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ContentsChapter IntroductionSection 1The Oregon CountrySection 2Independence for TexasSection 3War With MexicoSection 4New Settlers in California and UtahChapter SummaryChapter AssessmentClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Introduction 1Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Introduction 2Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Explain why large numbers of settlers headed for the Oregon country. Understand how the idea of Manifest Destiny contributed to the nations growth.Section 1: The Oregon Country

Introduction 3Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Understand why problems arose between the Mexican government and the American settlers in Texas. Describe how Texas achieved independence from Mexico and later became a state.Section 2: Independence for Texas

Introduction 4Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Explain why Americans began to settle in the Southwest. Describe how the United States acquired New Mexico and California.Section 3: War With Mexico

Introduction 5Section 4: New Settlers in California and UtahChapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Understand how the hopes of getting rich quick drew thousands of people to California. Describe how the search for religious freedom led to the settlement of Utah.

Introduction 6Why It MattersThe United States was made up of people who had emigrated from many places in the world. Many Americans remained on the move as the United States extended its political borders and grew economically.

Introduction 7The Impact TodayThe United States grew in size and wealth, setting the stage for the nations rise to great economic and political power.

Introduction 8

Introduction 9

End of Introduction

Section 1-1Guide to ReadingClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Manifest Destiny is the idea that the United States was meant to extend its borders from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. joint occupation Main IdeaKey Termsmountain man rendezvous emigrant Manifest Destiny

Section 1-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Sequencing Information As you read Section 1 of your textbook, re-create the diagram on page 356 of your textbook and in the boxes list key events that occurred. why large numbers of settlers headed for the Oregon Country. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow the idea of Manifest Destiny contributed to the nations growth.

Section 1-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Economic Factors Many fur traders and pioneers moved to Oregon for economic opportunities.Section Theme

Section 1-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.Doll owned by a young pioneer

Section 1-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Rivalry in the NorthwestIn the early 1800s, four nations claimed the Oregon Countrythe huge area that lay between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains north of California. (pages 356358)Those nations were the United States, Britain, Spain, and Russia.

Section 1-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.) The United States wanted to annex the Oregon Country in order to gain access to the Pacific, but this required getting the other three nations to give up their claims. Spains claim was extinguished in 1819 with the signing of the Adams-Ons Treaty, in which Spain agreed to limit its Pacific coast claims to the area south of Californias northern border. In 1824 Russia surrendered its claim to any land south of Alaska.(pages 356358)

Section 1-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.) Britain refused to give up its claim to Oregon when President John Quincy Adams proposed dividing Oregon at the 49th parallel in 1825. As a result, the United States and Britain agreed to extend an 1818 agreement for joint occupation of the area.(pages 356358)

Section 1-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.) The first Americans to reach the Oregon country were trappers and traders looking for beaver furs. Because they spent much of their time hunting and trapping in the Rocky Mountains, they were often called mountain men. The mountain men lived a rough life, but their wanderings through the wilderness made them very familiar with the mountains, rivers, and trails of the West.(pages 356358)

Section 1-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.) Some mountain men opened up new trails through the wilderness. After most of the beavers were gone due to extensive hunting, mountain men found new work leading groups of settlers to the West.(pages 356358)

Section 1-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why was Britains refusal to give up its claim to Oregon an obstacle for the United States? Why did Britain want to compete with the United States for Oregon?As long as Britain maintained its claim to Oregon, the United States could not annex the territory. (pages 356358)Rivalry in the Northwest (cont.)

Section 1-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Settling OregonAmerican settlers began traveling to the Oregon Country in the 1830s, lured by reports of abundant, fertile land. (page 358)The first large-scale trip west took place in 1843 when more than 1,000 pioneers left Independence, Missouri, for Oregon. In the years that followed, tens of thousands of Americans made the trip.

Section 1-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Among the earliest American settlers in Oregon were Dr. Marcus Whitman and his wife Narcissa. They built a Christian mission among the Cayuse people. Some settlers at the mission unknowingly infected the Cayuse with measles, which killed many of their children. Angered, the Cayuse attacked the mission in November 1847, killing the Whitmans and several others. But this tragedy did not stop the flow of settlers to Oregon.Settling Oregon (cont.) (page 358)

Section 1-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Pioneers headed for Oregon began their trip in Missouri and traveled for 2,000 miles along the Oregon Trail. The trail crossed the Great Plains, wound its way through the Rocky Mountains following the South Pass, then followed the Snake and Columbia Rivers into the Oregon Country. Most Oregon-bound settlers traveled in canvas-covered wagons called prairie schooners.Settling Oregon (cont.) (page 358)

Section 1-14You are living during the early 1840s. You hear that there is cheap, fertile land for the taking in Oregon. Your family might prosper in Oregon. But you will have to travel more than 2,000 miles through the wilderness to get thereand you are not sure what you will find if you make it. Would you leave your home and family behind and take a chance? Explain your answer.(page 358)Settling Oregon (cont.)

