Welcome to Presentation Plus!Presentation Plus! The American Republic To 1877 Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202

Send all inquiries to:

GLENCOE DIVISIONGlencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, Ohio 43240

Splash Screen

ContentsChapter IntroductionSection 1Reconstruction PlansSection 2Radicals in ControlSection 3The South During ReconstructionSection 4Change in the SouthChapter SummaryChapter AssessmentClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Introduction 1Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Introduction 2Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Compare Lincolns plan for Reconstruction and the plan of the Radical Republicans. Explain Andrew Johnsons proposal for handling Reconstruction.Section 1: Reconstruction Plans

Introduction 3Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Identify what some Southerners did to deprive freed people of their rights, and explain how Congress responded. Cite the main features of Radical Reconstruction.Section 2: Radicals in Control

Introduction 4Section 3: The South During ReconstructionChapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Identify what groups participated in the Souths Reconstruction. Explain how Southern life changed during Reconstruction.

Introduction 5Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Cite the changes that occurred in the South during the last years of Reconstruction. Describe how African Americans were denied their rights.Section 4: Change in the South

Introduction 6Why It MattersWe had survived our worst war, but the end of the Civil War left Americans to deal with a set of pressing issues. The status of some 3.5 million former enslaved people had yet to be decided. Nor had the terms by which the former Confederate states would rejoin the Union been decided. How Americans would handle these issues would shape the future of our country.

Introduction 7The Impact TodayDebate over the rightful power of the federal government and the states continues to this day. Americans continue to wrestle with the problem of providing civil rights and equal opportunity to all citizens.

Introduction 8

Introduction 9

End of Introduction

Section 1-1Guide to ReadingClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Differences over how Reconstruction should be carried out divided the government. Reconstruction Main IdeaKey Termsamnesty radical freedmen

Section 1-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Taking Notes As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 500 of your textbook and describe each of the Reconstruction plans. how the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and the Radical Republicans differed. Reading StrategyRead to Learnwhat President Johnsons Reconstruction plans were.

Section 1-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Groups and Institutions The South worked to rebuild its economy and its institutions.Section Theme

Section 1-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Section 1-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Reconstruction DebateAmericans faced many difficult issues over how Reconstruction, or rebuilding the South, should be carried out. (pages 500502)Before the war was over, Lincoln proposed in 1863 the Ten Percent Plan for accepting Southern states back into the Union. When ten percent of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the state could form a new government and adopt a new constitution banning slavery.

Section 1-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Reconstruction Debate (cont.) (pages 500502)Lincoln wanted Southerners who supported the Union to take charge of the state governments. Lincoln offered amnesty to all white Southerners who were willing to swear loyalty to the Union, except Confederate leaders. He supported giving educated African Americans or those who served in the Union army the right to vote. Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee established governments under Lincolns plan in 1864. A struggle occurred when Congress refused to seat their representatives.

Section 1-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Reconstruction Debate (cont.) A more radical plan proposed by Radical Republicans called for a tougher approach to Reconstruction. The plan called for breaking up Southern institutions. Since the Radical Republicans controlled Congress, they voted to deny seats to any state reconstructed under Lincolns plan.(pages 500502)

Section 1-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Reconstruction Debate (cont.) Congress developed its own harsh plan in July 1864 by passing the Wade-Davis Bill. (pages 500502)A majority of white males had to swear loyalty. Only white males who swore they had never fought against the Union could vote for delegates to a state convention. Former Confederates were denied the right to hold public office. If a new state constitution abolishing slavery was adopted at a convention, then the state could be readmitted to the Union.

Section 1-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Reconstruction Debate (cont.) (pages 500502)Lincoln refused to sign the bill. He knew, though, that he would have to compromise with the Radical Republicans.

Section 1-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Reconstruction Debate (cont.) Another difficult issue of Reconstruction was how to help freed African Americans. A new government agency, the Freedmens Bureau, was established to help former enslaved persons. It distributed food and clothing, provided medical services, and established schools staffed mostly by teachers from the North.(pages 500502)

Section 1-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Reconstruction Debate (cont.) It helped African Americans buy land and get jobs and receive fair wages. It also gave aid to new African American higher institutions of learning, such as Atlanta University, Howard University, and Fisk University.(pages 500502)

Section 1-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why were several Reconstruction plans proposed for allowing Southern states back into the Union?(pages 500502)Reconstruction Debate (cont.) Lincoln wanted a mild plan to get the states back together, but Congress wanted more stringent guidelines. Lincoln wanted to encourage Southerners who supported the Union to take charge of the state governments. Congress did not want the president to control how states should be reconstructed, but wanted to control Reconstruction themselves, so debate followed.

