecedent(seeFuß2017ondeadjectivalnouns).

•  freerelatives:(8) [WasderMannauchanpackt],funktioniert.

whatthemanevertacklesworks'Whateverthemantackles,works.' (HAZ09/AUG.02148HannoverscheAllgemeine,14.08.2009)

12


•  relativeclausesthatmodifyIPorVP:(9) WiebeiallenanderenMannschaftssportartennahmendieStarken

aswithallotherteamsportstookthestrong RücksichtaufdieSchwächeren,[wasdenSpassfürallegarantierte].

regardsfortheweakwhatthefunforallguaranteed(A09/OKT.06424St.GallerTagblatt,23.10.2009,S.52;GoldenerHerbstimSimmental)

•  relativeclausesreferringtoquote-likeexpressions:(10) VondisciplinawirdderBegriffdiscipulushergeleitet,wassovielwie

fromdisciplinaisthenotiondiscipulusderivedwhatsomuchasLehrlingoderSchülerbedeutet.apprenticeorpupilmeans(A09/FEB.05129St.GallerTagblatt,18.02.2009,S.36)

13

2.2Analysis:wasasadefaultrelativizer–somefurtherconsequencesDrelwithunvalued[gender]attheinterfaces–repairviainsertionofdefaultvalues:i.  Interfacetothemorphologicalcomponent:[Gender:__]isinterpretedas[neuter]ii.  Interfacetothesemanticcomponent:[Gender:__]isinterpretedas[–animate/human]Personalformssuchaswer'who'cannotintroduceheadedrelativeclauses:(11) derMann/jeder,[der/*werteilnimmt],gewinnt. themaneachpersonwhoparticipateswins•  Personalwh-formsspelloutasemanticgenderfeature(interpretedas[+animate/human]);•  Asaresult,theuseofapersonalwh-pronounleadstoafeatureclashinheadedrelatives:(12) *Antecedent[+lexical/grammaticalgender][CPrelpersonalwh-pronoun[+semanticgender]...]

•  Occasionally,relevantexamplesdoshowup,however...(13) Jeder, wersichineinersolchenVersorgungslagebefindet[...]

eachpersonwhoREFLinasuchsuppysituationis (http://drk-annaberg.de/sonderseiten/aktuelles/newsdetails/archiv/2015/maerz/06/meldung/43-neues-

kursangebot-fuer-pflegepersonen-von-pflegebeduerftigen-adhs-betroffenen.html)

14

3.1OldHighGerman

•  Source:OldGermanReferenceCorpus(c.650,000tokens).•  Bothfreeandheadedrelativesaregenerallyintroducedbyd-pronouns(3,959cases

intheOldGermanReferenceCorpus):(14) Freerelatives:

a.thazsiunsberanscolti[ther unsihgiheilti]thatsheusbearshouldthat.MASC.NOMusheals(Otfrid,Evangelienbuch,I3,38)b.tholiefunsar,sothuweist,then camerunnningatonceasyouknow[thieinanminnotunmeist]that.PLhimlovedmost(Otfrid,Evangelienbuch,V5,3)

15

3.1OldHighGerman

•  Headedrelatives(d-formsarealsousedinconnectionwithelementsthattriggerrelativizationbymeansofwasinpresent-dayGerman):

(15) a.dhazsfonadhemualmahtiginfaterdhurahinanistaluuordan,thatfromthe.DAT.SGalmightyfatherthroughhimisallbecome[dhazschiscaffanesist]thatcreatedis'thateverythingthatwascreatedcametobefromtheAlmightyFatherthroughhim' (Isidor99)b.uuaz istthaz [thazherquidit]whatisthatthathesays (Tatian174.2)c.tharistínne managgúat[thazgéistlichounsiowóladuat]thereisthereinmuchgoodthatspirituallyusalwaysgooddoes'Itismuchgoodthereinthatdoesusgoodspiritually.'(Otfrid,Evangelienbuch,III7,30)

16

3.1OldHighGerman

•  wh-pronouns(usedasindefinites)occuringeneralizingso-wh-soconstructions:

(16) inti[souuazsoirbititinminemonaman]thazduonih

andsowhatsoyou.PL askinmy name thatdoI'AndwhateveryouaskinMyname,thatIwilldo'(Tatian164,1)

•  Inaddition,thereisasmallnumberofrelativeclausesthatareintroducedby

'pure'wh-pronouns...