Section 1-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Division of OregonMost Oregon settlers headed for the fertile Willamette Valley, south of the Columbia River. (pages 359360)Between 1840 and 1845, the population of American settlers in the area rose from 500 to 5,000. The British population remained at about 700.

Section 1-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.While settlers were streaming into Oregon in the 1840s, the idea of Manifest Destiny was taking hold in the United States. It held that the United States was blessed by God and destined to overspread the North American continent and expand its boundaries to the Pacific. The idea of Manifest Destiny made Americans, including those who emigrated to Oregon, more determined than ever to annex the Oregon Country and remove Britains claim.The Division of Oregon (cont.) (pages 359360)

Section 1-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Oregon became an issue in the presidential election of 1844. James K. Polk, the Democratic candidate, ran using the slogan Fifty-four Forty or Fight. The slogan referred to the line of latitude at 5440N, which Democrats thought should be the nations northern border in Oregon. Polks opponent, Henry Clay (a Whig), did not take as strong a stand as Polk on annexing Oregon, and lost the election. The Division of Oregon (cont.) (pages 359360)

Section 1-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Determined to make Oregon part of the United States, but unable to get Britain to agree to a boundary at 5440Nwhich would have turned over almost the whole territory to the United StatesPolk decided to compromise. Polk concluded an agreement with Britain in June 1846 that split Oregon at 49N, with the area south of that line becoming a territory of the United States.The Division of Oregon (cont.) (pages 359360)

Section 1-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Do you think the idea of Manifest Destiny would have affected the way the United States dealt with other nations or people other than Americans in the mid-1800s? What effect do you think it would have had?Possible answer: The idea of a God-given right to expand the borders of the United States could have made the American government arrogant in dealing with other nations and unwilling to allow any nation or any people, such as Native Americans, to stand in the way of expansion.(pages 359360)The Division of Oregon (cont.)

Section 1-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.a meeting __ 2.the possession and settling of an area shared by two or more countries __ 3.the idea popular in the United States during the 1800s that the country must expand its boundaries to the Pacific __ 4.a frontiersman living in the wilderness, as in the Rocky Mountains __ 5.a person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere A.joint occupationB.mountain manC.rendezvousD.emigrantE.Manifest DestinyDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.CAEBD

Section 1-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts Name the four countries that claimed parts of the Oregon Country.The United States, Great Britain, Spain, and Russia claimed parts of the Oregon Country.

Section 1-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesEconomic Factors How did the fur trade in Oregon aid Americans who began settling there?Fur trappers and traders served as guides to lead parties of settlers west.

Section 1-23Critical ThinkingMaking Generalizations How did the idea of Manifest Destiny help Americans justify their desire to extend the United States to the Pacific Ocean?Many Americans believed that it was the destiny or mission of the United States to spread freedom by occupying the North American continent.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 1-24Analyzing VisualsPicturing History Study the painting on page 359 of your textbook. Do you think it provides a realistic portrayal of the journey west?

Section 1-25Informative Writing Imagine you and your family are traveling to the Oregon Country in the 1840s. A friend will be making the same trip soon. Write a letter telling your friend what to expect on the journey.

End of Section 1

Section 2-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingTexans won their independence from Mexico and asked to be admitted to the United States. Tejano Main IdeaKey Termsempresario decree annex

Section 2-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Sequencing Information As you read Section 2 of your textbook, re-create the diagram on page 362 of your textbook and, in the boxes, list key events that occurred in Texas. why problems arose between the Mexican government and the American settlers in Texas. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow Texas achieved independence and later became a state.

Section 2-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Geography and History Mexicos offers of huge tracts of fertile land brought American settlers to Texas.Section Theme

Section 2-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.Davy Crockett

Section 2-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.A Clash of Cultures In the early 1800s, few people lived in Texas, which was part of Mexicos northern frontier. (pages 362365)But the Spanish, who controlled Texas, wanted to promote settlement there. As a result, they offered huge tracts of land to people, called empresarios, who offered to bring families to Texas and settle them there.