Section 1-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Lincoln Assassinated!The country mourned the death of a man who saved the Union and helped African Americans win freedom. (pages 502503)On the evening of April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was shot while attending a play at the Fords Theater in Washington, D.C. His assassin, John Wilkes Booth, entered the box Lincoln was sitting in, shot him in the back of the head, and escaped. Lincoln died a few hours later at the home of a nearby tailor.

Section 1-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Vice President Andrew Johnson became the president. As a former senator, he was the only Southern senator to support the Union. He called his plan for the South Restoration. Lincoln Assassinated! (cont.) (pages 502503)Most Southerners would be granted amnesty once they swore an oath of loyalty to the Union.

Section 1-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Lincoln Assassinated! (cont.) (pages 502503)High-ranking Confederate officials and wealthy landowners could only be pardoned by applying personally to the president. This was his way of attacking the wealthy leaders who he thought tricked Southerners into seceding. The president would appoint governors and require them to hold elections for state constitutional conventions. Only whites that swore their loyalty and had been pardoned would be allowed to vote.

Section 1-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Lincoln Assassinated! (cont.) (pages 502503)Before a state could reenter the Union, its constitutional convention had to denounce secession and abolish slavery. States had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment passed in January 1865 that abolished slavery. By the end of 1865, Johnson declared Restoration was almost complete because all the former Confederate states, except Texas, had established new governments and were ready to rejoin the Union.

Section 1-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Johnson believed in giving the states control over many decisions, and he had no desire to help African Americans. How did his restoration plan show these beliefs?(pages 502503)Lincoln Assassinated! (cont.) His plan called for state governors to hold elections for constitutional conventions. He gave the vote to only whites who swore their loyalty to the Union, leaving out African Americans. He believed that each state should decide what to do about freed people, so he did not specify any guidelines.

Section 1-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.the granting of pardon to a large number of persons; protection from prosecution for an illegal act __ 2.the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War __ 3.extreme; referring to one who favors making extreme changes to the government or society, such as the New Left __ 4.persons freed from slavery A.ReconstructionB.amnestyC.radicalD.freedmenDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.BACD

Section 1-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts What did the Thirteenth Amendment provide?The Thirteenth Amendment provided freedom from slavery throughout the United States.

Section 1-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesGroups and Institutions Why do you think both Lincoln and the Radical Republicans excluded former Confederate officers from their Reconstruction plans?They wanted to punish former Confederates as traitors.

Section 1-21Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions Do you think President Johnsons early ties to the South influenced his treatment of African Americans in his Reconstruction plans? Explain your answer.

Section 1-22Analyzing VisualsPicturing History Study the painting on page 501 of your textbook. What words would you use to describe the mood of the people?The people in the painting look sad, dejected, hopeless, gloomy, and depressed.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 1-23Math Use the Statistical Abstract of the United States or another reference book to find information on the percentages of African American students enrolled in schools in 1860, 1870, and 1880. Use this information to create a bar graph.

End of Section 1

Section 2-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingRadical Republicans were able to put their version of Reconstruction into action. black codes Main IdeaKey Termsoverride impeach

Section 2-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Organizing Information As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 504 of your textbook and provide information about impeachment. what some Southerners did to deprive freed people of their rights. Reading StrategyRead to Learnwhat the main features of Radical Reconstruction were.

Section 2-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Civic Rights and Responsibilities Southern states created new governments and elected new representatives.Section Theme

Section 2-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Section 2-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.African Americans RightsThe new Southern states passed a series of laws in 1865 and early 1866 called black codes. (pages 504506)These laws reestablished slavery in disguise. They deprived freed people of their rights and enabled plantation owners to exploit African American workers. Some laws allowed local officials to arrest and fine unemployed African Americans and make them work for white employers to pay off their fines.

Section 2-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Congress challenged the black codes. It extended the life of the Freedmens Bureau in 1866 and granted it the power to set up special courts to prosecute people charged with violating the rights of African Americans. African Americans Rights (cont.) (pages 504506)Other laws banned African Americans from owning or renting farms. One law allowed whites to take orphaned African American children as unpaid apprentices.

Section 2-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.It also passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, giving full citizenship to African Americans, and gave the federal government the right to intervene in state affairs to protect them. It overturned black codes and contradicted the 1857 Supreme Court Dred Scott decision saying that African Americans were not citizens.African Americans Rights (cont.) (pages 504506)

Section 2-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Johnson vetoed both bills. However, Republicans were able to override both vetoes and the bills became law. This split between the president and the Radical Republicans led Congress to draft a new Reconstruction plan.African Americans Rights (cont.) (pages 504506)

Section 2-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In June 1866 Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution granting full citizenship to all individuals born in the United States. The amendment also says that no state can take away a citizens life, liberty, and property without due process of law. Every citizen was also entitled to equal protection of the laws. African Americans Rights (cont.) (pages 504506)It did not include voting rights for African Americans. It also barred certain former Confederates from holding national or state office unless pardoned by a two-thirds vote of Congress.

