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TANBREZ MINING GREENLAND A/S
TANBREEZ PROJECT
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE STUDY AREA
AUGUST 2013
Orbicon A/S
Ringstedvej 20
DK 4000 Roskilde
Denmark
Phone + 45 46 30 03 10
Version Draft 5.1
Date 6. August 2013
Prepared FPJE
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TANBREZ MINING GREENLAND A/S
TANBREEZ PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
August 2013
Orbicon A/S
Ringstedvej 20
DK 4000 Roskilde
Denmark
Phone + 45 46 30 03 10
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 8
1.1 The TANBREEZ Project ..................................................................................................... 8
1.2 The aim of the report ......................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Definition of scope and data collection ........................................................................... 8
1.4 The structure of this report .............................................................................................10
2 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .....................................................................................11
2.1 Climate ..............................................................................................................................12
2.2 Sea ice ...............................................................................................................................13
3 VEGETATION ....................................................................................................................15
3.1 Vegetation below 200 m altitude ....................................................................................15
3.2 Vegetation above 200 m altitude ....................................................................................17
4 ANIMALS ...........................................................................................................................20
4.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................20
4.2 Terrestrial mammals ........................................................................................................20 4.2.1 Arctic fox ......................................................................................................................... 20 4.2.2 Arctic hare ....................................................................................................................... 20
4.3 Marine mammals ..............................................................................................................21 4.3.1 Ringed seal ..................................................................................................................... 21 4.3.2 Hooded seal .................................................................................................................... 22 4.3.3 Harp seal ......................................................................................................................... 22 4.3.4 Humpbacked whale......................................................................................................... 23 4.3.5 Minke whale .................................................................................................................... 24 4.3.6 Fin whale ......................................................................................................................... 24 4.3.7 Harbour porpoise ............................................................................................................ 24
4.4 Birds ..................................................................................................................................26 4.4.1 Common wheatear .......................................................................................................... 26 4.4.2 Raven .............................................................................................................................. 26 4.4.3 Red-winged thrush .......................................................................................................... 27 4.4.4 Redpoll ............................................................................................................................ 27 4.4.5 Lapland bunting ............................................................................................................... 27 4.4.6 Snow bunting .................................................................................................................. 28 4.4.7 Peregrine ......................................................................................................................... 28 4.4.8 Gyrfalcon ......................................................................................................................... 29 4.4.9 White-tailed Eagle ........................................................................................................... 30 4.4.10 Ptarmigan .................................................................................................................... 31 4.4.11 Red-throated Diver ...................................................................................................... 31 4.4.12 Black Guillemot ........................................................................................................... 31 4.4.13 Brünnich’s Guillemot ................................................................................................... 32 4.4.14 Mallard ........................................................................................................................ 32 4.4.15 Harlequin duck ............................................................................................................ 32 4.4.16 Common eider ............................................................................................................. 33 4.4.17 Long-tailed duck .......................................................................................................... 34 4.4.18 Red-breasted Merganser ............................................................................................ 34
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4.4.19 Iceland Gul .................................................................................................................. 34 4.4.20 Glaucous Gull .............................................................................................................. 35 4.4.21 Great Black-backed Gull ............................................................................................. 35 4.4.22 Lesser Black-backed gull ............................................................................................ 35 4.4.23 Black-legged Kittiwakes .............................................................................................. 36 4.4.24 Purple sandpiper ......................................................................................................... 37 4.4.25 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula ............................................................................. 37
