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ContentsChapter IntroductionSection 1The First PresidentSection 2Early ChallengesSection 3The First Political PartiesChapter SummaryChapter AssessmentClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Introduction 1Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Introduction 2Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Describe what actions were taken to launch the new government. Explain how Hamilton proposed to strengthen the economy.Section 1: The First President

Introduction 3Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Understand how the federal government asserted its power in the West. Examine how the United States tried to stay out of European conflicts.Section 2: Early Challenges

Introduction 4Chapter ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Describe how political parties got started and what positions they supported. Explain how John Adams and Thomas Jefferson became candidates of opposing parties in the election of 1796.Section 3: The First Political Parties

Introduction 5Why It MattersGeorge Washingtons administration faced the huge task of making the new government work. The Constitution had created the office of the presidency, but Washington established many procedures and customs.

Introduction 6The Impact TodayPresident Washington set many examples that presidents still follow. These include creating a cabinet, directing foreign affairs, and serving as chief legislator.

Introduction 7

Introduction 8

End of Introduction

Section 1-1Guide to ReadingClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.President Washington and the first Congress tackled the work of establishing a new government. precedent Main IdeaKey Termscabinet national debt bond speculator unconstitutional tariff

Section 1-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Classifying Information As you read the section, re-create the diagram on page 258 of your textbook and list the actions taken by Congress and Washington's first administration. what actions were taken to launch the new government. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow Hamilton proposed to strengthen the economy.

Section 1-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Government and Democracy President Washington and Congress took actions that shaped the future of government in our nation.Section Theme

Section 1-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.Washington banner

Section 1-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.President WashingtonAlthough Washington thought he was going to retire after the war, he was elected the first president of the United States under the federal Constitution (there had been several presidents under the Articles of Confederation). (pages 258259)On April 30, 1789, he took the oath of office. John Adams became vice president.

Section 1-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.President Washington (cont.) Washington was aware of the difficulties and decisions he had to face. He would establish precedents that would shape the future of the United States. He would make many decisions especially about the structure of government.(pages 258259)

Section 1-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Congress set up a cabinet with three departments: President Washington (cont.) the State Department to handle relations with other nations, headed by Thomas Jefferson the Treasury Department to deal with financial matters, headed by Alexander Hamilton the War Department to provide for the national defense, headed by Henry Knox (pages 258259)

Section 1-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Congress created the office of attorney general to handle the governments legal affairs. Edmund Randolph was the first attorney general. Congress also established the office of postmaster general to direct the postal service. Washington met regularly with the three department heads, or secretaries, and the attorney general, which together became known as the cabinet.President Washington (cont.) (pages 258259)

Section 1-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Congress was divided as to how much power the president should hold over the executive departments. The president appointed the department heads with the Senates approval. Congress gave the president authority over hiring and firing cabinet officers so that he did not need the Senates approval to dismiss someone. This strengthened the presidents position and created a major separation between the legislature and the executive branches. President Washington (cont.) (pages 258259)

Section 1-10Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Judiciary Act of 1789 was actually a compromise act. One group in Congress favored a national legal system, and a second favored state courts. The act established a federal court system with 13 district courts and 3 circuit courts. State laws would remain, but federal courts would have the power to reverse state decisions.President Washington (cont.) (pages 258259)

Section 1-11The Supreme Court was to be the highest court with final authority. John Jay was appointed chief justice.President Washington (cont.) (pages 258259)

Section 1-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Many people felt the Constitution needed a guarantee of personal liberties. In fact, some states supported the Constitution because a bill of rights was to be added to it. President Washington (cont.) James Madison presented a list of amendments to Congress. Congress passed 12 amendments. The states ratified 10 of them. These 10 amendments became known as the Bill of Rights and were added to the Constitution in December 1791. (pages 258259)

Section 1-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.What do you think was the most important decision of the early government: creating a cabinet, passing the Judiciary Act, or adding the Bill of Rights to the Constitution?Possible answer: The Bill of Rights was the most important decision because it guarantees personal liberties, and that is what the country represents; however, the Judiciary Act created the court system, and the cabinet helps the executive office function.President Washington (cont.) (pages 258259)

Section 1-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Financial ProblemsHamilton, as secretary of the treasury, tried to find a way to strengthen the countrys financial problems. (pages 260261)He proposed the Hamilton Plan.