Section 2-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Congress declared that Southern states must ratify the amendment in order to be readmitted to the Union. Because Tennessee was the only state to ratify early, adoption of the amendment was delayed until 1868 when the other ten states finally ratified it.African Americans Rights (cont.) (pages 504506)

Section 2-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Republicans won victories in the congressional elections of 1866. They increased their majorities in both houses and gained control of every Northern state government.African Americans Rights (cont.) (pages 504506)

Section 2-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why did the Radical Republicans think Johnsons Reconstruction plans were not strong enough and what actions did they take?(pages 504506)African Americans Rights (cont.) They wanted to protect the freedom of African Americans, and Johnsons plan offered no way to do this. Because the states were allowed to decide what to do about freed people under Johnsons plan, Southern states passed black codes, which were an extension of slavery. The Radical Republicans challenged the black codes and overrode the presidential vetoes both on the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and on extending the life and powers of the Freedmens Bureau. They also wanted to be sure that African Americans would not lose any rights of the Civil Rights Act, so they passed the Fourteenth Amendment.

Section 2-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction was the period that began when Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts. (pages 506508)The First Reconstruction Act, passed on March 2, 1867, called for the creation of new governments in the ten Southern states that had not ratified the Fourteenth Amendment. Tennessee was quickly readmitted to the Union because it had ratified the amendment.

Section 2-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Radical Reconstruction (cont.)(pages 506508)The ten states were divided into five military districts under the command of military officers. African American males were guaranteed the right to vote in state elections. Former Confederate leaders could not hold political office. To be readmitted, each state had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and submit its new state constitution to Congress.

Section 2-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Second Reconstruction Act was passed a few weeks later. It required military commanders to begin registering voters and to prepare for new state constitutional conventions.Radical Reconstruction (cont.)(pages 506508)

Section 2-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.By 1868 seven Southern states had established new governments and met the conditions for readmission. They were Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina. By 1870 the final three states restored to the Union were Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas.Radical Reconstruction (cont.)(pages 506508)

Section 2-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The rift between Congress and President Johnson grew wider. Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in March 1867 to limit the presidents power. It prohibited him from removing government officials without the Senates approval.Radical Reconstruction (cont.)(pages 506508)

Section 2-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.When Congress was not in session in August 1867, Johnson suspended his secretary of war, Edwin Stanton. When the Senate met again and refused to approve this act, Johnson fired Stanton. Johnson also appointed as commanders of Southern military districts some generals whom the Radicals opposed.Radical Reconstruction (cont.)(pages 506508)

Section 2-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Because of Johnsons actions, the House voted to impeach him. The case went to the Senate for a trial that lasted almost three months. Radical Reconstruction (cont.)(pages 506508)His defenders said he was exercising his right to challenge laws he thought unconstitutional. They said the impeachment was politically motivated and that Congress was trying to remove him from office without accusing him of a crime.

Section 2-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Radical Reconstruction (cont.)(pages 506508)His accusers argued that Congress should retain the power to make laws. A senator from Massachusetts said that Johnson had turned the veto power into a remedy for ill-considered legislation . . . into a weapon of offense against Congress. The Senate vote was one vote short of the two-thirds majority needed to convict, so Johnson remained in office until March 1869.

Section 2-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The 1868 presidential election was a vote on Reconstruction. Most states had rejoined the Union by the election. Americans chose Republican and former Northern general Ulysses S. Grant as their new president.Radical Reconstruction (cont.)(pages 506508)

Section 2-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Another major piece of Reconstruction legislation was the Fifteenth Amendment. It prohibited the state and federal governments from denying the right to vote to any male citizen because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. It became law in February 1870. The Republicans thought that the power of the vote would allow African Americans to protect themselves.Radical Reconstruction (cont.)(pages 506508)

Section 2-23Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why did the Reconstruction Acts require the states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and submit their new state constitutions to Congress?Congress wanted to be sure that African Americans would maintain their recently won freedom from the Fourteenth Amendment, so the states needed to ratify it. Congress wanted the state constitutions to meet its requirements, so the states had to submit them to Congress for approval.(pages 506508)Radical Reconstruction (cont.)

Section 2-24Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers __ 2.to overturn or defeat, as a bill proposed in Congress __ 3.to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office A.black codesB.overrideC.impeachDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.ABC

Section 2-25Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts Discuss two ways Southerners violated Lincolns plan for Reconstruction.Former Confederate officials were chosen for Congress, and treatment of African Americans did not improve.

