Week 16

Publius Virgilius Maro was born in northern Italy, and very little is known about his life.

The earliest work that is certainly his is the Bucolics, a collection of poems in the pastoral genre that have had enormous influence.

These were followed by the Georgics, a didactic poem on farming, in four books, which many critics consider his finest work. TheThe Aeneid Aeneid, the Roman , the Roman epic, was left unfinished at his deathepic, was left unfinished at his death.

AeneasAeneas Like all the Latin poets, Virgil built on the built on the

solid foundations of his Greek predecessorssolid foundations of his Greek predecessors. The story of Aeneas, the Trojan prince who

came to Italy and whose descendants founded Rome, combines the themes of the Odyssey (the wanderer in search of home) and the Iliad (the hero in battle).

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Aneas and Achilles

Virgil borrows Homeric turns of phrase, similes, sentiments, and whole incidents; his Aeneas, like Achilles, sacrifices prisoners to the shade of a friend and, like Odysseus, descends alive to the world of the dead.

Aeneas, Achilles, and OdysseusAeneas, Achilles, and Odysseus But unlike Achilles, Aeneas does not satisfy

the great passion of his life, nor, like Odysseus, does he find a home and peace.

The personal objectives of both of Homer’s heroes are sacrificed by Aeneas for a greater objective. His mission, imposed on him by His mission, imposed on him by the gods, is to found a citythe gods, is to found a city, from which, in the fullness of time, will spring the Roman the Roman state.state.

the prototype of the ideal Roman rulerthe prototype of the ideal Roman ruler Homer presents us in the Iliad with the tragic

pattern of the individual will, Achilles’ wrath. But AeneasAeneas is more than an individual. He is

the prototype of the ideal Roman rulerthe prototype of the ideal Roman ruler; his qualities are the devotion to duty and the seriousness of purpose that were to give the Mediterranean world two centuries of ordered government after Augustus.

Future and continuous generationsFuture and continuous generations Aeneas’s mission begins in disorder in the

burning city of Troy, but he leaves it, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand.

This famous picture emphasizes the fact that, unlike Achilles, he is securely set in a continuity of generations, the immortality of the family group, just as his mission to found a city, a home for the gods of Troy whose statues he carries with him, places him in a political and religious continuity. Achilles has no future.

A solitary founderA solitary founder When he mentions his father and son, neither

of whom he will see again, he emphasizes for us the loneliness of his short career.

Odysseus has a father, wife, and son, and his heroic efforts are directed toward reestablishing himself in his proper context, that home in which he will be no longer a man in a world of magic and terror but a man in an organized and continuous community.

An independence of powerAn independence of power Summarized like this, the Aeneid sounds like

propaganda, which, in one sense of the word, it is.

What saves it from the besetting fault of even the best propaganda—the partial concealment of the truth—is the fact that Virgil maintains an independence of the an independence of the power that he is celebrating and sees his power that he is celebrating and sees his hero in the roundhero in the round.

State v.s. IndividualityState v.s. Individuality He knows that the Roman ideal of devotion to

duty has another side, the suppression of the suppression of many aspects of the personalitymany aspects of the personality, and that the man who wins and uses power must sacrifice much of himself, must live a life that, compared with that of Achilles or Odysseus, is constricted.

DidoDido In Virgil’s poem Aeneas betrays the great

passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage.

He does it reluctantly, but nevertheless he leaves her, and the full realization of what he has lost comes to him only when he meets her ghost in the world below.

Aeneas recounting the Trojan War to Dido/Pierre-Narcisse Guerin, 1815

Musee du Louvre, Paris

Success or flaw?Success or flaw? The angry reactions that this part of the

poem has produced in many critics are the true measure of Virgil’s success.

Aeneas does act in such a way that he forfeits much of our sympathy, but this is surely exactly what Virgil intended.

The Dido episode is not, as many critics have supposed, a flaw in the great design, a case of Virgil’s sympathy outrunning his admiration for Aeneas;

the Roman ideal of duty it is Virgil’s emphatic statement of the

sacrifice that the Roman ideal of duty demands.