Section 2-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The first Texas land grant went to Moses Austin in 1821. He agreed to bring a number of settlers to Texas, but died before he could organize the project. After Moses died, his son Stephen F. Austin recruited 300 settlers to live on land along the Brazos and Colorado Rivers in Texas.A Clash of Cultures (cont.) (pages 362365)

Section 2-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Mexico wanted to encourage settlers from many places, not just the United States, to settle in Texas. To attract new settlers, Mexico passed laws giving cheap land to people who promised to learn Spanish, convert to Catholicism, and obey Mexican law. But most Texas settlers continued to be Americans who declined to adopt Mexican ways.A Clash of Cultures (cont.) (pages 362365)

Section 2-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.By 1830 there were more Americans than Mexicans in Texas. Alarmed by the number of Americans, and aware that the United States wanted to acquire Texas, Mexico forbade further immigration from the United States to Texas, and discouraged trade with the United States by taxing American goods.A Clash of Cultures (cont.) (pages 362365)

Section 2-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Texans were angered by the ban on American immigration and the taxes on trade. Stephen F. Austin went to Mexico City to ask Mexicos president, Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, to remove the settlement ban and make Texas a separate state. He agreed to the first demand but not the second.A Clash of Cultures (cont.) (pages 362365)

Section 2-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Soon thereafter, Santa Anna declared himself dictator and overthrew Mexicos 1824 constitution. These actions encouraged an increasing number of American settlers in Texas to seek independence.A Clash of Cultures (cont.) (pages 362365)

Section 2-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why, after first encouraging American settlement in Texas, did the Mexican government decide to stop Americans from settling in the area?The combination of the large number of Americans flooding into Texas and the knowledge that the United States wanted to acquire Texas made the Mexican government fear that it would lose control of Texas if American immigration was not cut off.(pages 362365)A Clash of Cultures (cont.)

Section 2-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Struggle for IndependenceThe first fight of the Texan Revolution occurred in October 1835 at the town of Gonzales. (pages 365367)After this skirmish, Texans asked for volunteers to help them fight Mexico. In December the Texans scored their first important victory as they liberated San Antonio from a larger Mexican force.

Section 2-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Santa Anna, furious at the loss of San Antonio, marched north to retake the settlement and found only a small force barricaded inside a nearby mission called the Alamo. The defenders at the Alamo, including Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, held off with rifle fire the larger and better-armed Mexican force for 12 days.The Struggle for Independence (cont)(pages 365367)

Section 2-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.On March 6, 1836, after Mexican cannon fire smashed the Alamos walls, Mexicans soldiers attacked, killing almost everyone inside. Remember the Alamo became a rallying cry for Texas rebels during the rest of the war with Mexico.(pages 365367)The Struggle for Independence (cont)

Section 2-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The siege of the Alamo bought the Texas rebels time. While Santa Anna was preoccupied with the band of rebels at the Alamo, American settlers and Tejanos declared the independent Republic of Texas and named Sam Houston chief of the Texas forces.(pages 365367)The Struggle for Independence (cont)

Section 2-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.At the Battle of San Jacinto, the forces of Houston and Santa Anna clashed. The battle started on April 21, 1836, when the Texans launched a surprise attack on the Mexican camp. They killed about 600 of the 1,300-man force, and captured 700 other soldiers, including Santa Anna. After less than one year of fighting, the war was over.(pages 365367)The Struggle for Independence (cont)

Section 2-17Santa Anna signed a treaty recognizing the independence of Texas on May 14, 1836. (pages 365367)The Struggle for Independence (cont)

Section 2-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why did Remember the Alamo become a rallying cry for Texas rebels? What did they mean when they shouted this slogan?The Texans were angered and upset by the loss of life at the Alamo. Texas rebels used the deaths of their friends and fellow soldiers at the Alamo as inspiration to fight harder against Mexico for independence and to avenge those deaths.(pages 365367)The Struggle for Independence (cont)

Section 2-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Lone Star RepublicIn September 1836, Texans elected Sam Houston the first president of their new republic. (pages 367368)Houston sent a delegation to Washington to ask President Andrew Jackson to annex Texas. But Jackson refused. Texas would enter the Union as a slave state, which would upset the balance of free states and slave states in Congress at the time. Jackson did not want to open up that conflict, even to get Texas.

Section 2-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Texas was forced to remain independent during a very difficult time. The republic was deeply in debt. Also, the government of Mexico refused to accept Santa Annas recognition of Texass independence. As a result, sporadic fighting between Mexican and Texan forces continued.The Lone Star Republic (cont.) (pages 367368)

Section 2-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Texas remained independent throughout the administrations of Martin Van Buren and John Tyler. But when James Polk, a strong believer in Manifest Destiny, became president in 1844, the situation changed. Polk wanted Texas. With Polks support, Congress passed a resolution to annex Texas. On December 29, 1845, Texas became a state.The Lone Star Republic (cont.) (pages 367368)

Section 2-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why did the United States refuse when Texas first applied for admission to the Union?Texas would have entered the Union as a slave state at a time when there was a balance of power in Congress between free states and slave states. The addition of Texas would have tipped the balance of power in favor of slave states, which would have angered Northern free states. (pages 367368)The Lone Star Republic (cont.)