5 FISH AND LARGE MARINE INVERTEBRATE ................................................................38 5.1.1 Deep sea shrimp ............................................................................................................. 38 5.1.2 Atlantic Cod ..................................................................................................................... 38 5.1.3 Greenland Cod ................................................................................................................ 38 5.1.4 Spotted Wolffish .............................................................................................................. 38 5.1.5 Atlantic Salmon ............................................................................................................... 39 5.1.6 Arctic Char ...................................................................................................................... 39 5.1.7 Capelin ............................................................................................................................ 43 5.1.8 Redfish ............................................................................................................................ 43 5.1.9 Lumpsucker ..................................................................................................................... 43
6 FRESHWATER ECOLOGY ...............................................................................................44
7 PROTECTED AREAS AND SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN ......................46
7.1 Threatened species .........................................................................................................46
7.2 Areas protected according to international agreements .............................................46
7.3 Areas protected according to national legislation .......................................................47
7.4 Areas of conservation concern identified by NGOs ....................................................47
7.5 Sea bird colonies near the project area .........................................................................48
7.6 Areas important to wintering sea birds .........................................................................49
7.7 Environmental importance and resource use of shorelines of the study
area ....................................................................................................................................50
8 REFERENCE .....................................................................................................................53
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List of figures
Figure 1.1 Study area at Killavaat Alannguat.................................................................................. 9 Figure 2.1 The Killavaat Alannguat with Mine site 1 at the centre and Kangerluarsuk
Fjord to the right. The Ivaangiusaq Kangileq mountain (top centre) behind
Killavaat Alannguat rises to 805 m ...............................................................................11 Figure 2.2 Temperature (degree C) recorded by the metrological station at Killavaat
Alannguat between June 2010 and October 2011 .......................................................12 Figure 2.3 Wind speed (m/s) recorded by the metrological station at Killavaat
Alannguat between June 2010 and October 2011 .......................................................13 Figure 3.1 Dwarf heath vegetation form a narrow green belt of both sides of the lower
part of Lakseelv .............................................................................................................16 Figure 3.2 Small-white orchid (Leucorchis albida) among copses of willow and birch
along Lakseelv ..............................................................................................................16 Figure 3.3 Vegetation on the southeast facing slopes of Killavaat Alannguat towards
the inner fjord is limited to a narrow zone below 200 m altitude ...................................17 Figure 3.4 A few small Northern willow and Glandular birch grows along Laksetværelv
at c. 300 m altitude in a landscape otherwise almost completely depleted
from vegetation .............................................................................................................18 Figure 3.5 Fostersø surrounded by almost bare ground ..............................................................18 Figure 3.6 Moss campion Silena acaulis at c. 450 m altitude on Killavaat Alannguat
plateau ..........................................................................................................................19 Figure 4.1 Arctic hare occur in small numbers in the Killavaat Alannguat area ...........................21 Figure 4.2 Humpback whale at Qaqortoq, June 2008 ..................................................................23 Figure 4.3 Lapland bunting is common in the dwarf heat along the shore of the fjord
and Lakseelv .................................................................................................................28 Figure 4.4 Young Gyrfalcon in South Greenland ..........................................................................29 Figure 4.5 Adult White-tailed Eagle ..............................................................................................30 Figure 4.6 Flock of wintering Common Eiders in Tunulliarfik Fjord, March 2010 .........................33 Figure 4.7 Glaucous Gulls and Great-black backed Gull rested on iceberg in South
Greenland .....................................................................................................................36 Figure 5.1 Arctic char in pool in Lakselv .......................................................................................39 Figure 5.2 Distribution of Arctic char in Lakseelv and its tributaries. Char was only
recorded in the lower and middle section of Lakseelv and in a branch of this
river (stream section with fish marked with red). No char were found in
Fostersø or in Laksetværelv that drains Fostersø into Lakseelv ..................................40 Figure 5.3 Waterfall about 5 km from the outlet prevent further upstream migration of
char in Lakseelv ............................................................................................................41 Figure 5.4 Deep pool in Lakseelv a few hundred meter from the outlet in the fjord
where large numbers of Arctic char spent the winter months ......................................42 Figure 6.1 Position of the sampling stations in Lakseelv (Station L1 – L6) and
Laksetværelv (L7 & L8). ................................................................................................45 Figure 7.1 Protected areas in South Greenland. Areas marked with red are protected
according to national legislation (but none are designated in South
Greenland). Areas marked with blue are protected according to local
legislation. Areas marked with yellow are Ramsar Sites. Areas marked with
green are Important Bird Area (IBA) – but none are found in South
Greenland (from Boertmann 2005) ...............................................................................47
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Figure 7.2 Distribution and size of larger sea bird colonies (> 500 individuals) in South
Greenland (from Mosbech et al. 2004) .........................................................................48 Figure 7.3 Sea bird colonies in former Qaqortoq (eastern part) and Narsaq
Municipalities. Red dots show previously known colonies (those without code
no. were not surveyed in 2003), green dots are colonies located during the
2003 survey. Hatched lines are municipality borders. From Boertmann 2004 .............49 Figure 7.4 Important areas for wintering sea birds off South Greenland (dark areas).
The northern part (area 6) is particular important to Common eider,
Harlequin duck and Brünnich’s Guillemot while the southern part (area 7) is
mainly important to Common eider. From Boertmann et al. 2004 ................................50 Figure 7.5 Shoreline map of the study area and surroundings with indications of
sensitivity to oil spill shown with different colours (from Mosbech et al. 2004).