Section 1-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.It said that the new government should pay off the millions of dollars in debts owed by the Confederation government to other countries and to individual citizens. Financial Problems (cont.) The nation should pay for the cost of their help. Further, by the federal government assuming the states debts, this would give the states a strong interest in the success of the new government. (pages 260261)

Section 1-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.There was opposition to Hamiltons plan. Congress agreed to pay money to other nations, but they could not agree to pay off the debt to American citizens.Financial Problems (cont.) (pages 260261)

Section 1-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.When the government borrowed money during the war, it issued bonds, or paper notes, promising to repay the money in a given period of time. Speculators bought many of the original bonds for less than their value. Hamiltons plan proposed paying off these bonds at their original value, and opponents said this would make the speculators rich. Financial Problems (cont.) (pages 260261)

Section 1-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The original bond owners were also opposed because they had lost money on their bonds and the new bond owners had made money, only to make more if Hamiltons plan was enacted. The Southern states also presented opposition because their state debt was less than the Northern states, and they would have to pay more than their share under Hamiltons plan.Financial Problems (cont.) (pages 260261)

Section 1-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Hamilton proposed a compromise plan. He agreed to a proposal by Southern leaders to move the nations capital from New York City to a special district in the South between Virginia and Maryland. This became Washington, D.C. The Southerners then agreed to support his plan to pay off the state debts. Financial Problems (cont.) (pages 260261)

Section 1-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.How did Hamiltons plan propose to strengthen the economy?It proposed to pay off the growing debt from the war by paying foreign countries money that was borrowed, by paying off the state debts, and by paying American citizens money borrowed from them. By paying the debt, Hamilton believed that he could rebuild the countrys financial reputation and strengthen the nation. Without such a large debt, the nation would be able to use its money to grow instead of towards interest payments on the debt.Financial Problems (cont.) (pages 260261)

Section 1-21Building the EconomyHamilton also proposed the creation of a national bank, the Bank of the United States; a tariff, or tax, on imports; and national taxes to help the nations economy.(page 262)

Section 1-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Before the bill to create a national bank was proposed, only state banks existed. Madison and Jefferson opposed the idea of a national bank, saying that it would benefit the wealthy and was unconstitutional. Hamilton said that Congress had the power to create a bank even though the Constitution had no provision. The president signed the bill, creating the Bank of the United States.Building the Economy (cont.) (page 262)

Section 1-23Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Hamilton proposed a protective tariff on imports. He hoped this would protect American industry from foreign competition and encourage people to buy American goods. Building the Economy (cont.) The South opposed this tax because it had little industry to protect. Hamilton did win support in Congress for some low tariffs to raise money. (page 262)

Section 1-24Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Hamiltons economic program also called for creating national taxes. The government could have additional funds to operate and use to make interest payments on the national debt. Congress approved a variety of taxes, including one on American whiskey. Building the Economy (cont.) (page 262)

Section 1-25Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Hamiltons economic program gave the country new financial powers, but it split Congress and the nation. His opponents, including Madison and Jefferson, feared a national government with strong economic powers to protect the wealthy.Building the Economy (cont.) (page 262)

Section 1-26Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Do you think Hamilton planned to protect the interests of the wealthy, or was this just a by-product of his economic program?Possible answer: He probably did want to protect the wealthy citizens because they had the money to invest in helping the country grow. Over time there has been a struggle over whether or not, and how much, the government should protect the investments and interests of the wealthy.Building the Economy (cont.)(page 262)

Section 1-27Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.a note issued by the government, which promises to pay off a loan with interest __ 2.a tradition __ 3.the amount of money a national government owes to other governments or its people __ 4.person who risks money in order to make a large profit __ 5.a group of advisers to the president A.precedentB.cabinetC.national debtD.bondE.speculatorDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.DBECA

Section 1-28Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts Name three things that Hamilton wanted to do to create a stable economic system and strengthen the economy.Possible answers: He wanted to pay off debts, form a national bank, enact tariffs, and create national taxes.

Section 1-29Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesGovernment and Democracy What compromise did Congress reach in establishing a court system?The Judiciary Act of 1789 kept state laws in place, but gave federal courts power to reverse state decisions.

Section 1-30Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Primary Sources Hamilton said about Washington, He consulted much, pondered much, resolved slowly, resolved surely. Did this make Washington a good first president? Explain.