Section 2-23Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.a person who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas during the 1800s __ 2.a Mexican who claims Texas as his home __ 3.to add a territory to ones own territory __ 4.an order given by one in authority A.TejanoB.empresarioC.decreeD.annexDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.BADC

Section 2-24Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts Name the four things that American settlers agreed to do in exchange for receiving land in Texas.American settlers agreed to learn Spanish, become Mexican citizens, convert to Catholicism, and obey Mexican law.

Section 2-25Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesGeography and History Why did Northerners and Southerners disagree on the annexation of Texas?Northerners objected because it would add another slave state to the Union; Southerners favored it for the same reason.

Section 2-26Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Information How did the fall of the Alamo help the cause of Texas independence, even though it was a defeat for the Texans?It helped the cause of Texas independence by gaining time to organize and motivating Texas rebels.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 2-27Analyzing VisualsSequencing Study the map on page 367 of your textbook. Place these battles in order, starting with the earliest: Gonzales, San Jacinto, the Alamo, Goliad.In order from the earliest, the battles were: Gonzales, Alamo, Goliad, and San Jacinto.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 2-28Descriptive Writing Look at the painting of the Battle of the Alamo on page 365 of your textbook. Write one paragraph that describes what is happening in the picture.

End of Section 2

Section 3-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingAmerican settlement in the Southwest led to conflict with Mexico. rancho Main IdeaKey Termsranchero Californios cede

Section 3-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Taking Notes As you read the section, re-create the table shown on page 369 of your textbook and describe the actions and achievements of each of the individuals listed. why Americans began to settle in the Southwest. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow the United States acquired New Mexico and California.

Section 3-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Culture and Traditions New Mexico, California, and Texas were Spanish lands with Spanish cultures and traditions.Section Theme

Section 3-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.Wagon wheel

Section 3-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The New Mexico Territory In the early 1800s, New Mexico was the name of a vast region between California and Texas. (pages 369370)The Spanish started exploration of the area in the late 1500s and made it part of the Spanish colony of Mexico.

Section 3-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.When Mexico won its independence in 1821, New Mexico became part of an independent Mexico. But Mexico maintained very loose control over the area, allowing New Mexico a large degree of self-government.The New Mexico Territory (cont.) (pages 369370)

Section 3-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.To boost its economy, Mexico welcomed American traders. William Becknell was the first trader to reach Santa Fe, the main settlement in the New Mexico region. He discovered that he could sell his merchandise in New Mexico for many times what he would have received for it back in St. Louis. When word spread, other traders followed. The New Mexico Territory (cont.) (pages 369370)

Section 3-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Becknells route to New Mexico became known as the Santa Fe Trail. The trail was used until the arrival of the railroad in 1880. As trade with New Mexico increased, so did the number of Americans who went there to settle. As the idea of Manifest Destiny took hold, many Americans thought the United States should acquire New Mexico.The New Mexico Territory (cont.) (pages 369370)

Section 3-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think traders were able to sell their merchandise in New Mexico for much more money than they could get in cities in the United States?New Mexico was a frontier area, and many types of goods were scarce. A trader who had those goods to sell could charge a higher price for them because customers had no other place to purchase them.(pages 369370)The New Mexico Territory (cont.)

Section 3-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Californias Spanish CultureSpanish explorers and missionaries were the first European settlers in California. (pages 370371)Starting in the 1760s, the Spanish set up a chain of missions, settlements run by priests, near the California coast between San Diego and Sonoma. There were 21 missions by 1820. They were an important part of Spains plan to colonize and extend control over California.

Section 3-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.When Mexico became independent in 1821, California became a state of Mexico. In 1833 the government of Mexico abolished the missions. Mexico sold huge tracts of mission land to settlers, who set up large farms and cattle ranches called ranchos. The owners of the ranchos, called rancheros, used Native Americans to tend their farms and cattle.Californias Spanish Culture (cont.) (pages 370371)

Section 3-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.By the early 1800s, Americans had been arriving in California for many years on trading or whaling ships that stopped along the coast, or as travelers (such as mountain men) who had come overland from the East. In the 1840s American families began to settle in California. But by 1845 the number of Americans in California was still only about 700.Californias Spanish Culture (cont.) (pages 370371)

Section 3-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.As more and more people who had seen California sent glowing reports about its mild climate, natural resources, and beauty to friends and families in the eastern United States, an increasing number of Americans became interested in settling California and adding it to the United States. President Polk twice offered to buy California and New Mexico from Mexico during the mid-1840s, but was turned down.Californias Spanish Culture (cont.) (pages 370371)

Section 3-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think President Polk offered to buy California from Mexico?Polk was encouraged by reports from people who had been to California about its mild climate, fertile soil, and abundant resources. Polk was also a believer in Manifest Destiny, and the annexation of California would expand the borders of the United States across another huge area of North America bordering the Pacific.(pages 370371)Californias Spanish Culture (cont.)