Small blues squares show archaeological sites. A “person” indicates places
with important resources for human use. “LU” is a site important to
lumpsucker. “AR” is a river/lake with Arctic Char. A description of key
environmental issues and resource use for the different shoreline sections in
the study area is given in section 8.7. ..........................................................................52
List of Tables
Table 6-1 Freshwater animals recorded in three lakes at Killavaat Alannguat in 1974
(from Rose-Hansen et al. 1977). ..................................................................................44 Table 6-2 Occurrence of freshwater insects groups in the Lakseelv and Laksetværelv.
The position of the stations is shown in Figure 6.1. ......................................................45 Table 7-1 Species on the regional Greenland red list of threatened species occurring
in study area .................................................................................................................46
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 The TANBREEZ Project
The TANBREEZ project includes the development, operation and ultimate reclamation
of an open pit Zirconia, Rare Earth Elements, Yttrium, Niobium, Hafnium and Tantalum
mine at Killavaat Alannguat (Kringlerne) in South Greenland. Killavaat Alannguat is
about 20 km north-east of Qaqortoq and 12 km south-west of Narsaq.
The minerals will be mined at two sites: Mine site 1 at about 450 m altitude on top of
Killavaat Alannguat and Mine site 2 at the shore of the fjord. Mineral concentrates will
be produced with an on-site processing facility. Fostersø on the Killavaat Alannguat
plateau will be used for deposition of tailings and waste rock. The concentrates would
be shipped of-site by ship to a facility for further processing.
1.2 The aim of the report
It is a requirement of The Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP) under the
Greenland Self-government that an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report is
prepared when a company plans to exploit a mineral deposit in Greenland (BMP 2012).
The present report aims at providing essential background information for the EIA
Report, regarding the natural environment of the study area.
1.3 Definition of scope and data collection
Based on the footprint of the planned mining project, a potential impact area – in the
following termed the “Study area” - was initially defined. The extent of the Study area is
shown in Figure 2.1. The scope of work has therefore been to draw together and
present all existing information on the terrestrial and marine flora and fauna from this
area. This information will subsequently feed into the EIA process.
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Figure 1.1 Study area at Killavaat Alannguat
This study has primarily been a literature study where data from published information is
presented. However, observations made by Orbicon staff during the environmental
baseline studies in the area between September 2007 and July 2010 are also included.
In connection with the literature study and the field work particular attention has been on
identifying and collecting information on Valued Ecological Components (VECs) which
are the particularly sensitive and/or important elements of the ecosystem of the project
area. This includes species of commercial value as well as species of conservation
concern in Greenland. For the purpose of this study the following Valued Ecological
Components (VECs) were identified:
White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla
Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus
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1.4 The structure of this report
The report is structured as follows:
To provide a setting for the chapters on the natural environment the report
starts with brief accounts on the physical environment of the study area.
Chapter 4 describes the vegetation of the study area with focus on the key plant
communities and to what extend rare and threatened plant occur
Chapter 5– 8 cover the fauna including all mammal and bird species that are
known to be either resident in the study area or regular visitors. In addition,
information on freshwater fish and marine fish of commercial value is provided.
Chapter 9 gives an overview of the species, habitats and sites of special
conservation concern.
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2 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
The landscape in South Greenland is characterized by relatively high and steep
mountains inland and low islands and peninsulas in the coastal area. This landscape is
largely formed by the ice, which has also carved the long, narrow fjords. The entire area
was covered by ice during the last glaciations (the Weichel/Wisconsin) until about
11000 years ago and the landscape is therefore highly influenced the glacial processes
such as erosion, transport and sedimentation (Langager & Lemgart 1988).
The Killavaat Alannguat is a mountainous area along the south-eastern shore of the
Kangerluarsuk Fjord (Figure 3.1). The inner section of the fjord is mostly steep-sided
and surrounded by mountains rising to 700 – 1 000 m with the spectacular Killavaat
(Redekammen) mountain to the east rising to 1 200 m. The Lakseelv (Salmon River)
has its outlet at the bottom of the fjord, about 2 km North-east of the mineral deposit
(Figure 4.1). The inner parts of Kangerluarsuk fjord near Killavaat Alannguat have a
maximum depth of 60 meter depth but further south the depth is up to 200m.
Killavaat Alannguat is part of the Illímaussaq intrusion, which include the formations at
the northern parts of the Kangerlursuk Fjord. The mountains that surround the intrusion
consist mainly of granite.