Section 2-26Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesCivic Rights and Responsibilities How did Congress challenge the black codes set up by Southern states? It granted power to the Freedmens Bureau to prosecute those who violated rights of African Americans, and passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Section 2-27Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions If you had been a member of the Senate, would you have voted for or against convicting President Johnson? Why?

Section 2-28Analyzing VisualsGeography Skills Examine the map that appears on page 507 of your textbook; then answer these questions. What are the geographic divisions of the South shown on the map? Which military district was composed of only one state? Which states made up the Third District?The geographic divisions are the five Southern districts controlled by the military during Reconstruction. The Virginia district was composed of only one state. Florida, Georgia, and Alabama made up the Third District.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 2-29Expository Writing Write a one-page essay in which you argue for or argue against the Radical Republicans plan for Reconstruction.

End of Section 2

Section 3-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingAfter the Civil War the South had to rebuild not only its farms and roads, but its social and political structures as well. scalawag Main IdeaKey Termscarpetbagger corruption integrate sharecropping

Section 3-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Organizing Information As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 509 of your textbook and describe improvements in the South in the field of education. what groups participated in Reconstruction in the South. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow Southern life changed during Reconstruction.

Section 3-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Continuity and Change The Republican Party dominated Southern politics during Reconstruction.Section Theme

Section 3-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Section 3-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.New Groups Take Charge The Republican Party consisted of three main groups that dominated Southern politics: African Americans, white Southerners who supported Republican policies, and white settlers from the North who moved to the South. (pages 509511)African Americans held important positions but did not control the government of any state. Between 1869 and 1880, sixteen African Americans served in the House and two in the Senate.

Section 3-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.New Groups Take Charge (cont.) (pages 509511)Hiram Revels was elected to the Senate from Mississippi in 1870 and served one year. Blanche K. Bruce was the other senator, also from Mississippi, who was elected in 1874 and served six years. The Confederates called some Southern whites who had opposed secession and were nonslaveholding farmers or business leaders scalawags or scoundrels. They hated them for siding with the Republicans.

Section 3-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.New Groups Take Charge (cont.) (pages 509511)Many Northern whites who moved to the South and supported the Republicans were called carpetbaggers by their critics. They got the name because they carried suitcases made of carpet fabric with all their belongings. Others were reformers who wanted to help reshape Southern society.

Section 3-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Most white Southerners opposed efforts to expand the rights of African Americans. Plantation owners still tried to keep control of the freed people. They kept them on the plantations and refused to rent land to them. Store owners refused them credit, and employers refused them work. New Groups Take Charge (cont.) (pages 509511)

Section 3-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.During Reconstruction secret societies committed violence against African Americans and white supporters of African Americans. The Ku Klux Klan, formed in 1866, killed them and burned their homes, churches, and schools. The Klans supporters were Southerners, especially planters and Democrats who wanted to reestablish white supremacy and saw violence as a way to attack Republicans.New Groups Take Charge (cont.) (pages 509511)

Section 3-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Southerners opposed to violence and terrorism appealed to the federal government. In 1870 and 1871, Congress passed several laws without too much success. Some arrests were made, but most white Southerners would not testify against these people.New Groups Take Charge (cont.) (pages 509511)

Section 3-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think most white Southerners opposed expanding the rights of African Americans?Plantation owners still needed laborers, so they wanted to keep the freed African Americans from leaving; some white Southerners were afraid of losing their jobs to freed people; and some were white supremacists, who believed that whites should control the South. Many were unable to think of African Americans as free or possessing any rights.New Groups Take Charge (cont.) (pages 509511)

Section 3-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Some ImprovementsReconstruction brought important changes, especially in education. (pages 511512)African Americans created their own schools in some regions. The Freedmens Bureau and private charities spread the value of education. Free African Americans from the North and Northern women taught in the schools. By 1870 about 4,000 schools existed and more than half the teachers were African Americans.

Section 3-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Public school systems for both races were created in the 1870s. Generally whites and African Americans attended different schools. More than 50 percent of white children and about 40 percent of African Americans went to public schools within a few years.Some Improvements (cont.) (pages 511512)

Section 3-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The other major change occurred in farming. Most African Americans were not able to buy their own land. Instead, they rented a plot of land from a landowner along with a shack, some seed, and tools. They became sharecroppers. Some Improvements (cont.) (pages 511512)

Section 3-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Sharecropping was not much better than slavery for many because in return for the use of the land, the sharecroppers had to pay the landowner by giving him a share of the crops they grew. Barely anything was left for their families, and they rarely had enough to sell and to make any money.Some Improvements (cont.) (pages 511512)

Section 3-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.What were the positive and negative effects of some improvements brought by Reconstruction?Education improved for both races, but schools were generally segregated. African Americans were able to rent land and become sharecroppers, although they would have preferred owning their own land as well as making some money from the crops they grew. Instead, they had to give the landowner a share of their crops, which left very little for them.(pages 511512)Some Improvements (cont.)