Section 3-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.War With MexicoThe annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845 worsened relations between Mexico and the United States, which had already been bad for years. (pages 371374)The two countries also could not agree on the border between Texas and Mexico. The United States placed the border at the Rio Grande, while Mexico claimed it was at the Nueces River, 150 miles farther north.

Section 3-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The United States offered Mexico $30 million for California and New Mexico if Mexico would accept the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas. Mexico refused the offer and announced its intention to retake Texas. War With Mexico (cont.) (pages 371374)

Section 3-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In response the United States sent troops under General Zachary Taylor across the disputed territory between the Nueces and the Rio Grande. Mexican soldiers attacked some of Taylors troops in this disputed area on April 24, 1846. Americans who wanted war with Mexico claimed that Mexico had shed American blood on American soil. Many Americans turned their anger on Mexico, and on May 11, Congress declared war on Mexico.War With Mexico (cont.) (pages 371374)

Section 3-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Some Americans opposed war with Mexico. Abraham Lincoln, a member of Congress, thought Taylors troops had been attacked in Mexican territory, meaning there were no grounds for retaliation or war. Some people, such as antislavery activist Frederick Douglass, feared that expansion into the West would carry slavery with it.War With Mexico (cont.) (pages 371374)

Section 3-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Polk had a three-part plan to win the war with Mexico. War With Mexico (cont.) (pages 371374)First, drive Mexican troops out of the disputed territory in Texas north of the Nueces River and secure the Texas border Second, seize New Mexico and California Third, capture Mexicos capital, Mexico City

Section 3-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.General Zachary Taylor accomplished the first goal by the first part of 1847. American forces under General Stephen Watts Kearny captured Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, without a fight on August 18, 1846. Kearny then led his troops overland toward California.War With Mexico (cont.) (pages 371374)

Section 3-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In June 1846 a small group of Americans seized the town of Sonoma, north of San Francisco, and proclaimed the independent Republic of California. It was also called the Bear Flag Republic after the illustration of a bear on its flag.War With Mexico (cont.) (pages 371374)

Section 3-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In July 1846 an American naval squadron captured the ports of Monterey and San Francisco. The commander of the squadron, Commodore John Sloat, declared California a part of the United States. Sloat then went on to capture San Diego and Los Angeles. By January 1847 California was fully under the control of the United States.War With Mexico (cont.) (pages 371374)

Section 3-23In September 1847 American forces under the command of General Winfield Scott captured Mexico City, completing the last part of President Polks plan to win the war with Mexico.War With Mexico (cont.) (pages 371374)

Section 3-24Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war with Mexico. It was signed in February 1848. In the treaty, Mexico gave up all claims to Texas and fixed the Texas border at the Rio Grande. In what is called the Mexican Cession, Mexico also gave California and New Mexico to the United States in return for $15 million.War With Mexico (cont.) (pages 371374)

Section 3-25Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In 1853 the United States paid Mexico an additional $10 million for a strip of land along the southern edge of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, called the Gadsden Purchase. With the Gadsden Purchase, the adjoining 48 states of the mainland reached its present size.War With Mexico (cont.) (pages 371374)

Section 3-26Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.What did the United States gain as the result of its war with Mexico?The United States gained an enormous amount of territory. The disputed area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces in Texas became American soil. The United States also acquired New Mexico and California, a huge area of land that makes up the whole present-day southwestern region of the United States.War With Mexico (cont.) (pages 371374)

Section 3-27Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.Mexican ranch owner __ 2.huge properties for raising livestock set up by Mexican settlers in California __ 3.to give up by treaty __ 4.Mexicans who lived in California A.ranchoB.rancheroC.CaliforniosD.cedeDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.BADC

Section 3-28Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts According to the Mexican government, where did the border between Texas and Mexico lie?The border between Texas and Mexico lay along the Nueces River.

Section 3-29Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesCulture and Traditions Why did the Spanish establish missions in the Southwest? What happened to the mission land after Mexico gained its independence?The Spanish established missions in the Southwest to colonize and convert Native Americans to Christianity. Some land was given to Native Americans and the rest was sold.