Figure 2.1 The Killavaat Alannguat with Mine site 1 at the centre and Kangerluarsuk Fjord to the right. The Ivaangiusaq Kangileq mountain (top centre) behind Killavaat Alannguat rises to 805 m
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2.1 Climate
At a regional scale the weather in South Greenland is mainly influenced by the North
American continent and the North Atlantic Ocean. But the local climate is also heavily
influenced by the Greenland Inland Ice. Another key factor is the all year round low sea
surface temperature which is causing the South Greenland waters and coasts to be part
of the arctic zone with average summer temperatures below 10 degree C.
Qaqortoq, 20 km South-west of Killavaat Alannguat, is situated close to the open coast
and is under influence by an oceanic weather type with cool summers and relatively
mild summers. The average January temperature in Qaqortoq is – 5.5 degree C, while
the average temperature in the warmest months (July and August) is 7.2 degree C (DMI
2012).
Further inland, the weather type is more of a continental type and in South Greenland
average summer temperatures can locally exceed the 10 degree threshold, which limit
the arctic region. This includes Narsarsuaq, 35 km north-east of Killavaat Alannguat.
Here the average January temperature is – 6.8 degree C, but 10.3 degree C in July
(DMI 2012).
The weather regime in the Killavaat Alannguat area takes an intermediate position
between Qaqortoq and Narsarsuaq. This means that Killavaat Alannguat lies within the
Arctic climate zone, with cool summers and cold winters. The temperature recorded by
the metrological station at Killavaat Alannguat between June 2010 and October 2011 is
shown in Figure 3.2. The impact of relatively warm foehn winds (see below) even during
mid-winter are very obvious and push the temperature above zero for a few hours even
during mid-winter.
Figure 2.2 Temperature (degree C) recorded by the metrological station at Killavaat Alannguat between June 2010 and October 2011
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The annual precipitation is also most likely somewhere between the 858 mm recorded
in Qaqortoq and the 615 mm recorded annually in Narsarsuaq.
Gale force winds (above 13.8 m/s) are common in South Greenland in particular in
winter. The wind speed recorded by the metrological station at Killavaat Alannguat
between June 2010 and October 2011 is shown in Figure 3.3. High winds are recorded
all year but wind speeds above 40 m/s are only recorded during winter.
So called Foehn winds are outbursts of dry and relatively warm air. Such winds arise
through adiabatic compression of the air sweeping down from the inland ice cap. Its
relative humidity drops to 30-40% and the temperatures rises up to 15-20 degrees C
within an hour and remains very high for up to a day or two. The effect of the Foehn
wind is particularly marked in winter, when it results in rapid melting of the snow. Foehn
winds are quite common in southern Greenland, including the Killavaat Alannguat area.
Figure 2.3 Wind speed (m/s) recorded by the metrological station at Killavaat Alannguat between June 2010 and October 2011
2.2 Sea ice
Three types of sea ice occur in Kangerluarsuk Fjord:
Short-lived fast ice may occur in the inner part of the fjord during winter. This
type of ice cover is extremely variable both during the winter period and
between winters. In recent years fast ice has mostly been limited to the heads
of fjords with the fjords otherwise ice-free during winter.
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Small icebergs and growlers originating from glaciers in Brede Fjord and
elsewhere occasionally enter the Kangerluarsuk Fjord.
Multi-year sea ice / drift ice (Storis) flows southwards along the east cost of
Greenland with the East Greenland current, turns westwards at Cap Farewell
and then northward along the West Coast of Greenland. In some years “Storis”
fill up the mouths of the larger fjords of South-west Greenland during March and
April. When large amounts of pack ice enters the area from Cape Farewell
between February and July the entrance of Narlunaq/Skovfjord fills rapidly, but
only in south winds does the ice enter the fjord. Storis only very rarely enter
Kangerluarsuk Fjord.
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3 VEGETATION
In South Greenland the vegetation is largely determined by temperature and
precipitation which generally follows an oceanic-inland/continental gradient and an
altitude gradient. Along long and narrow fjords, such as the Kangerluarsuk Fjord, this is
very obvious as one moves from the outer fjord where vegetation growth is suppressed
by cold ocean currents, drift ice, salt spray, and wind to the head of the fjord far inland
where the vegetation below 200 m altitude, with south-facing exposure, locally develop
into dense one meter high birch and willow scrub.
A survey of the distribution of plant communities of the study area was carried out in
1974 (Rose-Hansen et al. 1977). In 1977 – 1981 further studies of the vegetation were
published in Thorsteinsson (1983). Although these studies were carried out several
decades ago it is believed that the general distribution of plant species and communities
including the occurrence of vulnerable species has not changes significantly over the
years. Studies of the biodiversity in the study area between 2007 and 2010 by Orbicon
staff points in the same direction.