17

3.1OldHighGerman

18

Freerelativesintroducedbypurewh-pronouns:(17) [Uuázálleúndeuuázîogelîchelîuteállerodîeto.tágeliches whatallandwhateverybodyof-allnationseveryday

îlengetûon].dázskînetálûzerdémospîegulehastentodothatappearsallout-ofthat.DATmirror'Whatallpeopleofallnationshastentodoeachdaycanallbeseeninthatmirror.'(N_Mart_Cap.I.60-63)

•  Possibleorigin:Reanalysisofindirectquestionsasfreerelatives(cf.e.g.Hogg&Denison2006onOE):

(18) uuandasine-uuizzen[uuazsîtuônt]⇒...[freeCPreluuazsîtuônt]sincetheyNEG-knowwhattheydo(N_Ps_Glossen_18_56-59(edition75-95))

•  Earlyfreewh-relativesareconfinedtoindefinite/generalizingreadings.

3.1OldHighGerman

19

•  Headedrelativeclausesintroducedbypurewh-forms(veryfewcases):(19) dhazssienieiguneouuihd[huuazssiedharuuidarsetzan].

thattheynotownanything,what.RELtheythereagainstset'thattheydonotpossessanythingthattheysetagainstit'(IsidorIX.12,Eg.719)

(20) Sarso tházirscínit,[wazmihfonthírrinit]Assoonasthatappearswhat mefromyoutouches'assoonasthatappearsthattouchesmefromyou'(Otfrid,EvangelienbuchII8,19)

•  Note:SimilaritiesbetweenOHGandpresent-dayGermanwithregardtothecontextsthatallowwh-relatives(indefinites&d-pronouns).

3.1OldHighGerman

20

Figure1:Relativeclausesintroducedbypurewh-pronounsintheOldGermanReferenceCorpus(182cases)

huuaz‘what’

huuer‘who.nom

’

huuem(u)‘who.dat’

huuen‘who.acc’

huues‘who.gen’

(mit)uuiu/uueo‘how’

war/uuara‘where(to)’

wanne/uuanda‘when’

uuanan‘why’

uuelihch+NP

‘which+NP’

uuelihch-(eru/a/es)‘which.no

m’

huuelihes‘which.masc.gen’

uueliu‘whatkindof’

wialih‘however’

freeRCs 50 2 4 2 2 66 7 2 11 9 13 3 1 1

headedRCs 4 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Num

bero

fcases

3.1OldHighGerman

21

•  Thetransitionfromfreetoheadedwh-relatives:Reanalysisofappositivefreerelatives(cf.Paul1920:206f.;Behaghel1928:726;Truswell&Gisborne2015,Gisborne&Truswell,toappear,onOE)).

•  Extraposedwh-relativesareoftenstructurallyambiguous:v  appositivefreerelativethatprovidesadditionalinformationlinkedtoanominal

expressionv  headed(restrictive)relativethatmodifiesanominalexpression

•  Thisambiguitymightleadtosyntacticreanalysis:(21) quaemetintigisehet[thiastat][freeSReluuartrohtingilegituuas]

come andseetheplacewhereLordlaid-to-gravewasquaemetintigisehet[thiastat[headedSreluuartrohtingilegituuas]]

3.1OldHighGerman:Summary

22

(22) Drelàd-pronoun(plusoccasionalcasesoffreeandheadedwh-relatives)

3.2MiddleHighGerman

23

•  Source:MiddleHighGermanReferenceCorpus(MiGraKo,c.1,000000tokens)

•  IntheMHGperiod,d-relativesstilldominate(cf.e.g.Paul252007:370).•  However,freerelatives(FRs)introducedbycontractedformssuchasswaz,

swer,swen,swes,swanne,swâr(<so+wh+so)havebecomeafrequentpattern(2,066hitsfornominalwh-forms,and1,461hitsforadverbialwh-forms).