Section 3-30Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Primary Sources Explain the meaning of this sentence in your own words: If the people [of California] should desire to unite their destiny with ours, they would be received as brethren [brothers].The United States would welcome California into the Union.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 3-31Analyzing VisualsGeography Skills List the battles that appear on the map on page 372 of your textbook in order from first to last. Identify whether each was a Mexican victory or a U.S. victory.

Section 3-32Science Settlers traveling west encountered new wildlife, vegetation, and landforms. Choose one region of the west and investigate as a traveling scientist would. List plants and animals you would see there. Write a report summarizing what you have observed.

End of Section 3

Section 4-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingThe lure of gold and the promise of religious freedom drew many settlers westward. forty-niners Main IdeaKey Termsboomtown vigilante

Section 4-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Organizing Information As you read Section 4, re-create the diagram on page 375 of your textbook. In the boxes, describe who these groups and individuals were and what their role was in the settlement of California and Utah. how the hopes of getting rich drew thousands of people to California. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow the search for religious freedom led to the settlement of Utah.

Section 4-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Groups and Institutions In the mid-1800s, people went to California in search of gold, and Mormons settled in Utah in search of religious freedom.Section Theme

Section 4-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Section 4-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.California Gold RushThe discovery of gold along Californias American River in early 1848 set off a gold rush that brought thousands of people into California from all over the world. (pages 375377)Boomtowns sprang up almost overnight in northern California as the result of the gold rush. The gold rush also was responsible for the growth of San Francisco, which served as a port of entry for gold-seekers arriving in California by ship.

Section 4-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Very few of the miners achieved lasting wealth, and most people found little or no gold. Of those that did strike it rich, most lost their money through gambling or wild spending. Merchants did make lots of money by charging miners inflated prices for the things they needed.California Gold Rush (cont.) (pages 375377)

Section 4-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The gold rush lasted just a few years but had lasting effects on California. The gold rush expanded trade, shipping, and agriculture to meet the miners needs for food and other goods. The population also soared when many people who had come looking for gold decided to stay in California.California Gold Rush (cont.) (pages 375377)

Section 4-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Rapid growth in California brought the need for more effective government. Californians wrote a state constitution in 1849 and applied for statehood in March 1850. Because Californias constitution banned slavery, representatives from slave states did not want California to join the Union. California, as a free state, would upset the balance between free and slave states in Congress.California Gold Rush (cont.) (pages 375377)

Section 4-9As a result California had to wait six months for statehood, while a compromise was worked out.California Gold Rush (cont.) (pages 375377)

Section 4-10It accelerated development. After gold was discovered, the population of California soared as people streamed in to strike it rich. As a result of the larger population, Californias farmers, ranchers, storekeepers, and others expanded their businesses. With a larger population and expanded economy, Californians sought more effective government and applied for statehood.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.How did the discovery of gold affect the development of California?(pages 375377)California Gold Rush (cont.)

Section 4-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.A Religious Refuge in UtahThe Mormons, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, were the first non-Native American settlers of the Utah area. (pages 377378)Joseph Smith founded the church in 1830 in New York State. He formed a religious community, which was unpopular with its neighbors. The Mormons were forced to move several times, from New York to Ohio, to Missouri, and then to Illinois.

Section 4-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In 1844 a mob in Illinois killed Smith. Brigham Young took over as head of the church, and moved the Mormon community to the area near Great Salt Lake in what was then the New Mexico territory of Mexico. A Religious Refuge in Utah (cont.) (pages 377378)

Section 4-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.About 12,000 Mormons began the journey in 1846. In the midst of the harsh desert of Utah, they founded a community called Deseret, later changed to Salt Lake City. The Mormons built irrigation canals to water their farms and started local industries so they could be self-sufficient.A Religious Refuge in Utah (cont.) (pages 377378)

Section 4-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The United States acquired the Salt Lake area in 1848 with the Mexican Cession. Two years later, Congress established the Utah Territory. While most areas in the West wanted to be a part of the United States, the Mormons preferred their independence and often had conflicts with federal authority. Utah did not become a state until 1896.A Religious Refuge in Utah (cont.) (pages 377378)

Section 4-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think the Mormons preferred to be independent of the United States?The Mormons had been persecuted for their religion for many years within the United States. That persecution had forced them to move to Utah. Once they had become self-sufficient in their own community, they probably thought they would be freer and safer remaining outside of any authority.(pages 377378)A Religious Refuge in Utah (cont.)