The Ilímaussaq intrusion at Killavaat Alannguat is unusual in having almost no
vegetation at all. Large expanses of the terrain above c. 200 altitude have no plant
cover and only very few widely scattered plants exist. Only in the lowlands (below c. 100
m altitude) close to the fjord and along the lower part of the river is a shallow band of
vegetation.
3.1 Vegetation below 200 m altitude
Around the head of the fjord and along the lower section of Lakseelv at altitudes below
300 m the vegetation is dominated by different types of dwarf shrub heath and
grasslands.
Dense vegetation is limited to a narrow band along the shore of the Kangerluarsuk Fjord
and on both sides of Lakseelv below 50 – 100 m altitude (see Figure 3.1). In this area
the following plant communities have been identified (from Rose-Hansen et al. 1977
and observations by Orbicon staff):
Dwarf shrub heath is found along Lakseelv and the shore of the head of the
fjord dominated by Crowberry Empetrum nigrum, Glandular birch Betula
glandulosa and Northern willow Salix glauca. On dry exposed slopes Common
juniper Juniperus communis is widespread.
At protected and moist sites along the northwest shore near the head of the
fjord (that is opposite the planned port facility) and along the lower part of
Lakseelv small patches of richer vegetation is found with Alpine bartsia Bartsia
alpine, Viviparous knotweed Polygonum viviparum, Flame-tipped lousewort
Pedicularis flammea, Angelica Angelica archangelica, Moonwort Botrychium
lunaria and Small-white orchids Leucorchis albida.
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Figure 3.1 Dwarf heath vegetation form a narrow green belt of both sides of the lower part of Lakseelv
Figure 3.2 Small-white orchid (Leucorchis albida) among copses of willow and birch along Lakseelv
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Close to the shore of the fjord north of the outlet of Lakseelv grows Scottish
lovage Ligusticum scoticum and Beach pea Lathyrus maritimus.
Up to one meter tall copses of Northern willow occur along some of the small
watercourses and scattered along Lakseelv.
Above 50-100 m altitude the dwarf shrub heath grades into a mossy heath with
some Northern willow and Glandular birch. Over 100 m altitude this vegetation
gradually becomes patchier.
Figure 3.3 Vegetation on the southeast facing slopes of Killavaat Alannguat towards the inner fjord is limited to a narrow zone below 200 m altitude
3.2 Vegetation above 200 m altitude
Above c. 200 m altitude the Killavaat Alannguat mountain has almost no vegetation at
all. This includes the slopes facing the fjord, the plateau on top of the mountain and the
land surrounding Fostersø, Månesø and the river Laksetværelv that drains these lakes.
In this area the plant cover is estimated to cover less than 2% of the land (see Figure
3.4, 3.5 and 3.6). The plants that do exist at Killavaat Alannguat include Arctic marsh
willow Salix arctophila, Lapland diapensia Diapensia lapponica, Moss campion Silena
acaulis and Purple saxifrage Saxifraga oppositifolia. Along watercourses - including
Laksetværelv - grow few scattered and small examples of Glandular birch, Northern
willow and Mountain sorrel Oxyria digyna.
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Figure 3.4 A few small Northern willow and Glandular birch grows along Laksetværelv at c. 300 m altitude in a landscape otherwise almost completely depleted from vegetation
Figure 3.5 Fostersø surrounded by almost bare ground
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Figure 3.6 Moss campion Silena acaulis at c. 450 m altitude on Killavaat Alannguat plateau
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4 ANIMALS
4.1 Overview
Little specific knowledge exists about the animal life of the Killavaat Alannguat area.
However, general information is available about the occurrence of mammals, bird and
fish in South Greenland. In addition, Orbicon has made observation of animals during
their fieldwork. This description of animals in the study area focuses on the best known
groups, in particular mammals and birds.
4.2 Terrestrial mammals
The mammal fauna in South Greenland consist almost exclusively of marine species
and only two terrestrial species occur; Arctic fox and Arctic hare.
4.2.1 Arctic fox
Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) is widespread and generally common throughout Greenland.
It is the only terrestrial carnivore in South Greenland. Foxes are opportunistic feeders
and the diet includes birds but also fish and mussels found along the shore.
During the fieldwork a few foxes were observed and it is assumed that it is relatively
common throughout the study area.