Section 3-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.system of farming in which a farmer works land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop __ 2.name given to Northern whites who moved South after the Civil War and supported the Republicans __ 3.name given by former Confederates to Southern whites who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South A.scalawagB.carpetbaggerC.corruptionD.integrateE.sharecroppingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.EBA

Section 3-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 4.to end separation of different races and bring into equal membership in society __ 5.dishonest or illegal actions A.scalawagB.carpetbaggerC.corruptionD.integrateE.sharecroppingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.DC

Section 3-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts How did some Southerners try to maintain control over freed people?Some told freed slaves they could not leave their plantations; many refused to rent land to African Americans or give them work; stores refused credit; some whites resorted to violence and intimidation.

Section 3-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesContinuity and Change How did the state governments under Reconstruction reform education?They created public school systems for both races.

Section 3-21Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions Why was voting and owning land so important to newly freed African Americans?Voting gave them a voice in government and made them fully participating citizens; owning land gave them economic independence.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 3-22Analyzing VisualsPicturing History Study the picture on page 512 of your textbook. Write a paragraph that explains who the people are and why reading is important to them.

Section 3-23Reading Bring newspapers to class and search for stories that show groups of people struggling for their rights throughout the world. After reading the articles aloud in class, post the items on the bulletin board with the heading Let Freedom Ring.

End of Section 3

Section 4-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingDemocrats steadily regained control of Southern governments as support for Radical Reconstruction policies decreased. reconciliation Main IdeaKey Termscommission cash crop poll tax literacy test grandfather clause segregation lynching

Section 4-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Comparing As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 513 of your textbook and list the advantages and disadvantages of an agricultural economy. what changes occurred in the South during the last years of Reconstruction. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow African Americans were denied their rights.

Section 4-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Continuity and Change The Democratic Party began to regain control of Southern politics.Section Theme

Section 4-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.Struggle for the Speakers chair in a Southern statehouse, 1875

Section 4-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Reconstruction DeclinesAs Southern Democrats began to regain political and economic control in the South, support for Radical Reconstruction policies decreased. (pages 513515)Many Northerners also began believing in the end of Reconstruction. They thought it was holding back Southern economic expansion.

Section 4-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Grant was reelected in the 1872 presidential election despite division in the Republican Party. Reports of corruption in Grants administration and in Reconstruction programs caused a group of Republicans to form the Liberal Republicans. They nominated Horace Greeley. Although Greeley also had the support of many Democrats, Grant won.Reconstruction Declines (cont.) (pages 513515)

Section 4-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Congress passed the Amnesty Act in May 1872 that pardoned most former Confederates. This caused the political balance in the South to change and allowed Democrats to regain power. During the 1872 election, Liberal Republicans called for expanded amnesty for white Southerners. Reconstruction Declines (cont.) (pages 513515)

Section 4-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Democrats regained control of state governments in Virginia and North Carolina. The Ku Klux Klan and other violent groups terrorized Republican voters, thus helping Democrats take power. The Democrats used threats to pressure white Republicans to become Democrats. They also used violence to persuade African Americans not to vote. By 1876 Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana were the only Southern states to remain Republican.Reconstruction Declines (cont.) (pages 513515)

Section 4-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Scandals and corruption charges weakened the Republican Party. The nation was also in an economic depression. Blame fell on the Republicans. In the 1874 congressional elections, the Democrats won control of a part of the federal government. They gained Senate seats and won control of the House. This weakened Congresss commitment to Reconstruction and to protecting the rights of newly freed African Americans.Reconstruction Declines (cont.) (pages 513515)

Section 4-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.How did Southern Democrats win back control in the South?(pages 513515)Reconstruction Declines (cont.) Support for Radical Reconstruction policies decreased. The Amnesty Act in 1872 pardoned most former Confederates so that nearly all white Southerners could vote and hold office again. Violent groups such as the Ku Klux Klan terrorized Republican and African American voters. Democrats threatened white Republicans into becoming Democrats and persuaded African Americans not to vote. Scandals weakened the Republican Party. For all these reasons, the Democrats were able to regain control in the South.

Section 4-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The End of ReconstructionThe disputed election of 1876 confirmed the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes the winner four months after the election. (pages 515517)Samuel Tilden, the Democrat, appeared the winner, but disputed returns from Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina changed the result. A special commission was appointed to resolve the election.

