University of Alabama at Birmingham · Web viewCovalent bonds in macromolecules provide stability...

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Worksheet 2 BY 330 Spring 2015 1. Why do macromolecules contain both covalent bonds and weak bond interactions? Covalent bonds in macromolecules provide stability to the molecules and keep them together. Weak bond interactions allow these molecules to wiggle and move. Stability and flexibility are both needed. 2. List and describe the four types of weak bond interactions. Ionic – attraction between full/partially charged groups, only weak when in aqueous solution (ex. Na + Cl - ) Hydrogen bonding – a hydrogen is shared between 2 electronegative atoms (F, O, N) Van der waals – weakest of the four that occurs when electrons on one atom line up and are attracted to the positively charged nucleus of another atom, very brief/fleeting Hydrophobic interactions – between 2 molecules/groups that don’t like water mutually exclude water and interact with each other (ex. Two methyl groups) 3. Draw a double-stranded piece of RNA using two base- pairs. Label the 5 ’ and 3 ’ end of the molecule and the phosphodiester bonds. Replace thymine with uracil in drawing! 4. Is there more deoxyribose or ribose sugar in the cell? Why?

Transcript of University of Alabama at Birmingham · Web viewCovalent bonds in macromolecules provide stability...

Page 1: University of Alabama at Birmingham · Web viewCovalent bonds in macromolecules provide stability to the molecules and keep them together. Weak bond interactions allow these molecules

Worksheet 2 BY 330 Spring 2015

1. Why do macromolecules contain both covalent bonds and weak bond interactions?Covalent bonds in macromolecules provide stability to the molecules and keep them together. Weak bond interactions allow these molecules to wiggle and move. Stability and flexibility are both needed.

2. List and describe the four types of weak bond interactions. Ionic – attraction between full/partially charged groups, only weak when in aqueous solution (ex. Na+Cl-)Hydrogen bonding – a hydrogen is shared between 2 electronegative atoms (F, O, N)Van der waals – weakest of the four that occurs when electrons on one atom line up and are attracted to the positively charged nucleus of another atom, very brief/fleetingHydrophobic interactions – between 2 molecules/groups that don’t like water mutually exclude water and interact with each other (ex. Two methyl groups)

3. Draw a double-stranded piece of RNA using two base-pairs. Label the 5 ’ and 3’ end of the molecule and the phosphodiester bonds.

Replace thymine with uracil in drawing!

4. Is there more deoxyribose or ribose sugar in the cell? Why?There is more ribose sugar in the cell because there is more RNA (3-5%) than there is DNA in the cell (less than 1%).

5. DNA exists in the cell in the form of chromatin. Why? Describe the process of chromatin formation. (Be specific and include ALL relevant information, i.e. types of proteins involved, types of chromatin, etc.) DNA is present in the form of chromatin in order to organize and protect itself from nucleases, which would eat the DNA rapidly. Chromatin is formed when DNA is wrapped around positively charged proteins called histones. Two each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 (histones) are combined together to form a nucleosome. DNA will wrap around the

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Worksheet 2 BY 330 Spring 2015

nucleosome about 1.7 times (150 bp) to protect itself. The linker DNA that is exposed and not protected by the nucleosomes will be protected by H1 (a non-nucleosomer histone). 3 types of chromatin –

Chromosome – supercoiled, most condensed form of chromatin, 1400 nm in diameter

Heterochromatin – dense, but less so than the chromosome Euchromatin – nucleosomes are still present but not as tightly

packed, least dense


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