Section 1-31Analyzing VisualsPicturing History Examine the picture of the U.S. Capitol on page 261 of your textbook. The Capitol is one of the most widely recognized buildings in the world. What members of the government serve in the Capitol? What does the U.S. Capitol symbolize to you?Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives serve in the Capitol. The Capitol might symbolize an idea of national unity, democracy, and American pride.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 1-32Expository Writing You have been given the task of choosing the first cabinet members. Write a job description for the secretaries of state, treasury, and war. Then interview classmates to see who would be best suited for each position.

End of Section 1

Section 2-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingIn the 1790s, the new government struggled to keep peace at home and avoid war abroad. neutrality Main IdeaKey Termsimpressment

Section 2-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Classifying Information As you read the section, re-create the diagram shown on page 263 of your textbook and list results of government actions during the early Republic. how the federal government asserted its power in the West. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow the United States tried to stay out of European conflicts.

Section 2-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Geography and History The new government clashed over control of the Northwest Territory.Section Theme

Section 2-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Section 2-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Whiskey RebellionFarmers resisted paying a tax on the whiskey they made. (pages 263264)They usually exchanged whiskey and other items for goods they needed rather than buy goods with cash. They did not have money to pay a tax.

Section 2-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In July 1794, federal officers came into western Pennsylvania to collect a tax. The resistance turned into an armed protest that was called the Whiskey Rebellion. A large mob of people attacked tax collectors and burned buildings. The Whiskey Rebellion (cont.) (pages 263264)

Section 2-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.President Washington sent an army to quiet the rebellion. His actions showed people that the government would use force to maintain social order.The Whiskey Rebellion (cont.) (pages 263264)

Section 2-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why were the western Pennsylvania farmers so resistant to a tax on whiskey?These farmers were not rich. Their lives were different from Easterners living in cities or towns. They were proud of their ability to exist by bartering their whiskey for goods they needed. They did not have money to pay a tax and thought they could rebel against the new government instead of paying a tax. They saw that they could not and that they would not be excluded from paying the whiskey tax that was levied on all citizens.The Whiskey Rebellion (cont.) (pages 263264)

Section 2-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Struggle over the WestThe Native Americans who lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River had troubles with the new government over this land. (page 264)They felt the land belonged to them and the new settlers were taking away their land. They looked to Britain and Spain for help to prevent American settlers from moving onto these lands.

Section 2-10Washington hoped that treaties signed with the Native American tribes would keep the British and Spanish out.Struggle over the West (cont.) (page 264)

Section 2-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.American settlers ignored the treaties and moved onto the lands that were promised to the Native Americans. When fighting broke out, Washington sent an army led by General Arthur St. Clair to restore order. His troops were beaten badly in November 1791. The Miami, Shawnee, and Delaware tribes allied and continued to resist American settlers moving onto their land.Struggle over the West (cont.) (page 264)

Section 2-12The Native Americans demanded that all settlers north of the Ohio River leave. Struggle over the West (cont.) Washington sent in another army led by Anthony Wayne. At the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794, Waynes army defeated over 1,000 Native Americans.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.(page 264)

Section 2-13The Treaty of Greenville was signed in 1795 to settle the issue. Struggle over the West (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Native Americans agreed to surrender most of the land in present-day Ohio.(page 264)

Section 2-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Which group fared better from the Treaty of Greenville, the Native Americans or the American settlers?Possible answer: Because the treaty required Native Americans to give up most of present-day Ohio in return for $20,000 worth of goods, they lost land but gained money that they did not have. Because the American settlers gained more land on which to settle, they probably fared better.Struggle over the West (cont.) (page 264)

Section 2-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Problems With EuropeThe French Revolution began in 1789, just after Washington took office, and in 1793, Britain and France went to war. (pages 264266)Washington hoped that America could remain neutral, but as time went on, this became difficult.