Aeneas’s sacrifice is so great that few of us could make it ourselves, and none of us can contemplate it in another without a feeling of loss.

Great EpicGreat Epic It is and expression of the famous Virgilian

sadness that informs every line of the Aeneid and that makes a poem that was in its historical context a command performance into the great epic that has dominated Western literature ever since.

維吉爾要為羅馬建立光榮的歷史 維吉爾要為羅馬建立光榮的歷史，把羅馬的帝王編成英雄後

裔，約在公元前 25年，開始他的傑作。他把不同來源的傳說，集合在一起，為凱撒奧古斯都 (Augustus Caesar)找一個祖先。奧古斯都欣然同意。詩人就努力以赴。

　 凱撒奧古斯都，是文武兼資的君王；那時的領袖們不少是文盲，他自己卻能寫作。因愛文學，迫不及待，寫信給詩人，要先看部分的未完成稿。維吉爾推辭，權傾天下的君王，也不能迫雞生蛋，只好等待。

　 維吉爾的伊尼德，於公元前 19年完成；不過，詩人還不滿意，計畫去特洛伊和希臘實地考察，作最後修改，以求完美。不幸，他隨侍凱撒征伐海外，染病逝世。我們今天所有的，只是初稿，否則會更美。　　

特洛伊人的後裔

受到荷馬和維吉爾的啟發，第九世紀以後，英國人和法國人，也想要沾光，聲稱是特洛伊人的後裔。英國人造出的野史，說他們的先祖布盧士 (Brutus) ，是來自特洛伊的後代；稱倫敦為“新特洛伊” (Troia Nova, New Troy) 。

法國也不甘落後，說他們與特洛伊遺民有關，不讓意大利人專美於前。不過，他們都沒有維吉爾一樣的詩人，所以不足以名世。但法國作曲家柏遼茲 (Louis Hector Berlioz) 名中的 Louis ，是他父親的名字；Hector 則是特洛伊的英雄；柏遼茲的歌劇特洛伊 (Les Troyens) ，取材埃涅阿斯和娣朵的愛情悲劇，更膾炙人口，有助於法國人的歸宗熱。

Mercury Appearing to Aeneas

43 B.C. - A.D. 17

Julius Caesar’s assassination (44 BCE) Born in the year after Julius Caesar’s

assassination, Ovid did not know the time of civil war, when no one’s property, or life, was safe.

He was twenty-four when Virgil died, and he turned to different themes: the sophisticated and the sophisticated and somewhat racy life of the urban elite in Rome, somewhat racy life of the urban elite in Rome, love in its manifold social and psychological love in its manifold social and psychological guises, Greco-Roman myth and local Italian guises, Greco-Roman myth and local Italian legendlegend.

The Death of Julius Caesar

a versifier of genius Like Catullus and Virgil, he was profoundly

influenced by the learned and polished works of the Greek Alexandrian period, but like his predecessors he translated their example into his personal idiom and used it for his own purposes.

He was a versifier of genius.

Elegance, wit, and precisionElegance, wit, and precision Elegance, wit, and precisionElegance, wit, and precision remained the

hallmarks of Ovid’s poetry throughout his long and productive career, and his way of telling stories was extraordinary for its subtlety and its depth of psychological understanding.

InfluenceInfluence His influence on the poets and artists

of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and beyond was massive, second only, if at all, to Virgil’s.

The early years of Ovid’s manhood were marked by rapid literary and social success in the brilliant society of a capital intent on enjoying the peace and prosperity inaugurated by Augustus.

Amores The Amores, or “Love Affairs,” unabashed

chronicles of a Roman Don Juana Roman Don Juan, was his first publication. It was soon followed by the Art of Love, a handbook of seduction (originally circulated as books 1 and 2, for men; book 3, for women, was added by popular request).

Remedies of Love Not content with teaching his readers how to

start a love affair, Ovid then advised them how to end it, in the Remedies of Love.

At some point he wrote a poem on women’s cosmetics; another, the Fasti (never finished), on the Roman calendar; and a collection of poetic letters, the Heroides, purporting to have been written by heroines of legend, such as Helen, to their lovers.