•  InthecourseoftheMHGperiod,thewh-pronounsextendedby/s-/areeventuallyreplacedbysimplewh-forms(cf.e.g.Paul252007:224).

3.2MiddleHighGerman

24

•  Freerelativeswithswer/swaz:(23) a.[sweranrehtegüetewendetsingemüete],

whoeveratrightgoodnessturnshismind dem volgetsældeundêre

that.MASC.DATfollowsblessingandhonor(Iwein1-3;Paul252007:371)b.Bitunnuzenwortendimandutfirlusitmanwith useless wordsthat.PLonedoeslosesone[swazmangudesdut]whateveronegooddoes'Withuselesswords,oneforfeitswhatevergoodthingsonedoes.'(IdsteinerSprüchederVäter,13_1-wmd-PV-X>M114-N1(tok_dipl128-139))

3.2MiddleHighGerman

25

•  Formaldifferentiationofgeneralizing/indefiniteFRs(introducedbysw-forms)andindividualizing/definiteFRs(introducedbyd-pronouns;Paul1920:199ff.):

(24) [Swengenüeget[deserhât]],deristrîche,whoever.ACCsufficesthat.GENhehasthat.NOMisrich[swiezergât].however-itfares'He,whoiscontentwithwhathehas,isrich,howeverthingswillturnout.'(FreidanksBescheidenheit,43,10)

3.2MiddleHighGerman

26

•  Headedrelatives:sw-formsprimarilyoccurinconnectionwithanindefinite/generalizingantecedent:

(25) durchdendir algitanist[swazgiscaffinesist]throughthat.MASC.ACCyou.SG.DATalldoneiswhatcreatedis(BambergerGlaubeu.Beichte,12thc.,M089-G1(tok_dipl265-275))

•  Inthesamecontext,the‘pure’formwasisalsoattested:(26) a.síehettengnucdesalles[wazdíeerdetruc]

theyhadenoughof-everythingwhattheearthbears (HeinrichvonFreiberg:Tristan(F);14_1-omd-V-G>M311-G1(tok_dipl6184-6211)

b.vndsaiteimalliz [wasimgotbewisethatte]andtoldhimeverythingwhathimGodshownhad(JenaerMartyrologiumPath:13_2-omd-PV-G>M408-G1(tok_dipl15117-15138)

3.2MiddleHighGerman

27

•  neuterindefinites/demonstratives:das-relativesarethemajoritypattern:

Table1:RelativizationstrategieswithneuterantecedentsinMHG(MiGraKo)•  daz,(s)waz:potentiallyambiguousbetweenarestrictivereadingandapostposed

appositiveFR(cf.e.g.Paul1920:206f.):(27) dochwilichgernelîdendaz,[swazmirdâvongeschehensol]

yetwantIgladlysufferthatwhateverto-meofithappenshall(HartmannvonAue,Klagebüchlein,568f.)

•  daz,waz:Oftenambiguousbetweenarelativeclauseandanindirectquestion(5/9):(28) Irſchultdazwizzin[wazdazbezeichni]

youshouldthatknowwhatthatmeans(12_2-bairalem-PV-G>M214-G1(tokens8816–8838))

daz swaz wazallez 165 5 7d-Pronomen 85 5 9

3.2MiddleHighGerman

28

•  Personalwh-formsareveryrareinheadedrelatives:(29) Einiegelîcher[swerzuomirkuomtundehoritminerede]

everybodys-who.MASCtomecomesandhearsmyspeech(EvangelienbuchdesMatthiasvonBeheim,14_1-omd-PU-G>M318-G1(tok_dipl10429-10455)

3.2MiddleHighGerman:Summary

29

(30) a. D[FR,–def]à(s-)wh-pronoun b. elsewhereàd-pronoun (+sporadicinstancesofheadedwh-relatives)