Section 2-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The French tried to involve the United States. In April 1793, the French diplomat Edmond Gent came to the United States to recruit American volunteers to attack British shipping. His plan failed, but he did sign up a few hundred Americans to serve on French ships that took British vessels and stole their cargoes.Problems With Europe (cont.) (pages 264266)

Section 2-17Washington announced a Proclamation of Neutrality on April 22 that prohibited Americans from fighting in the war and prohibited British warships from American ports. Problems With Europe (cont.) (pages 264266)

Section 2-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The British began capturing American ships that traded with the French. They also stopped American merchant ships, took their crews, and forced them into the British navya practice known as impressment.Problems With Europe (cont.) (pages 264266)

Section 2-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Washington, so as to avoid war with Britain, sent John Jay to negotiate a peaceful solution. The British listened to Jays proposal. They knew that a war with the United States would make things more difficult, as they were already at war with France. Besides, the United States bought their products.Problems With Europe (cont.) (pages 264266)

Section 2-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Jays Treaty said that Britain shall: Problems With Europe (cont.) withdraw from American soil pay damages for ships it had seized allow some American ships to trade with British colonies in the Caribbean Jays Treaty also provided for settlements of debts from before 1776.(pages 264266)

Section 2-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Jays Treaty was controversial. Many Americans disapproved of it because it did not deal with British impressment or the British interference with American trade. Washington sent it to the Senate even though he, too, did not favor it. He saw it as an end to a crisis. It was narrowly approved.Problems With Europe (cont.) (pages 264266)

Section 2-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.To settle its differences with the United States, Spain also signed a treaty. Thomas Pinckney went to Spain in 1795. The Pinckney Treaty gave Americans the right to freely navigate the Mississippi River and also the right to trade at the port of New Orleans.Problems With Europe (cont.) (pages 264266)

Section 2-23Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why did Britain and Spain sign treaties with the United States?Britain sold its goods mainly to the United States and needed to maintain a good relationship. Britain also saw that the Americans would fight if pressured. So Britain accepted the fact that they had to give up their positions in the United States and agree to the terms of Jays Treaty. The United States victories in the West made Spain realize that it also needed to make peace. Spain also did not want the United States and Britain to work against their empire in North America, so Spain signed the Pinckney Treaty.Problems With Europe (cont.) (pages 264266)

Section 2-24Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Washingtons FarewellWashington had served two terms as president and chose not to seek a third term. (page 266)This set a precedent for later presidents to follow. He looked forward to retiring at Mount Vernon. He was greatly troubled by the divisions in American politics and political parties.

Section 2-25Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In his farewell address, he spoke about the evils of political parties and the problems of foreign affairs. His parting words influenced the nations foreign policy for more than 100 years. Washingtons speech is read aloud in the Senate each year on his birthday.Washingtons Farewell (cont.) (page 266)

Section 2-26Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think Washington was so concerned about avoiding permanent alliances with foreign nations?Possible answer: He wanted the country to focus on running itself and growing. By avoiding entanglements the nation could focus on growing and establishing a strong government.Washingtons Farewell (cont.) (page 266)

Section 2-27Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.forcing people into service, as in the navy __ 2.a position of not taking sides in a conflict A.neutralityB.impressmentDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.B A

Section 2-28Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts What message was Washington sending to the American people when he used force to stop the Whiskey Rebellion?The government would not tolerate violent protests. Laws had to be changed peacefully, through constitutional means.

Section 2-29Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesGeography and History How did the Treaty of Greenville affect the land claims of Native Americans in the Northwest Territory?It allowed settlers to take Native Americans land.

Section 2-30Critical ThinkingPredicting Consequences What did the United States have to gain by remaining neutral in foreign affairs?By remaining neutral, Americans would not be killed in battle; less money and property would be lost; and we would have better relations with other nations.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 2-31Analyzing VisualsGeography and History Review the map on page 265 of your textbook. The Native American nations surrendered land that makes up a large part of what present-day state?Native Americans surrendered land that makes up a large part of Ohio.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 2-32Descriptive Writing A tribute is a speech showing respect and gratitude. Write a one-paragraph tribute that you might have delivered if you had been asked to speak at George Washingtons funeral.

End of Section 2

Section 3-1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to ReadingBy the election of 1796, two distinct political parties with different views about the role of the national government had formed. partisan Main IdeaKey Termsimplied powers caucus alien sedition nullify states rights

Section 3-2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Guide to Reading (cont.)Classifying Information As you read Section 3, create a diagram like the one on page 267 of your textbook and list the differences between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. how political parties got started and what positions they supported. Reading StrategyRead to Learnhow John Adams and Thomas Jefferson became candidates of opposing parties in the election of 1796.