Sorrows and the Letters from Pontus In A.D. 8 Ovid was banished by imperial

decree to the town of Tomi, in what is now Romania.

It was on the fringe of the empire, and to a devotee of Roman high life it was a grim place indeed.

He remained there until his death, sending back to Rome poetic epistles, collected as the Sorrows and the Letters from Pontus, that asked for pardon—to no effect.

his banishment The reason for his banishment is not known.

Involvement in some scandal concerning Augustus’s daughter Julia is a possibility, but the ultimate cause was probably the love poetry, which ran afoul of Augustus’s political and social program.

Metamorphoses Augustus was trying hard, by propaganda and

legislation, to revive old Roman standards of morality and cannot have found Ovid’s Art of Love, with its suggestion that Rome was a prime location for seduction, amusing. He correctly read the poem as political critique, a mode of resistance to the authoritarian imposition of moral reform.

Ovid’s greatest work, the Metamorphoses, suggests a similar critique. It was still unfinished at the time of his exile.

Augustus Tiberius aureus

奧維德變形記

作者：奧維德 原文作者： Publius Ovidius Naso 譯者：呂健忠 出版社：書林出版有限公司 出版日期： 2008 年 09 月 01日 語言：繁體中文 ISBN ： 9789574452477 裝訂：平裝

Virgil: Official epic of the new orderVirgil: Official epic of the new order Virgil had written what Augustus wanted to be

the “official” epic of the new orderthe “official” epic of the new order, which was to be seen as the fulfillment of a history that began with Aeneas’s journey from Troy to Italy.

The Aeneid, for all its innovations, was an epic in the traditional style: it focused on the deeds of a single hero, and it exemplified and transmitted its culture’s dominant values.

Andromeden Perseus liberat: p.57Perseus rescues Andromeda from the sea monster

Metamorphoses anti-Aeneidanti-Aeneid The Metamorphoses is recognizably epic; it is the

only poem Ovid wrote in the epic meter, dactylic [ 揚抑抑格之詩 ] hexameter [ 六步格 ].

But it can be seen as a critical response to Virgil, even an.

Ovid produced a series of storiesa series of stories using the Alexandrian form of the epyllion, or “miniature miniature epicepic,” and he strung these together into a long narrative of fifteen books.

Mockery and ironyMockery and irony The transitions between them, and the

connections drawn by the narrator, are often transparently contrived—perhaps in mockery of in mockery of the idea of narrative unitythe idea of narrative unity.

There is no single hero, and one would have to seek hard for representative national values presented without irony.

Creation and transformationCreation and transformation There is, however, a common element to these

stories: all in one way or another involve changes of shape.

And despite its leisurely and roundabout leisurely and roundabout coursecourse, the narrative has a discernible direction—as Ovid says in his introduction, “from the world’s beginning to our day.”

Starting with the creation of the world, the transformation of matter into living bodies (the first great metamorphosis), Ovid regales his readers with tales of human beings changed into animals, flowers, and trees.

Greek Greek Roman myths Roman myths He proceeds through Greek myth to stories of

early Rome and so to his own time, including, as the final metamorphoses, the ascension of the murdered Julius Caesar to the heavens in the form of a star and the divine promise that Augustus too, far in the future, will become a god.

Actaeon in cervum: p.40Actaeon transformed by Diana into a stag ( 雄鹿 )

Chaos: p.1God resolves chaos and creates the earth

Ovid's Metamorphoses Book I: Apollo and Daphne Apollo pursued Daphne, who wanted nothing to do with the god. She begged her father to help, which he did, by turning her into a laurel tree. Note her fingers.

Ovid's Metamorphoses Book IIStory of Europa and Jupiter

Nöel-Nicolas Coypel (November 17, 1690 - December 14, 1734)

Europa became queen of Crete. The Phoenician King Agenor's daughter

Europa (whose name was given to the continent of Europe) was playing when she saw the enticing milk-white bull that was Jupiter in disguise.

First she played with him, decorating him with garlands. Then she climbed on his back and he set off, carrying her across the sea to Crete where he revealed his true form.

Europa became queen of Crete.

Ovid's Metamorphoses Book IIIStory of Narcissus