3.3EarlyNewHighGerman

30

•  Sources:BonnENHGCorpus(around600,000tokens)andtheParsedCorpusofENHGcreatedbyCaitlinLight(around100,000wordsfromLuther'sSeptembertestament,1522)

•  Focus:relativeclausesinconnectionwithalles'everything'anddas'that'


31

•  Alles/earlyENHG(14th–early15thcent.):strongpreferenceford-relatives:(31) alles,[dazunsgeschehe]

allthatushappens'everythingthathappenstous'(EastFranconian,late14thc.,MönchvonHeilsbronn,Namen,17,B2)

•  Alles/mid-lateENHG:dasisreplacedbywas:(32) DenndurchsolchenglaubenvergibtGottalles[wasvnserm

sincethroughsuchfaithforgivesGodallwhatour gehorsamnochmangelt].obediencestill lacks'SincethroughsuchbeliefGodforgiveseverythingthatourobediencestilllacks.'(EastFranconian,1578,VeitDietrich,Summaria,30,3)


32Figure2:Headeddas/was-relativesinENHG(afteralles'everything'anddas/dem'that')

1350-1400 1450-1500 1550-1600 1650-1700alles,das 95% 100% 24% 0%

alles,was 5% 0% 76% 100%

das/dem,das 100% 100% 57% 31%

das/dem,was 0% 0% 43% 69%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

(36)

(2)(20)

(16)

(17)

(4)

(13)

(4)

(3)

(19)(4)

(9)

3.3EarlyNewHighGerman:Luther

33

•  AdditionaldatatakenfromLuther'sSeptembertestament(1522)shedsfurtherlightonthetransitionfromdastowas(extractionofall379caseslabeledasCP-REL(+CP-REL-SPE)andallfreerelatives(CP-FRL,114cases)).

•  Observation:Thedistributionofdasandwasinbothfreeandheadedrelativesseemstobegovernedbysemanticproperties–•  theuseofdasislinkedtoindividuating/definitereadings(nouns,d-pronouns/

demonstrativesandindividuating/specificfreerelatives)•  theuseofwasislinkedtogeneralizing/indefinitereadingsmeanings(indefinites

('everything','nothing')andfree-choicefreerelatives)


34

•  Headedrelatives:•  aftertheindefinitesalles'everything'andnichts'nothing',onlywasis

found.•  afterd-forms(inparticulardem'that.SG.MASC.DAT'),onlydasoccurs.

(33)a.AlsnuJhesuswuste,alleswasyhmbegegensollt,giengerhynaus[...]whennowJesusknewallthathimcome-uponshouldwentheout'Jesustherefore,knowingallthingsthatshouldcomeuponhim,wentforth[...]'(Septembertestament-John,.1483)b.dennsiepreysetenalleGott,vbirdemdasgeschehenwar,[...]fortheyglorifiedallGodaboutthatthathappenedwas'forallmenglorifiedGodforthatwhichwasdone'(Septembertestament-Acts,.204)


35

d-pronoun P+d-pronoun wh-pronoun(was)

'which' P+'which' else(adv.,da'there')

Nmasc.sg 124 5 – 23 2 10

Nfem.sg 30 – – 6 5 5

Nneut.sg 27 – – 7 1 11

Npl 136 – – 5 4 1

Indefiniteneut.sg(alles/nichts)

– – 6 – – –

d-pronounneut.sg(demmasc.sg.dat)

5 – – – – –

dies'this' 1 – – – – –

es'it' 1 – – – – –

quote/translation

– – – 1 – –

Table4:AntecedentsandrelativizersintheParsedCorpusofENHG(Septembertestament,1522)