Section 3-3Guide to Reading (cont.)Government and Democracy Different values fueled the rise of the nations first political parties.Section Theme

Section 3-4Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

Section 3-5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Opposing ViewsMost Americans in the late 1700s considered political parties harmful and to be avoided. (pages 267270)Political parties were not mentioned in the Constitution. Washington also denounced them.

Section 3-6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.By 1796 Americans were beginning to divide into opposing groups and form political parties. It was natural for people to disagree about issues and also for people who held similar views to group together. In Washingtons cabinet, Hamilton and Jefferson often took opposing sides. Washington was partisan also, favoring one side of an issue.Opposing Views (cont.) (pages 267270)

Section 3-7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Two distinct political parties emergedthe Federalists and the Republicans, also called the Democratic-Republicans. Opposing Views (cont.) The Federalists generally supported policies of Alexander Hamilton. Its policies favored: a strong federal government banking and shipping interests rule by the wealthy a national bank(pages 267270)

Section 3-8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Opposing Views (cont.) representative government in which elected officials ruled in the peoples name a loose interpretation of the Constitution or implied powers a British alliance protective tariffs(pages 267270)

Section 3-9Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The Republicans, or Democratic-Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, favored: Opposing Views (cont.) strong state governments and limited federal government powers emphasis on agricultural products rule by the people state banks government in which people participate a strict interpretation of the Constitution a French alliance free trade(pages 267270)

Section 3-10By 1793 Jefferson resigned as secretary of state, and in 1795 Hamilton resigned as secretary of the treasury because of their differences.Opposing Views (cont.) (pages 267270)

Section 3-11Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In the 1796 presidential election, candidates were members of a political party. Opposing Views (cont.) The Federalists nominated John Adams for president and Charles Pinckney for vice president. The Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson for president and Aaron Burr for vice president. Adams won the election with 71 electoral votes.(pages 267270)At caucuses, or political-party meetings, members of Congress and other leaders chose their partys candidates.

Section 3-12Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Opposing Views (cont.) Jefferson received 68 votes. Jefferson became the vice president, because at the time, the person with the second-highest number of electoral votes became vice president. Jefferson and Adams were of different political parties.(pages 267270)

Section 3-13Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Why do you think the electoral process was changed so that results like the 1796 election with people from different parties holding office together would not occur again?Possible answer: It is hard enough to get consensus, or agreement, within a party and even more difficult to get people from different parties to agree when they hold the offices of president and vice president concurrently. The electoral process was later changed so that people elected a slate, not individuals.Opposing Views (cont.) (pages 267270)

Section 3-14Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.President John AdamsJohn Adams served as vice president under Washington for two terms before becoming the second president of the United States. (pages 270272)He spent most of his life in public service.

Section 3-15Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.A dispute with France over the terms of Jays Treaty ended in an incident known as the XYZ affair. President John Adams (cont.) The French saw the treaty as the United States helping the British in the war with France, so they seized American ships carrying cargo to Britain. To avoid war with France, Adams sent a delegation to Paris to resolve the issue. Charles de Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, refused to meet with the Americans and sent three agents who demanded a bribe and a United States loan for France. (pages 270272)

Section 3-16Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.President John Adams (cont.) The Americans refused the terms, and when Adams heard about the incident, he referred to the three agents as X, Y, and Z. Adams urged Congress to prepare for war. Congress strengthened the armed forces, established the Navy Department in April 1798, and allotted money to build warships. George Washington was appointed commanding general.(pages 270272)

Section 3-17Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.This undeclared sea war between American and French naval forces between 1798 and 1800 saw more than 90 French armed ships seized. France now became the enemy for many Americans.President John Adams (cont.) (pages 270272)

Section 3-18Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.In 1798 Congress passed a group of measures called the Alien and Sedition Acts. President John Adams (cont.) Americans became more suspicious of aliens, or people living in the United States who were not citizens, especially Europeans who came in the 1790s and who supported the ideals of the French Revolution. People were concerned that if the United States and France went to war, these aliens might not remain loyal to the United States.(pages 270272)These laws were passed to protect the nations security.