4.2.2 Arctic hare
Arctic Hare (Lepus arcticus) is distributed is most of Greenland only missing in the
South-east. Numbers fluctuate from year to years, due to the winter conditions. It is
most common in north-east Greenland. Probably due to intensive hunting in South
Greenland it is mostly confined to mountainous areas in this part of the country and is
usually also very shy. Arctic hare is generally protected in May – July but hunting all
year can locally be permitted.
Sedges, grasses, and rushes as well as willow are primary food items of the Arctic hare
in Greenland.
During the field study a few hares were observed near Fostersø but it is believed that
the species occur throughout the study area in small numbers.
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Figure 4.1 Arctic hare occur in small numbers in the Killavaat Alannguat area
4.3 Marine mammals
17 marine mammal species, mainly whales and seals, are present in the South-eastern
David Strait off the west coast of South Greenland (Mosbech et al. 2004). Most of the
whales and at least one seal species remain usually offshore and only occasionally
enter the fjords. This includes Blue Whale, Pilot Whale, Sperm Whale, White-beaked
Dolphin, Bottlenose Whale, Sei Whale and Bearded Seal. Killer Whale occasionally
enter the fjord mouths (Mosbech et al. 2004) but are very rare in the fjords further inland
and are therefore not considered here. Similarly, the occasional Polar bear that arrive to
South Greenland with the drift ice (Storisen) between February and May almost never
make it into the fjord area before it is shot, and are consequently not dealt with here.
The three species of seal and the four whale species described below are the ones that
are either resident in the study area or believed to be regular visitors.
4.3.1 Ringed seal
This rather small seal has a circumpolar distribution and occurs in all waters
surrounding Greenland. It is generally common in Greenland waters but less so along
the South-western coastline (Rosing-Asvid 2010). It is believed to be mainly stationary
in South Greenland where it favours fjords with ice (Mosbech et al. 2004).
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Ringed seals haul-out and moult exclusively on fast-ice. During winter they maintain
several breathing holes in ice. Ringed seals breed at the head of fjords where fast ice is
formed during winter. Breeding takes place from March-April to mid-May when the pups
are born in snow dens on the sea ice. It feed on a broad range of pelagic prey items,
including fish and crustaceans (Mosbech et al. 2004).
Ringed seal is subject to large scale unregulated hunting and is regularly on sale at the
local markets “brættet” in Narsaq and Qaqortoq. The take of Ringed seal has been
more or less stable since the 1960’ies at about 60-70 000 individuals (Bugge and
Christensen 2003). It is listed as “least concern” on the provisional Greenland Red List
of threatened species (Boertmann 2007).
Field work in Kangerluarsuk Fjord suggests that it is rather uncommon in this fjord.
4.3.2 Hooded seal
Hooded seal (Crystophora cristata) is a large seal which is only present in South
Greenland in part of the year. In June-July hooded seals gather in large number to
moult off the South-east cost of Greenland. Following the moulting, many of the adult
seals migrate to feeding areas off the South and West coast of Greenland and a few of
these seals also enter the fjords (Rosing-Asvid 2010). In late winter Hooded seals
belonging to this population leave the Greenland waters and swim to breeding grounds
off Newfoundland. Hooded Seals that come to West Greenland is part of the West
Atlantic population with numbers about 500,000 animals (A. Rosing-Asvid in litt.).
Hooded seals are believed to feed mainly on large fish such as Atlantic cod, Greenland
halibut and in particular redfish caught at large depths (down to 800 m or even deeper)
(Rosing-Asvid 2010).
Hunting in Greenland is unregulated. It is listed as “Least concern” on the provisional
Greenland Red list of threatened species (Boertmann 2007).
Little is known about the status of this seal in Krangerluarsuk Fjord but it is believed that
only small numbers reach the inner section of the fjord but definite information is
lacking.
4.3.3 Harp seal
Harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) is a common non-breeding visitor to Greenland fjords
during the summer months. Harp seals breed and moult off Newfoundland and large
numbers of animals from this population subsequently move north to Greenland waters
where they arrive in May. In late autumn – early winter the Harp seals leave the
Greenland waters again and return to the breeding grounds (Rosing-Asvid 2010). The
population of Harp seal is very large (about 6 million animals) and probably stable (A.
Rosing-Asvid in litt.). In Greenland the hunting is unregulated and the seals are usually
shot with rifles. It is listed as “Least concern” on the provisional Greenland Red list of
threatened species (Boertmann 2007).
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Harp seal is the most numerous seal species in the South Greenland fjords during
summer when this species of seal penetrates deep into the fjord. During summer the
Harp seal typically form feeding groups of 5 – 20 animals that mostly feed on capelin in
the upper layer (down to 100 m)(Rosing-Asvid 2010).
