AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to...

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AP Biology Macromolecules

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Transcript of AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to...

Page 1: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Macromolecules

Page 2: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join

together to form larger moleculesMacromolecules

4 major classes of macromoleculesCarbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Page 3: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Polymers

Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units

Polymers

Monomers = repeated small units

Covalent bonds

Page 4: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

Fig. 5-2a

Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Longer polymer

Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer

HO

HO

HO

H2O

H

HH

4321

1 2 3

(a)

Page 5: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

How to build a polymer Condensation reaction

Dehydration synthesis

Joins monomers by “taking” water out1 monomer provides OH

Other monomer provides H

Together they form water

Requires energy and enzymes

Page 6: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

Fig. 5-2b

Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond

Hydrolysis of a polymer

HO

HO HO

H2O

H

H

H321

1 2 3 4

(b)

Page 7: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

How to break down a polymer Hydrolysis

Use water to break apart monomersReverse of condensation reaction

Water is split into H and OH

H and OH group attach where the covalent bond used to be

Example:

digestion is hydrolysis

Page 8: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Carbohydrates

Page 9: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Carbohydrates Composed of C,H,O

Carbo –hydr --ateCH2O(CH2)x C6H12O6

FunctionEnergy Raw materialsEnergy storageStructural materials

Monomer: sugars Example: sugars and starches

Page 10: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Sugars

Most names for sugars end in –ose Classified by number of carbons

6C = hexose (glucose)

5C = pentose (fructose, ribose)

3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

Page 11: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

Dihydroxyacetone

Ribulose

Ket

ose

sA

ldo

ses

Fructose

Glyceraldehyde

Ribose

Glucose Galactose

Hexoses (C6H12O6)Pentoses (C5H10O5)Trioses (C3H6O3)

Functional Groups?

Page 12: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Sugar structure

5C and 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions

In cells!

Page 13: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Numbered carbons

Page 14: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Simple and complex sugars

MonosaccharidesSimple 1 monomer sugarsGlucose

Disaccharides2 monomersSucrose

PolysaccharidesLarge polymersstarch

Page 15: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Building sugars

Dehydration synthesis

Page 16: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Building sugars

Dehydration synthesis

Page 17: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Polysaccharides

Polymers of sugarsCosts little energy to build

Easily reversible = release energy

FunctionEnergy storage

Starch (plants)

Glycogen (animals)

Building materials – structureCellulose (plants)

Chitin (arthropods and fungi)

Page 18: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

Fig. 5-6

(b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide

Starch

GlycogenAmylose

Chloroplast

(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide

Amylopectin

Mitochondria Glycogen granules

0.5 µm

1 µm

Page 19: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Polysaccharide diversity

Molecular structure determines function

Isomers of glucose

How does structure influence function….

Glucose Glucose

Page 20: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

AP Biology

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers

(c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers

Page 21: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

Fig. 5-9

Page 22: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

Glucosemonomer

Cellulosemolecules

Microfibril

Cellulosemicrofibrilsin a plantcell wall

0.5 µm

10 µm

Cell walls

Cellulose is most abundant organic compound on earth

Page 23: AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules 4 major classes.

Fig. 5-10

The structureof the chitinmonomer.

(a) (b) (c)Chitin forms theexoskeleton ofarthropods.

Chitin is used to makea strong and flexiblesurgical thread.


Nucleic Acids Ch 12. Macromolecules n Macromolecules –“giant molecules” –Formed when monomers join together to form polymers Monomer = molecules, sm.

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Properties of Macromolecules. Smaller Molecules Large Molecule POLYMERMONOMERS linkage.

Properties of Macromolecules. Smaller Molecules Large Molecule POLYMERMONOMERS linkage.

Macromolecules The Molecules of Life!. Most macromolecules are polymers Monomer Polymer Macromolecule.

Macromolecules The Molecules of Life!. Most macromolecules are polymers Monomer Polymer Macromolecule.

Macromolecules Chapter 5. Macromolecules Large complex molecules Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids.

Macromolecules Chapter 5. Macromolecules Large complex molecules Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids.

Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules – macromolecules 4 major classes.

Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules – macromolecules 4 major classes.

Organic Molecules “macromolecules, organic compounds”

Organic Molecules “macromolecules, organic compounds”

Carbon Based Macromolecules Organic Chemistry. The Molecules of Life Macromolecules- macro=large The molecules of life are “organic compounds”. All have.

Carbon Based Macromolecules Organic Chemistry. The Molecules of Life Macromolecules- macro=large The molecules of life are “organic compounds”. All have.

Macromolecules Part IV: Nucleic Acids Informational molecules.

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Organic Macromolecules. Organic Life Molecules Carbon based Macromolecules - polymers Found in all living things Many different functions.

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Section 5: Molecules of Life - Macromolecules - Biology …viubiology067.weebly.com/uploads/8/0/1/8/80188892/fall... ·  · 2016-08-29Section 5: Molecules of Life - Macromolecules

Section 5: Molecules of Life - Macromolecules - Biology …viubiology067.weebly.com/uploads/8/0/1/8/80188892/fall... ·  · 2016-08-29Section 5: Molecules of Life - Macromolecules

Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic.

Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic.

Ap bio ch 3 Functional Groups & Macromolecules

Ap bio ch 3 Functional Groups & Macromolecules

Separation of Molecules, Macromolecules and Particlesassets.cambridge.org/97805218/95736/frontmatter/9780521895736... · Separation of Molecules, Macromolecules and Particles ...

Separation of Molecules, Macromolecules and Particlesassets.cambridge.org/97805218/95736/frontmatter/9780521895736... · Separation of Molecules, Macromolecules and Particles ...

THE MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE Macromolecules are polymers (many units) ; molecules built from one or a few kinds smaller molecules called monomers. POLYMERS.

THE MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE Macromolecules are polymers (many units) ; molecules built from one or a few kinds smaller molecules called monomers. POLYMERS.

{ Macromolecules The 4 largest molecules of life.

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1 Macromolecules. 2 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

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Carbohydrates and Lipidsbagbyapbio.weebly.com/.../carbohydrates_and_lipids.pdf · Carbohydrates and Lipids . 1 Chapter 5: Macromolecules Macromolecules • Smaller organic molecules

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Nutrients and Homeostasis. Macromolecules vs. Macronutrients Macromolecules are large, complex molecules that make up polymers 4 MACROMOLECULES: Carbohydrates.

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Chapter 5: Macromolecules Macromolecules Large organic molecules built by smaller molecules. 4 major classes of macromolecules: – carbohydrates – lipids.

Chapter 5: Macromolecules Macromolecules Large organic molecules built by smaller molecules. 4 major classes of macromolecules: – carbohydrates – lipids.

Chapter 5 Biological Macromolecules and Lipids...biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Macromolecules are large molecules and are complex Large biological

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