36

•  Freerelatives:•  d-pronounsintroduceindividuating/definitefreerelatives•  wh-pronounsarelinkedtogeneralizing/free-choicereadings(withsome

amountofambiguity)(34)a.vnnddaeshorten[dievmbyhnwaren],giengensiehynaus[...]andwhenitheardthat.plaroundhimwerewenttheyout'Andwhenhisfriendsheardofit,theywentout[...]'(Septembertestament-Mark,.198) b.darumbverhieseryhrmiteynemeyde,erwolltyhrgeben,[wassiefoddernwurde]thereforepromisedheherwithanoathhewantedhergivewhatshedemandwould'Whereuponhepromisedwithanoathtogiveherwhatsoevershewouldask.'(Septembertestament-Matthew,.966)


37

individuating/definite

generalizing/indefinite

ambiguous:±def. ambiguous:interrog./FR

d-FR 56 1

wh-FR 7 6 13

which-FR 3 1 2 3

else(adv.:wo/da,etc.)

26

Table5:FreerelativesinLuther'sSeptembertestament(1522)


38

•  Freewh-relatives/ambiguouscases:(35)a. definitevs.indefinite sondernerwareyndieb,vndhattedenbeuttell,vndtrug[wasgebenwart][...] buthewasathiefandhadthebagandcarriedwhatgivenwas 'buthewasathief,andhadthemoneybox;andheusedtotakewhatwasputinit' (Septembertestament-John,.1079) b. FRvs.indirectquestion

dennerwustewol,[waserthunwollte]. forheknewwellwhathedowanted 'forhehimselfknewwhathewoulddo' (Septembertestament-John,.432)


39

•  Headedrelativesintroducedbypersonalwh-formscontinuetobeveryrare(Ebertetal.1993:449).Inthevastmajorityofcases,ad-relativeisusedtoreferbacktoamasculinehuman/animateantecedent,cf.(37):

(36) dennichwillniemandonhuͤlffelassen/[wermirtrawet].

sinceI wantnobodywithouthelp let whometrusts(Text135:VeitDietrich,Summaria,Nuremberg(EastFranconian)1578,23,20)

(37) Es...aberniemandwar,[dersiehätteauffnehmenwollen]

ithowevernobody waswhothemhad.SUBJaccomodatewanted‘However,therewasnobodywhowouldaccomodatethem.’(HansMichaelMoscherosch:„Gesichte,Straßburg1650“(Alsatian),23,27)

3.3EarlyNewHighGerman:Summary

40

•  Transitionfromdastowas,givingrisetothepresent-daydistribution•  EarlyENHG:VerysimilartoMHG(but:absenceofextendedswer/swaz-

forms)•  Intermediatesystem(Luther):Distributionofdasandwaslinkedto

semanticproperties(bothfreeandheadedrelatives):v  DFR/rel[–def]àwasv  elsewhere:Drelàdas(i.e.,CPrelmergedwithN/nP,D[+def],VP/IP)

•  LateENHG:v  N[neutersingular]àdasv  elsewhereàwas

•  Semantictriggersarereanalyzedasmorphosyntactictriggers(⇒markednessreversal).

4.Theriseof(headed)was-relatives:What’sgendergottodowithit?

41

•  OHGandMHGexhibitonlysporadicexamplesofheadedwh-relatives;the‘real’changetakesplaceinmid/lateENHG.

•  Question:CanwelinkthechangingrelativizationpatternstoindependentchangesthataffectedthenominaldomaininENHG?


42

•  ENHG:Majorchangesaffectingthemorphosyntaxofnounsandnounphrases(cf.e.g.Ebertetal.1993,Demske2001):v acollapseofinflectionclassesv thefixationofwordorderintheDPv thedevelopmentofnewdeterminersfromformeradjectives/pronounsv diminishingroleof(in-)definitenessasafactorgoverningthechoiceofinflections/wordformswithinDP...

v changefromd-vs.wh-pronounsin(headed)relativeclauses


43

Apotentialscenario:•  OHG/MHG:Asaresultofthereanalysisofindirectquestionsand

appositivefreerelativeswasturnedintoapotentialalternativetodas.

•  Intermediatestage(Early/MidENHG):distributiongovernedbysemanticfactors(definiteness)

•  Mid/LateENHG:Reanalysisinwhichthedistributionofdas/waswasattributedtomorphosyntacticfactors(lexicalgenderonn/N).


