MACROMOLECULESCARBON BASED MOLECULES

Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

INTRODUCTION TO BIOMOLECULES

2.3

Carbon

Atoms have unique bonding properties Forms covalent bonds with up to four other

atoms Carbon-based molecules have three general

types of structures:1. straight chain

2. branched chain

3. ring

Carbon

Carbon

Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together

Monomers are the individual subunits. Polymers are made of many monomers.

* Carbon based molecules are called organic compounds.

Organic Compound = compound containing C, H, O and sometimes N, P, S

Macromolecule = very large molecule made up of multiple organic compounds

4 TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES1. CARBOHYDRATES2. LIPIDS3. PROTEINS4. NUCLEIC ACIDS

CARBOHYDRATES

Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C,H,O)

Include sugars and starches.

CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharides are simple sugars.

Monosaccharides are the building blocks for all larger carbs

Monomers of Carbohydrates

Disaccharides & Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

CARBOHYDRATE Functions

Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.

Polymer (starch)

Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.

Polymer (cellulose)

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure

monomer

CARBOHYDRATES

Summary – 3 Types of Carbohydrates 1. monosaccharides – single sugar

(monomer) Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose

2. Disaccharide: 2 simple sugars Ex. Sucrose (table sugar) maltose

3. polysaccharides: 3 or more sugars (complex carbs) Ex. Cellulose – used in cell walls Starch stores energy in plants Glycogen – stored energy in animals

LIPIDS

Organic compounds made up of C, H, & O, but not in any fixed ratio.

The building blocks of lipids are fatty acids.

Usually 3 fatty acids combine with one glycerol to form a triglyceride.

properties of fats and oils are determined by the fatty acids that make them up

LIPIDS

Lipids are unique because they are the only macromolecule that are not polymers!

Triglycerides make a group, not a chain 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

LIPIDS

Lipids

Saturated fat = Carbon atoms are joined by single bonds (usually solid fats)

Unsaturated fat = Carbon chain contains double or triple bonds (usually oils)

Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

Lipid Function

Often called fats or oils, but are large macromolecules with 3 primary functions:1. broken down as a source of energy 2. make up cell membranes (phospholipids)3. used to make hormones

LIPIDS

Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.– Polar phosphate “head”– Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”

Phospholipid

PROTEINS

Organic compounds that contain C, H, O & N. Every cell contains protein Made up of amino acids (monomer) Functions of protein:

Used in structural components. Messengers and receptors on the cell membrane Defend against disease Act as facilitators for chemical reactions

(ENZYMES)

PROTEINS

Amino acids the building blocks of proteins!!

They consist of a central carbon atom with a H, a –COOH, a NH2 and a “R” group attached.

The “R” group is different for each of the 20 different amino acids.

Carboxyl groupAmino group

PROTEINS

Peptide Bond = holds together amino acids into a large macromolecule called a polypeptide chain.

Longer polypeptides are called proteins and can be made up of 50 – 300 amino acids.

Proteins

The order of amino acids give a protein its shape and the shape determines the protein’s function. Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s

structure and function. Or cause protein NOT to function

Enzymes = Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions

Without enzymes chemical reactions would occur too slowly for life to exist.

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Organic molecule made up of C,H,O,N,& P Passed from parent to offspring, one copy from

each parent for a total of 2 complete sets. Nucleic acids determine amino acid sequence in

proteins which in turn control all life processes DNA forms the genes or units of genetic material

that determine your characteristics

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids (monomers)

Each nucleotide is made up of 3 parts: A 5 Carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) A phosphate group A nitrogen base ( a ring containing C, H, & N)

A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base

deoxyribose (sugar)

NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA Bases: Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA

DNA –

Deoxyribose NUCLEIC ACID

RNA – Ribose NUCLEIC acid

Circle a nucelotide