The Reformation Part I: Protestant Part I: ProtestantReformation.
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Transcript of The Reformation Part I: Protestant Part I: ProtestantReformation.
The Reformation
Part I: Protestant Reformation
16thC religious revolt against the authority and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church
--Creation of non-Catholic Christian churches
--New ways of thinking about religion
Reformation Defined
Causes of the ReformationPolitical - Resentment of Church courts and Church claims
of supremacy over civil authority - Nationalist loyalties against “foreign” popes or
against Italian dominated papacy
Economic - Envy of Church wealth and desire to confiscate
Church properties - Resentment of Tithe –especially when it flowed
from other countries to Rome
Intellectual - Influence of Renaissance humanism - New questioning attitude that led to doubts
about Church authority
- Loss of prestige due to Babylonian Captivity and Great
Schism - Church abuses
**Ideas spread rapidly with help of printing press
Church Abuses
Worldliness – the luxurious and materialistic life of certain popes and clergy
Nepotism - appointing relatives to Church offices regardless of ability
Simony – selling appointments to Church offices
Sale of indulgences
Early Reformers
Wycliffe—England
1328-1384Condemned
wealth & worldliness of Church
Translated Bible into English
Jan Hus—Bohemia
- burned at the stake
Unsuccessful but helped pave the way for later success
Martin Luther
Begins the Reformation
Oct 31, 1517 Wittenberg,
Germany Posted 95 Theses Objection to sale of
indulgences
Martin Luther
Ordered to recant by the Pope Refusal to submit
Excommunication
Diet of Worms Charles V Edict of Worms
Martin Luther Protected by
Frederick of Saxony
Published writings while in hidingTranslated Bible
into GermanLutheran Church
established
Luther’s Teachings
FAITH ALONE – good works not necessary for salvation
Religious authority resided only in the Scriptures; pope did not speak for God
Only 2 sacraments – Baptism and Eucharist
Priesthood of all believers – priests have no special position
Political Consequences
Protestant Princes - gained political power and wealth by supporting
Lutheranism
Peasant Wars - new sense of freedom, challenged political authority over
them
Wars 1530s- 40s – Protestants vs Catholics - Charles V
- PEACE OF AUGSBURG 1555– Princes allowed to choose the religion for own state (Catholicism or Lutheranism)
Zwingli (Zurich)
Swiss Priest Joined Reformation in
1519 Simplified mass &
convinced political leaders of city to remove it from papal control
Formed first protestant state outside Germany
Died in battle at age 47
Calvin (Geneva)
French priest/lawyer INSTITUTES OF THE
CHRISTIAN RELIGION (most definitive description of protestant beliefs)
Geneva looking for a Protestant leader
Calvin established a THEOCRACY
Teachings led to movements in other countries
Predestination
Main premise to Calvinism Idea that, even before birth, a soul’s
salvation or damnation has been determined
Nothing can change this predetermined outcome
Those predestined to be saved were called the ELECT
Protestant Work Ethic
Those predestined for heaven were still expected to lead a moral life on earth – to work hard and to be thrifty.
These virtues fostered the growth of CAPITALISM, which flourished in countries with strong Calvinist groups.
STRICT DISCIPLINE
Attempt to regulate people’s conduct in order to create a godly city on earth
Banned card playing, gambling, dancing, etc.
Public punishment
Consequences Promoted Protestant Work Ethic
Promoted Capitalism
Promoted Democracy – through encouragement of participation in church government
Through Puritans (and others) established basis of American culture
Spread of Calvinism
Scotland --John Knox, Presbyterians
France – Huguenots
Netherlands –Dutch Reform
England --Puritans
England: A Different Road
Henry VIII“Defender of the Faith”
Broke with Church b/c1. Pope refused to grant Henry a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.
2. Henry wanted control of Church wealth in England.
Act of Supremacy (1534) – Created the Church of England with the monarch as its head
Growth of Church of England
Henry VIII
no significant changes in doctrine or practice
executed objectors for treason
Edward VI moderate Protestant reforms
Book of Common Prayer persecution of Catholics who objected to changes
BLOODY MARY Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of
Aragon
Devout Catholic
Married to King of Spain Philip II
Goal: Restore Catholicism to England
Method: Persecution & execution of Protestants
Elizabeth I Restored Church of England with monarch as head Religious moderate (compromise) Most concerned with political unity of England Allowed Catholics to practice religion but restricted political rights
1588 - Defeated Spanish Armada sent by Philip II to conquer England and to restore Catholicism
Radical Reformers: Anabaptists
Name given to protestant sects that rejected infant baptism
Sought radical social changes abolition of private propertyreligious tolerationseparation of church & state
Considered threat to traditional order Persecuted by Protestants & Catholics
Today, Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and Amish trace roots to Anabaptists
Europe after the Reformation
Part II - Catholic Reformation
Also called Counter-Reformation
Church’s efforts to stop the spread of Protestantism
Effective Leadership:
Pope Paul III
Began reform movement within the Church
Followed by series of capable, energetic popes
Council of Trent
1545 – 1563 Reaffirmed basic Catholic Doctrine Prohibited abuses Required clergy to renounce worldly pleasures Established schools for clergy
Efforts to Prevent Spread of Protestantism
The “Index”
List of books Catholics were forbidden to read
Included works by Luther, Calvin, and even Erasmus
THE INQUISITION
Church courts established to fight heresy and stop the
spread of Protestantism
Especially effective in Italy and Spain
Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
Founded by Ignatius Loyolla
Helped preserve Catholicism in Poland, southern Germany, andBelgium
Won new converts in India, China, Japan, and North America
Religious Wars 1. Civil Wars in Germany Catholic vs. Lutheran rulers
Peace of Augsburg 1555
2. Dutch War Against Spain Protestant Dutch revolt against their
Catholic ruler, Philip II of Spain after he tries to ruthlessly suppress Protestantism in Holland.
Declare independence in 1581 (recognized by Spain in 1648)
3. Spanish Naval War Against England
- English privateers attack Spanish ships and New World colonies - England supports Dutch in Holland
- Desire to depose Elizabeth I and restore Catholicism to England
Spanish Armada sent to invade England in 1588. Fails.
4. Civil Wars in France Protestant and Catholic claims to
French throne result in civil war. (most famous incident = St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre)
1589, Henry of Navarre, a Protestant, becomes King Henry IV.
--adopts Catholicism (“Paris is worth a mass.”)
-- issues the EDICT of NANTES (1598) granting religious freedom to the Huguenots
5. Thirty Year’s War 1618 -1648 Starts with Defenestration of Prague
Short Term Effects of the Reformation
Growth of Protestant Religions
Increased Persecution of “Heretics”
End of European Religious Unity
Religious Wars (16th & 17th Centuries)
Strengthening of Civil Authority
Long Term Effects of the Reformation
Encouragement of Education
Step toward religious tolerance
Increase in democracy