Section 4-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.It awarded all 20 disputed electoral votes to Hayes, giving him the required majority for victory. Congress confirmed the commissions findings, so Hayes became president although he had fewer popular votes than Tilden did.The End of Reconstruction (cont.) (pages 515517)

Section 4-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Congressional leaders made a deal to settle the election. This was the Compromise of 1877. It said that the new government would give more aid to the South and withdraw all remaining troops while the Democrats promised to maintain the rights of African Americans.The End of Reconstruction (cont.) (pages 515517)

Section 4-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Hayes sent a clear message in his Inaugural Address that Reconstruction was over. The federal government would no longer attempt to reshape Southern society or help African Americans.The End of Reconstruction (cont.) (pages 515517)

Section 4-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.What caused Reconstruction to end?The effects of the Compromise of 1877 caused Reconstruction to end. The federal government would no longer reshape Southern society. Hayes stated that the South needed to restore wise, honest, and peaceful self-government.(pages 515517)The End of Reconstruction (cont.)

Section 4-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Change in the SouthBy the 1880s the country saw the rise of the New South. (pages 517518)Industry developed based on the regions resources of cotton, tobacco, lumber, coal, iron, and steel. The textile industry advanced. Instead of shipping cotton to the North and Europe, the South built its own textile mills. The tobacco industry grew. James Dukes company, Dukes American Tobacco Company, eventually controlled almost all tobacco manufacturing in the nation.

Section 4-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Change in the South (cont.)(pages 517518)The iron and steel industry also grew. Alabama had deposits of iron ore. By 1890 Southern mills produced nearly 20 percent of the nations iron and steel.

Section 4-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The following factors helped this growth: Change in the South (cont.)(pages 517518)a cheap and reliable workforce of people who worked long hours for low pay the railroad rebuilding of destroyed track caused a railroad boom; between 1880 and 1890, the miles of track doubled

Section 4-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.A new ruling party, the Democrats, took over. Many of these people were merchants, bankers, industrialists, and other business leaders who supported economic development and opposed Northern interference. They were conservatives. They called themselves Redeemers because they saved themselves from Republican rule.Change in the South (cont.)(pages 517518)

Section 4-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Policies included lower taxes, less public spending, and reduced government services. Many social services that had started during Reconstruction were cut or eliminated, including public education.Change in the South (cont.)(pages 517518)

Section 4-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The South still remained primarily a rural economy even as it developed some industry. It sank deeper into poverty and debt as time went on. Change in the South (cont.)(pages 517518)Some plantations, although not many, were broken up. When divided, the land was used for sharecropping and tenant farming, which were not profitable.

Section 4-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Change in the South (cont.)(pages 517518)Reliance on sharecropping and cash crops, or crops that could be sold for money, hampered the development of a more modern agricultural economy. An oversupply of the biggest cash crop, cotton, forced prices down. With less money, farmers had to buy on credit and pay high prices for their food and supplies. Thus, their debt increased.

Section 4-23Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.How did the South sink into debt?The South was mainly a rural economy. Sharecropping and tenant farming were not profitable. The reliance on a single cash crop was risky. If there was an oversupply of that crop, the price dropped. Farmers had less money to buy the food and supplies they needed and were forced to buy on credit. This increased their debt.(pages 517518)Change in the South (cont.)

Section 4-24Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.A Divided SocietyReconstruction was a success and a failure. (pages 519520)It helped the South recover and begin rebuilding. However, the South remained a rural economy that was very poor. African Americans did not have true freedom because the South created a segregated society, separating them from whites.

Section 4-25Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Southern states imposed voting restrictions even though the Fifteenth Amendment prohibited any state from denying the right to vote because of race. A Divided Society (cont.) (pages 519520)Many states required people to pay a poll tax before voting. Because many African Americans and poor whites could not afford to pay the tax, they could not vote. Many states required prospective voters to also take a literacy test. Because African Americans had little education, they could not pass the test and therefore could not vote.

Section 4-26Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.A Divided Society (cont.) (pages 519520)Some states passed a grandfather clause to enable some whites who may not have been able to pass the test to be able to vote. The law said that if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction, they were also allowed to vote. African Americans were excluded because they did not gain the right to vote until 1867.

Section 4-27Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The South became a segregated society. Many states passed Jim Crow laws, which were laws that required African Americans and whites to be separated in almost every public place and facility. The facilities were separate but not equal. Southern states spent more money on schools and facilities for whites than for African Americans. This segregation lasted for more than 50 years.A Divided Society (cont.) (pages 519520)

Section 4-28Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Violence against African Americans increased. Threats of violence and the voting laws caused African American voting to drop. Mob lynching, or killing African Americans by hanging, increased. If African Americans were suspected of committing crimes or did not behave as whites expected them to, they were lynched.A Divided Society (cont.) (pages 519520)

Section 4-29Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.What caused the South to become a segregated society?(pages 519520)A Divided Society (cont.) Southern states adopted unconstitutional Jim Crow laws that separated African American and white public places and facilities. Those for African Americans were inferior and not equal to those for whites. These states also allowed more money to be spent on white schools than on African American schools. Voting restrictions such as the poll tax and the literacy test kept African Americans from voting and exercising their rights as free Americans.