44

FactorsthatblurredtheoriginaldivisionoflaborbetweendasandwasI•  FRs:wh-formsbegantotakeoverfunctionsoriginallylinkedtod-pronouns(notany

longerconfinedtofreechoice/indifferencereadings,potentialusewithadefiniteinterpretation)

•  PotentialambiguityofpostposedindirectquestionsandFRs.•  Headedrelatives:occasionaldissimilationofdas,dasàdas,was(Behaghel1928:

727;Neeleman&vandeKoot2006ondat,watinDutch)•  RelativesmodifyingVP/IP:dasisreplacedbywelches'which'inmid/lateENHG

(Behaghel1928:724f.).


45

FactorsthatblurredtheoriginaldivisionoflaborbetweendasandwasII•  Independentchange:Reanalysisofthefactorsthatgovernthedistributionofweak

andstrongadjectivalinflections(Paul1920,Behaghel1928,Ebertetal.1993,Demske2001):

(38)semantic(definite:weak,else:strong)àmorphosyntactic(inflectedD:weak,else:strong)(39) diegegenwuͤrtichaitallerpozz-ergeist [D[–def]:strong]

thepresence all.GEN.PLevil-GEN.PL.STghosts(MiddleBavarian,1384:WilhelmDurandus:RationaleWien,32,30)

(40) diefuͤnffteEssentsallerMechanisch-enKuͤnsten [D[+Agr]:weak]

thefifthessenceall.GEN.PLmechanical-GEN.PL.WKarts(Swabian,1660,ChristophSchorer,ChronikMemmingen,Ulm,20,28)

•  Thischangeislinkedtotheriseofanarticulatedsystemofdeterminers(reanalysisofadjectivesandpronouns)thatmark(in-)definiteness,cf.Demske(2001).

•  Crucially,itreducedtheevidencefor[±def]asafeaturegoverningthechoiceofinflections/wordformsintheDP.


46

Anotherwaytomakesenseofthedas/wasalternation–gendertotherescue...•  Proposal:Whenlearnerscouldnotanylongerclearlyrecognizetheoriginal

semanticmotiviationbehindthedas/wasalternation,theyattributedittoamorphosyntacticproperty,namelytheabsence/presenceoflexicalgender(onDrel).

(41) ... CPrelbeforethereanalysis: DP C' afterthereanalysis:dasbydefault insertionofdas,which(elsewherecase;DrelnP requiresgenderonDrelwas:D[rel,–def]) (elsewhere:was) n[+gender]√

AGREE


47

Consequencesofthereanalysis:•  Lossofd-FRs(stillmarginallypossibleinpresent-dayGerman,but

presumablywithadifferentstructure,cf.Fuß&Grewendorf2014)•  Resultofmarkednessreversal:Extensionofwastoothercontexts

wherenolexicalgenderfeatureisavailable:-  nominalizedadjectives,alaterENHGdevelopment(Ebertetal.1993)andstill

notcategoricalinpresent-dayGerman(withtheexceptionofsuperlatives;cf.Fuß2017fordetails);

-  relativeclausesthatmodifyIP/VP(withwasreplacingd-formsandwhich).AccordingtoBehaghel(1928:724f.),thischangebeginstoshowupinthewrittenrecordsinthe2ndhalfofthe18thcentury(priortotheENHGperiod,onlyd-formswerepossibleinthiscontext,cf.Paul252007:411;seealsoSenyuk2014forarecentstudy).