Little is known on the status of Harp seal in Kangerluarsuk Fjord but it is believed that it
is quite common between May and October although definite data are lacking.
4.3.4 Humpbacked whale
The population of humpbacked whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Greenland water
has increased significantly in recent years and it is now quite common in the fjord of
West Greenland during summer where it feeds on krill and small fish e.g. capelin and
sand eels (Larsen & Hammond 2000). In some years Humpback whales also enter
fjords in South Greenland for example in 2008 where at least three different animals
were observer at Qaqortoq and Narsaq.
Humpback whale is listed as “Least concern” on the Greenland Red list of threatened
species (Boertmann 2007). Greenland is given aboriginal subsistence quotas to hunt
Humpback whales. For the period 2010-2012 the annual quota is 9 animals.
Figure 4.2 Humpback whale at Qaqortoq, June 2008
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4.3.5 Minke whale
Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) is common along Greenland’s South and
West-coast and sometimes penetrates into the outer parts of the fjords. It arrives to
South Greenland in spring and summer from wintering grounds in the Atlantic Ocean
and leave south Greenland again in November (Mosbech et al. 2004).
It is a regular visitor to the fjords of Southern Greenland and within the study area it
sometimes occurs at the Qaqortup Ikere/Julienahåbsfjorden and in Qaqortup Imaq
(Mosbech et al. 2004, Peter Hansen pers. com) where it is hunted.
It is listed as “Least concern” on the Greenland Red list of threatened species
(Boertmann 2007). Greenland is given aboriginal subsistence quotas to hunt Minke
whales. For the period 2010-2012 the annual quota is 190 animals.
No recent observations have been made of Minke whales in Kangerluarsuk Fjord but it
is probably an irregular visitor.
4.3.6 Fin whale
Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) is a summer and autumn visitor to South Greenland
occurring between June and October. It usually remains offshore along edges of banks
where it feed on krill and smaller schooling fish. However, it is also a regular visitor to
the fjords of South Greenland and within the study area it sometimes occurs at the
Qaqortup Ikere/Julianehåbsfjorden and occasionally even in Qaqortup Imaq (Mosbech
et al. 2004, Peter Hansen pers. com) where it is hunted.
It is listed as “Least concern” on the Greenland Red list of threatened species
(Boertmann 2007). Greenland is given aboriginal subsistence quotas to hunt Fin
whales. For the period 2010-2012 the annual quota is 10 animals.
No recent observations have been made of Fin whales in Kangerluarsuk Fjord but it is
probably an irregular visitor.
4.3.7 Harbour porpoise
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is a small toothed whale that occurs
throughout the year in the waters of south Greenland. It is generally quite common in
Greenland waters but most porpoises remain off shore with only a few penetrating into
fjords. Harbour porpoises feed on fish in the upper water layers.
Hunting in Greenland of the species is unregulated. It status on the provisional
Greenland Red list of threatened species is not assessed due to data deficient
(Boertmann 2007). No recent observations have been made of Harbour porpoises in
Kangerluarsuk Fjord but it is probably an irregular visitor.
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It status on the Greenland Red list of threatened species is not assessed due to data
deficient (Boertmann 2007). Hunting in Greenland of the species is unregulated. It is
estimated that between 1,500 and 2,000 Harbour porpoise are shot annually
(Boertmann 2007).
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4.4 Birds
The sea and coastal areas typically have the riches bird faunas in Greenland, both with
respect to the number of species and number of individuals (Bugge Jensen &
Christensen 2003). This includes birds that breed in Greenland but also large numbers
of birds from other breeding sites in the northern Atlantic that winter off the coast of
West and South Greenland. Most seabirds in Greenland are colonial breeders but no
large colonies are known from the South-west coast of Greenland between Ivituut and
Nanortalik (Boertmann 2004), that is including the study area and the neighbouring
waters.
A very important wintering area for sea birds has been identified off the coast of South
Greenland. This area attracts large numbers of Brünnich’s Guillemot, Common Eiders
and different species of gulls from Northern Greenland (eiders and gulls) and Iceland
and Svalbard (guillemots) (Mosbech et al. 2004).
The terrestrial and freshwater bird fauna in South Greenland is relatively poor in species
compared to arctic regions in other parts of Greenland, Canada, Alaska and Russia
(Meltofte 1985, Alerstam et al. 1986). For instance, only five species of passerine birds
are widespread and common in this part of Greenland.