Section 4-30Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.a group of persons directed to perform some duty__ 2.a tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote __ 3.putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob __ 4.a method used to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring prospective voters to read and write at a specified level__ 5.farm crop raised to be sold for money A.lynchingB.commissionC.cash cropD.poll taxE.literacy testDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.BDAEC

Section 4-31Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts Why was the presidential election of 1876 controversial?The returns from three states were disputed, which left the electoral count in doubt months after the election. The decision of a 15-member commission set up to settle the dispute was considered partisan.

Section 4-32Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesContinuity and Change In what industries did the South make great gains after Reconstruction?The South made great gains in the textile, lumbering, tobacco processing, iron, and steel industries.

Section 4-33Critical ThinkingDetermining Cause and Effect Explain how the Amnesty Act helped the Democratic Party regain its strength.It allowed nearly all white Southerners to vote and hold office again; Southern Democrats gradually began to regain control of the state governments.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 4-34Analyzing VisualsStudy the election map on page 515 of your textbook. Which candidate received the greater number of popular votes? Who won the election?Tilden received the greater number of popular votes, but Hayes won the election.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 4-35Government Research to find out how many African Americans hold seats in Congress today. Make a list of their names and states of residence. Be sure to include members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate.

End of Section 4

Chapter Summary 1

Chapter Summary 2

End of Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment 1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.the granting of pardon to a large number of persons; protection from prosecution for an illegal act __ 2.a tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote __ 3.persons freed from slavery __ 4.laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers A.amnestyB.black codesC.poll taxD.freedmenE.impeachF.segregationDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.ACDB

Chapter Assessment 2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for UnderstandingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.__ 5.the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group __ 6.to formally charge a public official with misconduct in officeFEA.amnestyB.black codesC.poll taxD.freedmenE.impeachF.segregation

Chapter Assessment 3Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWho succeeded Lincoln as president?Andrew Johnson succeeded Lincoln as president.

Chapter Assessment 4Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsHow was the Fourteenth Amendment supposed to help African Americans?It granted full citizenship to all individuals born in the United States and prohibited states from denying citizens constitutional privileges without due process of law.

Chapter Assessment 5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat verdict did the Senate reach in the trial of President Johnson?It did not have the votes to convict him and remove him from office. He was found not guilty.

Chapter Assessment 6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat right does the Fifteenth Amendment protect?It protected the right to vote for African Americans.

Chapter Assessment 7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat tactic did the Ku Klux Klan use to influence elections in the South?It terrorized African Americans and other Republican voters to keep them from casting their votes.

Chapter Assessment 8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Themes: Civic Rights and Responsibilities How did the black codes deny rights?They restricted the rights of freedmen and allowed plantation owners to continue to exploit African American laborers.

Chapter Assessment 9Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Themes: Economic Factors Why did growing cotton after the Civil War send many Southern farmers into debt?Farmers bought food and supplies on credit. Farmers grew more cotton as a cash crop, which forced prices down and plunged farmers deeper into debt.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Chapter Assessment 10Geography and History ActivityStudy the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.

Chapter Assessment 11Geography and History ActivityNew York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana were the most populous states.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Location Electoral votes are based on population. What were the six most populous states in 1876?

Chapter Assessment 12Geography and History ActivityThe Republican Party gained the most votes in the western states.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Region Which political party gained the most votes in the western states?

Chapter Assessment 13Geography and History ActivityThere were 20 electoral votes in dispute.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Place How many electoral votes were in dispute?

Chapter Assessment 14Directions: Read the passage below. It is an excerpt from the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Then answer the question that follows.The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.Standardized Test Practice

Chapter Assessment 15Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.Test-Taking Tip This question asks for the main idea of the passagein this case, of the Fifteenth Amendment. Read through all the answer choices before choosing the best one. Make sure you look for information in the passage to support your answer.The main idea of Fifteen Amendment is thatAenslaved people convicted of crimes had the right to a fair trial.Bslavery was made illegal in every state of the Union.Cthe government was not allowed to deny a persons right to vote on the basis of race.DCongress had the right to set voting restrictions in whatever state it chose.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Standardized Test Practice

Chapter Assessment 16Which president mentioned in this chapter served as an indentured servant to a tailor? Andrew Johnson served as an indentured servant to a tailor.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Chapter Assessment

History OnlineExplore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Republic to 1877 Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://tarvol1.glencoe.com

Did You Know 4Rutherford B. HayesSouthern ProductionClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Did You Know 4aRepublicans held a private swearing in for Hayes on the evening before the official inauguration ceremony.