Section 3-19Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.President John Adams (cont.) Sedition refers to activities aimed at weakening established government. -Americans were suspicious of the aliens and concerned that they might engage in unlawful activities such as speaking out against the United States government. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and 1799 were resolutions written by Madison and Jefferson on states rights.(pages 270272)

Section 3-20Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The resolution said that the Alien and Sedition Acts could not become effective because they violated the Constitution. President John Adams (cont.) They also said that the people of each state had the right to nullify, or cancel, a federal law within that state. They showed that many Americans feared a strong central government that could interfere with their rights. The issue of states rights would continue, and in time lead to civil war. (pages 270272)

Section 3-21Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.The undeclared war with France needed resolution. Federalists urged Adams to step up the war with France. They hoped to benefit politically from a war. Adams refused to rush a war and appointed a commission to seek peace with France. In 1800 the French agreed to a treaty and stopped attacks on American ships. President John Adams (cont.) (pages 270272)

Section 3-22Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.This agreement hurt Adamss chance for reelection. Hamilton and his supporters now opposed their own president. Because of this rift in the Federalist Party, the Republicans now had a good chance to win the 1800 presidential election.President John Adams (cont.) (pages 270272)

Section 3-23Under the Adams presidency, what do you think was the most important event or decision that occurred?President John Adams (cont.) (pages 270272)Possible answers: Issues dealing with foreign affairs, states rights versus a strong federal government, and the division between political parties could all be considered.

Section 3-24Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution __ 2.favoring one side of an issue __ 3.a meeting held by a political party to choose their partys candidate for president or decide policy__ 4.activities aimed at weakening established government__ 5.an immigrant living in a country in which he or she is not a citizen A.partisanB.implied powersC.caucusD.alienE.seditionDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.BACED

Section 3-25Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Checking for UnderstandingReviewing Facts Who was elected president in 1796, and who became vice president?John Adams was elected president in 1796 and Thomas Jefferson became vice president.

Section 3-26Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing ThemesGovernment and Democracy How were the Federalists different from the Republicans in how they felt about a powerful central government?Federalists supported a strong federal government; Republicans supported strong state governments.

Section 3-27Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions Do you think the development of political parties was necessary? Why or why not?Possible answers: Yes, because people will always disagree on some issues. No, because parties divide the nation.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 3-28Analyzing VisualsGraphic Organizer Skills Study the diagram on page 271 of your textbook. Who are aliens? Why were the Alien and Sedition Acts passed? How did their passage affect the Federalist Party?Aliens are people from other countries who are not United States citizens. The Acts were passed to strengthen the federal government and silence Republican opposition. It increased opposition to the Federalist Party.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Section 3-29Art Choose the presidential candidate for whom you would have voted in 1796. Design a campaign poster or button using words and illustrations to help promote your candidate.

End of Chapter Summary

Chapter Summary 1

Chapter Summary 2

End of Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment 1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for Understanding__ 1.activities aimed at weakening established government __ 2.a tradition __ 3.a meeting held by a political party to choose their partys candidate for president or decide policy __ 4.a position of not taking sides in a conflict __ 5.a tax on imports or exports A.precedentB.cabinetC.tariffD.neutralityE.impressmentF.caucusG.seditionH.states rightsDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.GAFDC

Chapter Assessment 2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.Checking for UnderstandingDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.__ 6.rights and powers independent of the federal government that are reserved for the states by the Constitution; the belief that states rights supersede federal rights and law __ 7.forcing people into service, as in the navy __ 8.a group of advisers to the president HA.precedentB.cabinetC.tariffD.neutralityE.impressmentF.caucusG.seditionH.states rightsEB

Chapter Assessment 3Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat was the importance of the Judiciary Act of 1789?It established a strong federal judiciary by establishing the federal court system with 13 district courts and 3 circuit courts.

Chapter Assessment 4Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat caused the farmers in western Pennsylvania to revolt during the Whiskey Rebellion?They protested the whiskey tax.

Chapter Assessment 5Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsAccording to Hamilton, what are implied powers?Implied powers are powers that were not expressly forbidden in the Constitution.

Chapter Assessment 6Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWhat actions by France led to an undeclared war with the United States?The French seizure of American ships that carried cargo to British ports and the XYZ affair led to an undeclared war.

Chapter Assessment 7Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Reviewing Key FactsWho was elected president in 1796? Who was elected vice president?John Adams was elected president in 1796 and Thomas Jefferson became vice president.

Chapter Assessment 8Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Themes: Government and Democracy Refer to the grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence. How were these grievances addressed in the Bill of Rights?In addition to guaranteeing the freedoms of speech, press, and religion, the Bill of Rights protects the rights of states and individuals by saying that powers not specifically given to the federal government are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Chapter Assessment 9Critical ThinkingAnalyzing Information What did President Washington say in his Farewell Address about political parties and foreign policy?He said that political parties were evil and warned against entanglements in foreign affairs.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Chapter Assessment 10Geography and History ActivityStudy the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.