Section 4-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.a community experiencing a sudden growth in business or population __ 2.person who takes the law into their own hands __ 3.people who went to California during the gold rush of 1849 A.forty-ninersB.boomtownC.vigilanteDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.BCA

Section 4-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingIt was a free state, so the Southern states objected to it becoming a state.Reviewing Facts Why was Californias entry into the Union delayed?

Section 4-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesGroups and Institutions What steps did Californians take to apply for statehood? When was California admitted?Californians wrote and approved a constitution, elected a governor and state legislators, and then applied for statehood. California became a state in September 1850.

Section 4-19Critical ThinkingPredicting Consequences How might the history of California have been different if the Gold Rush had not happened?Possible answer: Without the surge in population, California probably would not have become a state as early as it did. Fewer people would have settled there, so the economy might not have developed as rapidly.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 4-20Analyzing VisualsGraphic Organizer Skills Study the cause-and-effect chart on page 377 of your textbook. Are each of the effects of the westward movement positive? Explain.Possible answer: Westward movement was not good for Mexico or the Native Americans.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 4-21Art Boomtowns sprang up almost overnight as gold seekers flocked to the West. Draw a scene of a boomtown. Include a written description of the activities that took place in the town.

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Chapter Summary 1

Chapter Summary 2

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Chapter Assessment 1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.person who went to California during the gold rush of 1849 __ 2.a person who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas during the 1800s __ 3.a Mexican who claims Texas as his home __ 4.a person who leaves a country or region to live elsewhere __ 5.Mexican ranch owner A.emigrantB.TejanoC.empresarioD.rancheroE.forty-ninerDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.ECBAD

Chapter Assessment 2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat agreement did the United States and Great Britain reach about the Oregon Territory?Both agreed to set the boundary at the 49th parallel.

Chapter Assessment 3Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhy did President Jackson refuse to annex Texas? He did not want to upset the balance of slave and free states.

Chapter Assessment 4Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhy did some Americans think that making California part of the United States would strengthen the security of the nation?If the United States was bordered by the Pacific Ocean rather than by a foreign power, the threat to security would be lessened.

Chapter Assessment 5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsExplain the two main causes of the United Statess war with Mexico.The United States and Mexico disagreed over the location of each countrys borders, and many Americans felt that it was the United States destiny to expand throughout the North American continent.

Chapter Assessment 6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhy did merchants earn such large profits during the Gold Rush?Miners coming to California needed food and supplies. Merchants could sell these goods for high prices because the miners had nowhere else to buy them.

Chapter Assessment 7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Themes: Geography and History How did the war with Mexico change the U.S. border and its land holdings?In the peace talks after the war, the United States gained California, New Mexico, and Texas, with the Rio Grande as the new border between Texas and Mexico.

Chapter Assessment 8Critical ThinkingComparing How did the negotiations between the United States and Britain over the Oregon Territory differ from those between the United States and Mexico over the Southwest. The United States compromised with Britain. They went to war with Mexico and negotiated terms after defeating them.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Chapter Assessment 9Geography and History ActivityStudy the routes of the western trails shown on the map below. Then answer the questions on the following slides.

Chapter Assessment 10Geography and History ActivitySettlers had to cross the Rockies and Cascades to reach Oregons Pacific coast. They had to cross the Rockies and Sierra Nevada to reach Californias Pacific coast.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Region Which mountains did settlers have to cross to reach Oregons Pacific coast? Californias Pacific coast?

Chapter Assessment 11Geography and History ActivityThe Oregon Trail began in Independence and ended in Portland.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Location In what city did the Oregon Trail begin? In what city did it end?

Chapter Assessment 12Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.Test-Taking Tip This question is a good example of cause and effect. Think about other times in history when people have discovered something of value in an area. What effect did this discovery have on peoples behavior?The discovery of gold in California led to which of the following?Adiscovery of gold in the Black Hills of the DakotasBincreased western expansion and foreign immigrationCannexation of California as a slave stateDwar with Mexico over the independence of CaliforniaClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Standardized Test Practice

Chapter Assessment 13Which defender of the Alamo designed a knife that still carries his name?Jim Bowie designed the bowie knife.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Chapter Assessment

History OnlineExplore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Republic to 1877 Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://tarvol1.glencoe.com

Causes and Effects

Curriculum Connection 2Economics As an additional incentive for American settlers in Texas, the Mexican government promised protection from lawsuits filed in the United States for failure to pay debts. Such a large number of bankrupt families decided to take the opportunity to start over that vacated homes with signs reading Gone to Texas became a familiar sight throughout the South.