Did You Know 4bToday, the South still leads the nation in the production of cotton and tobacco. But the Southern region also leads the United States in the production of foods such as chickens, hogs, turkeys, shrimp, peanuts, pecans, sweet potatoes, and peaches.

WWWW? 4Horace GreeleyMississippiClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

WWWW? 4aHorace Greeley Greeley was a prominent nineteenth-century writer and newspaper editor whose editorials against the spread of slavery into the Western territories before the war helped shape antislavery public opinion in the North. Greeley is known as the founder of The New Yorker magazine and as the person who popularized the expression, Go west, young man. He died one month after the 1872 election, in which he unsuccessfully challenged Ulysses S. Grants bid for a second term as president.

WWWW? 4bMississippi Although the official returns for the 1876 election were disputed in just three states, there were voting irregularities in other states as well, such as Mississippi. Mississippis electoral votes went to the Democratic candidate, Tilden. But there is evidence that Republican voters, many who were African American, were threatened and assaulted as they tried to vote. Because a majority of the people in Mississippi were African Americans and Republicans, the suppression of the African American vote could have changed the results of the election in that state.

You Dont Say 4Jim Crow Jim Crow comes from the song Jim Crow by Thomas D. Rice popularized in the mid-1830s. The song portrayed African Americans as happy-go-lucky, childlike people who wanted nothing more from life than something good to eat and a chance to sing and dance.

SkillBuilder 1Identifying the Main IdeaWhy Learn This Skill?Historical details, such as names, dates, and events, are easier to remember when they are connected to a main idea. Understanding the main idea allows you to grasp the whole picture or story. This feature can be found on page 521 of your textbook. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

SkillBuilder 2This feature can be found on page 521 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Learning the SkillFollow these steps to identify a main idea: Before you read the material, find out the setting of the article or document: the time, the place, and who the writer is. Read the material and ask, What is the purpose of this information? Identify supporting details. Identify the main idea or central issue.Identifying the Main Idea

SkillBuilder 3Practicing the SkillIn the passage below, W.E.B. Du Bois, an African American scholar, describes the attitudes of people in Charleston, South Carolina, just after the Civil War. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.The economic loss which came through war was great, but not nearly as influential as the psychological change, the change in habit and thought. The hatred of the Yankees was increased. The defeated Southern leaders were popular heroes. Numbers of Southerners planned to leave the country and go to South America or Mexico. The labor situation, the prospect of free Negroes, caused great apprehension. It was accepted as absolutely true by most planters that the Negro could not work without a white master.This feature can be found on page 521 of your textbook. Identifying the Main Idea

SkillBuilder 4Practicing the SkillThis feature can be found on page 521 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.1.Du Bois begins by naming two kinds of losses from the war. What are they? Which does he say was greater?The two loses were economic and psychological, and psychological was greater.2.What is the main idea of the passage?The main idea is that psychological changes had the greatest impact on the South after the Civil War. Identifying the Main Idea

SkillBuilder 5Practicing the Skill3.What details support the main idea?The hatred of Yankees increased, defeated Southern leaders were heroes, many Southerners planned to leave the country, and the African American labor situation caused apprehension.4.Does the painting on page 521 of your textbook support or negate Du Boiss main idea?Possible answer: The painting supports Du Boiss opinion that freed people were apprehensive after the Civil War.Identifying the Main IdeaThis feature can be found on page 521 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Video 1Understand that baseball was a popular American pastime during and after the Civil War. Recognize that after the war, people sometimes put their prejudices aside when they played baseballbut that it was only a limited refuge from institutional racism. Know the difficulties the country faced as it recovered from the Civil War.Life After the WarObjectivesAfter viewing Life After the War, you should: Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.

Video 2Discussion QuestionWhere could baseball games be seen during the Civil War?Life After the WarClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Soldiers played baseball games in camps.

Video 3Discussion QuestionHow did ballplayers act toward one another and the umpire?Life After the WarClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.The players were gentlemen. There were no fights and no arguments. If the umpire called them out, they did not complain.

Maps and Charts 2

Maps and Charts 4

Maps and Charts 4-2

Why It Matters Transparency

Daily Focus Skills 1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Daily Focus Skills 2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Daily Focus Skills 3Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.They became sharecroppers because they could not buy land or pay rent in cash.

Daily Focus Skills 4Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Custom ShowsEnd of Custom ShowsWARNING! Do Not RemoveThis slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and return to the main presentation.

End of Slide Show