48

Factorsthatblocktheuseofwer'who'inheadedrelatives•  ThepresenceofsemanticgenderDrelleadstoafeaturemismatchbetween

antecedentandrelativepronouninheadedrelatives:(42) *Antecedent[+lexical/grammaticalgender][CPrelpersonalwh-pronoun[+semanticgender]...]•  Inotherwords,thetransitionfrompersonal(interrogative)wh-pronounsto

relativepronounsisinhibitedbythefactthatinGerman,relativepronounssignalgrammaticalgenderwhileinterrogativessignalsemanticgender(i.e.,thedistinction[±human/animate])

5.ConcludingSummary

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Distributionofdas/wasinpresent-dayGerman:•  Thealternationbetweentherelativizersdasandwasreflectscategorial

propertiesoftheantecedentoftherelativeclause(Brandt&Fuß2014,2017):v  dasisinsertedinthepresenceofalexicalheadnoun(characterizedbyspecifiedgender

featuresonn)v  wasistheunderspecifiedelsewherecase

Developmentof(headed)wh-relativesinthehistoryofGerman:•  Headedrelatives:onlysporadicinstancesofwh-formsinOHGandMHG(<

reanalysisofindirectquestionsandappositiveFRs)•  Inthe16thcentury,dasisrapidlyreplacedbywas,eventuallyleadingtothe

distributionstillfoundinpresent-day(standard)German.

5.ConcludingSummary

50

•  Proposal:Thetransitionfromdastowasinvolvedareanalysisinwhichanoriginallysemanticallymotivateddistribution(Drel[±def])wasattributedtomorphosyntacticproperties(genderonDrel).

•  Personalwh-pronounscouldnotturnintorelativepronouns(inheadedRCs),sincetheycarrya(+interpretable)genderfeature,whichgivesrisetoafeaturemismatchinthecontextswhereheadedwh-relativesarelicensedinGerman.

TheEnd.

Appendix:Personalwh-relativesinEnglishandDutch

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English•  Earlyinstancesofwh-relativesareconfinedtoadverbialsandobliqueargumentpositions(cf.

Hogg&Denison2006);incontrasttoGerman,what-relativesarerareinOEandME,andareconfinedtofreerelativesinthepresent-daylanguage(butseeJohnsen1913onheadedwhat-relativesinOE).

•  Theroleofgender:Duetothegenerallossofgrammaticalgender,theextensionofpersonalwh-formstoheadedrelativescouldnotanylongerbehinderedbythepresenceofinterpretablegenderfeaturesonwh-forms.


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Dutch•  DutchisinbetweenEnglishandGerman:•  reducedinventoryofforms(basicallydie/dat,wie/wat+pronominalPPsofthetypewaar+P)•  die/datsignalthedistinctionbetweencommonandneutergender;wie/watsignalthe

distinction[±human].•  wh-formshaveawiderdistribution(cf.vanderWal2002,Boef2012,Breokhuis&Keizer

2012).•  Headedrelativesthatmodifya[+human]antecedentmaybeintroducedbypersonalwh-

pronouns(wh-PPsorindirectobjectsoftherelativeclause).(i) destudent[aanwieikgistereneenboekhebgegeven]

thestudenttowhomIyesterdaya bookhavegiven'thestudenttowhomIhavegivenabookyesterday'

(ii) destudent[wie/dieikgistereneenboekhebgegeven]thestudentwho/whoIyesterdaya bookhavegiven‘thestudentwhomIhavegivenabookyesterday’(Broekhuis&Keizer2012:405f.)


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Dutch•  Incolloquialvarieties,personalwh-formshavebeengainingawiderdistribution(cf.vander

Wal2002,Boef2012).•  Theroleofgender:Thechangeaffectingrelativepronounsispossiblylinkedtoamore

generalchangeaffectingthegendersystemofDutch,inwhichsemanticfactorsarebecomingmoreimportantingenderagreement(cf.e.g.Audring2009,Klom&deVogelaer2017).

"WhereasinStandardDutchtherelativepronounisrequiredtospelloutsyntacticgender,incolloquialDutchthisgrammaticaldistinctionislessimportantandtherelativepronounmayspelloutsemanticanimacyinstead.Forexample,inthecaseofacommongenderhumanRCheadlikeman‘man’,StandardDutchrequiresthed-pronoundie(thatspellsoutthe[common]feature),whereascolloquialDutchallowsthew-pronounwie(thatspellsoutthe[human]feature)aswell."(Boef2012:181)

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