Curriculum Connection 3Civics In 1845 American forces provoked Mexico into an attack, which allowed President Polk to demand and obtain from Congress a declaration of war. A similar event occurred 119 years later when United States ships may have provoked a North Vietnamese attack. This event led President Lyndon Johnson to demand and obtain quickly from Congress a resolution permitting the United States to fight without the constitutionally required declaration of war. To prevent this from ever happening again, Congress passed the War Powers Act in 1973.

Did You Know 3Cattle on Mexican ranches were raised mainly for their hides and fat, which was used in candle making.

WWWW? 1Mountain MenOregonClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

WWWW? 1aMountain Men Fur traders placed ads in newspapers to recruit men for trapping. One ad called for a hundred men to work for one, two, or three years under the leadership of an army major.

WWWW? 1bOregon The following quote from a Missouri farmer gives one mans reasons to pack up and head to Oregon: Out in Oregon I can get me a square mile of land. And a quarter section for each of you all. Dad burn me, I am done with this country. Winters its frost and snow to freeze a body; summers the overflow from Old Muddy drowns half my acres; taxes take the yield of them that are left. What say, Maw, its Gods country.

WWWW? 2Sam Houston Sam Houston aided his country well. He was elected governor of Tennessee and was a United States senator from Texas for 14 years. Serving later as governor of Texas, he is the only man ever elected governor of two different states of the Union.

You Dont Say 2TexasWords from MexicoClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

You Dont Say 2aTexas The name Texas comes from a Native American word, texa, meaning friends or allies. Spanish speakers changed it to tejas and English speakers to Texas.

You Dont Say 2bWords from Mexico Bronco, corral, and rodeo all came from Mexican vaqueros, or cowhands. The Alamo was named after cottonwood trees that grew nearby.

SkillBuilder 1Understanding Latitude and LongitudeWhy Learn This Skill?Your new friend invites you to her house. In giving directions, she says, I live on Summit Street at the southwest corner of Indiana Avenue. She has pinpointed her exact location. We use a similar system of lines of latitude and longitude to pinpoint locations on maps and globes.This feature can be found on page 361 of your textbook. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

SkillBuilder 2Learning the SkillThe imaginary horizontal lines that circle the globe from east to west are called lines of latitude. Because the distance between the lines of latitude is always the same, they are also called parallels. The imaginary vertical lines that intersect the parallels are lines of longitude, also called meridians. Understanding Latitude and LongitudeLines of longitude run from the North Pole to the South Pole. They are numbered in degrees east or west of a starting line called the Prime Meridian, which is at 0 longitude. On the opposite side of the earth from the Prime Meridian is the International Date Line, or 180 longitude.This feature can be found on page 361 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

SkillBuilder 3Learning the SkillThe point at which parallels and meridians intersect is the grid address, or coordinates, of an exact location. The coordinates for Salt Lake City, for example, are 41N and 112W.Understanding Latitude and LongitudeThis feature can be found on page 361 of your textbook.

SkillBuilder 4Practicing the SkillAnalyze the information on the map on page 361 of your textbook, then answer the questions on the following slides.This feature can be found on page 361 of your textbook. Understanding Latitude and Longitude

SkillBuilder 5Practicing the SkillThis feature can be found on page 361 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.1.What are the approximate coordinates of Fort Victoria?The approximate coordinates of Fort Victoria are 48N and 125W.2.At what line of latitude was the Oregon Country divided between the United States and Britain?It was divided at 49N.Understanding Latitude and Longitude

SkillBuilder 6Practicing the SkillThis feature can be found on page 361 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.3.What geographic feature lies at about 42N and 115W?The Great Salt Lake lies at about 42N and 115W.Understanding Latitude and Longitude

Video 1Whose Destiny?After viewing Whose Destiny?, you should: Be familiar with the term Manifest Destiny. Understand the effect that U.S. expansion had on neighboring Mexico. Be aware of the ongoing impact of the war with Mexico on the relationship between the United States and Mexico.ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.

Video 2Discussion QuestionAt what point did cordial relations between the countries start to break down?Whose Destiny?After offering land in Texas to mostly American settlers, the Mexican government in 1830 began placing restrictions on the number of Anglo-Celtic people who could move into Texas.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Video 3Discussion QuestionWhat happened at the Alamo?Whose Destiny?General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna surprised the United States by leading a winter campaign. Santa Annas troops arrived at the mission of the Alamo in February and defeated Texas rebels.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Maps and Charts 2

Maps and Charts 3

Why It Matters Transparency

Daily Focus Skills 1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.The large, white canvas tops looked like sails; a schooner is a sailing ship.

Daily Focus Skills 2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.The stables were inside the walls for convenience and protection.

Daily Focus Skills 3Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Daily Focus Skills 4Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.The Gold Rush attracted people from many nations.

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