Chapter Assessment 11Geography and History ActivitySt. Clairs troops moved northwest.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Movement In which direction did St. Clairs troops move?

Chapter Assessment 12Geography and History ActivityFort Washington was located along the Ohio River.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Location Along what river was Fort Washington located?

Chapter Assessment 13Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.Test-Taking Tip Read the question carefully. The 12th Amendment was not part of the Bill of Rights, so it can be eliminated as a possibility.Certain grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence were addressed in the Bill or Rights. Which amendment addressed the quartering of troops?A1st AmendmentB3rd AmendmentC8th AmendmentD12th AmendmentClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Standardized Test Practice

Chapter Assessment 14What salary did George Washington receive as president? What does the president receive today?George Washington received $25,000.The president today receives $400,000 plus a $50,000 non-taxable expense account per year.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Chapter Assessment

History OnlineExplore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to The American Republic to 1877 Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://tarvol1.glencoe.com

Causes and Effects

Did You Know 3The Internet was first used for voting during the 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary. Voters who voted via the Internet received a confidential personal identification number by mail prior to the election. Voters could log on to the voting Web site four days prior to Election Day and vote. As a result of Internet voting, voter turnout increased by 600 percent.

WWWW? 1The Election of 1789 George Washington was chosen by the electors from just 10 states. Election problems prevented New York from casting its ballot, and Rhode Island and North Carolina had not yet ratified the Constitution.

WWWW? 3Modern Political Parties Todays Democratic Party traces its roots to Jeffersons Democratic-Republicans. The modern Republican Party, however, was not founded until 1854.

SkillBuilder 1Reading a FlowchartWhy Learn This Skill?Sometimes determining a sequence of events can be confusing, particularly when many events occur at the same time. A flowchart can help you understand what is going on in a series of events. This feature can be found on page 273 of your textbook. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.

SkillBuilder 2This feature can be found on page 273 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Learning the SkillFlowcharts show the steps in a process or a sequence of events. For example, a flowchart could be used to show the movement of goods through a factory, of people through a training program, or of a bill through Congress. The following steps explain how to read a flowchart: Read the title or caption of the flowchart to find out what you are studying. Read all of the labels or sentences on the flowchart. Look for numbers indicating a sequence, or arrows showing the direction of movement.Reading a Flowchart

SkillBuilder 3Practicing the SkillRead the flowchart on the right. It shows a sequence of events that took place in the Northwest Territory. Analyze the information in the flowchart; then answer the following questions.This feature can be found on page 273 of your textbook. Reading a Flowchart

SkillBuilder 4Practicing the SkillThis feature can be found on page 273 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.1.What symbol is used to show the sequence of the events?An arrow shows the sequence of events.2.What actions taken by the British set off the sequence of events that are reflected in the title of the chart?The British took control of forts and stirred up trouble between Native Americans and American settlers in the Ohio Valley.Reading a Flowchart

SkillBuilder 5Practicing the SkillThis feature can be found on page 273 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.3.What action did Washington take in response to trouble in the Ohio Valley?He sent troops into the Northwest Territory.4.What information from the chapter could you add to the flowchart to continue the sequence of events?General Anthony Wayne is sent to gain control of the Ohio River valley; the Shawnee are defeated at Battle of Fallen Timbers; Native Americans are forced to sign a treaty opening Ohio to white settlementReading a Flowchart

Video 1George WashingtonAfter viewing George Washington, you should: Understand the immediate problems that faced George Washington on the eve of his second term as president. Recognize that Washington had his detractors. Recognize that Washington did not want a second term.ObjectivesClick the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.

Video 2Discussion QuestionWhat did Washington fear he would become during his second term?George WashingtonHe feared he would become a federal prisoner.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Video 3Discussion QuestionWhy did Jefferson believe it was the countrys obligation to come to Frances aid?George WashingtonHe believed we owed a debt of gratitude because France came to our aid and because we signed a document saying we would help them.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Maps and Charts 2

Maps and Charts 3

Why It Matters Transparency

Daily Focus Skills 1Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Daily Focus Skills 2Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.He was against them.

Daily Focus Skills 3Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.Answers will vary.

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