The bird species discussed below are the ones believed to occur regularly in the study
area (breeding and/or wintering):
Terrestrial birds
4.4.1 Common wheatear
Common wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) occurs in most of Greenland only missing in
the North-east. The size of the breeding population is unknown but probably comprises
more than 500,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Common wheatear is protected in
Greenland.
Common wheatear is typically breeding in dwarf-scrub heath with large stones and
cliffs. It is migratory leaving Greenland in August-September and returning in May
(Salomonsen 1967). It is a common breeding bird along the lower part of Lakseelv.
4.4.2 Raven
Raven (Corvus corax) occurs in most of Greenland, but is rare or missing in the far
north. The size of the population is unknown but estimated to 50,000 pairs and is
probably increasing (Boertmann 2007). Raven is protected during the summer months.
Raven is found in almost all habitats. The nest is typically situated on a steep cliff-side.
It is partly migratory with northern birds moving to southern Greenland in winter. It is
common throughout the study area although less so away from the fjord. The hunting
season is from 1 September to end of February.
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4.4.3 Red-winged thrush
Red-winged thrush (Turdus iliacus) is a rare and local breeding bird in Greenland found
only in a few places in South Greenland. It is most likely birds from the large breeding
population in Iceland that recently have colonised Greenland. Red-winged thrushes are
migratory leaving Greenland in winter.
A possible breeding bird was observed in dense and high scrub at the northern shore
of the Qaqortukulooq bay about one km west of Hvalsø Church on the 14 June 2010. It
is possible that this species will expand its range in Greenland further and perhaps
colonise the high and dense scrubs along the Kangerluarsuk Fjord in the future.
4.4.4 Redpoll
Redpoll (Carduelis flammea) occurs along the entire west coast of Greenland and on
the southern part of the east-coast. The size of the population is unknown but large,
probably up to 500,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Redpoll is protected in Greenland.
Redpoll is mainly found in areas with scrub of willow and birch. It is therefore most
common in the inland at low to medium altitude. Most redpolls leave Greenland in
August-October and return in April-May but small numbers remain in the South-west
(Salomonsen 1967).
Redpoll is common in the lowlands along the fjord and Lakseelv but has not been
recorded at higher altitudes.
4.4.5 Lapland bunting
Lapland bunting (Calcarius lapponicus) is a common to very common breeder along the
West coast and also occurs in South-east Greenland. The size of the population is
unknown but may exceed 1 million pairs (Boertmann 2007). It is protected in Greenland.
Lapland bunting is mainly found in areas with dwarf-bush heath. It is migratory leaving
Greenland in August-September and returning in between late April and early June
(Salomonsen 1967).
Lapland bunting is common along the fjord and along the lower parts of the Lakseelv.
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Figure 4.3 Lapland bunting is common in the dwarf heat along the shore of the fjord and Lakseelv
4.4.6 Snow bunting
Snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) is the most common land bird in Greenland
occurring throughout the country. The size of the population is unknown but probably
about 1.5 million breeding pairs (Boertmann 2007). It is protected in Greenland.
The key breeding habitat of Snow buntings is rocky terrain with scattered low
vegetation, but it is very adaptive occurring in towns as well as on isolated rocks deep
within the inland ice cap. The majority of Snow buntings are migratory but small
numbers remain in South-west Greenland. The first migrants usually arrive in March.
Departure is in September-October.
Snow bunting is one of the only breeding birds in the higher parts of Killavaat
Alannguat. However, even Snow bunting is a low density species in this area.
4.4.7 Peregrine
Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is a relatively common and widespread bird of prey
in most of Greenland and occurs along the entire west coast and at the east coast north
to Ammassalik. The size of the breeding population is unknown, but estimated to 1,000
– 10,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). It is quite common in South Greenland. It is a migrant
that arrive in May and depart in August-November.
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Peregrines typically nests on ledges on steep cliffs in the inland. It mainly feed on birds
such as Ptarmigan and gulls but also takes Snow buntings and other passerines
(Salomonsen 1967).
Several pairs breed in the Study area (K. Falk pers. comm.). No nesting sites are known
close to planned sites for mine facilities, but Peregrines have been observed quite
regularly during field work throughout the area.
4.4.8 Gyrfalcon
The large Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolos) occurs throughout Greenland, but is nowhere
common. Gyrfalcon nests on ledges on steep cliff sides and primarily feeds on large
birds such as gulls.The population in South Greenland is mainly sedentary.
The size of the Greenland breeding population is estimated to c. 500 pairs. Due to the
small population Gyrfalcon is listed as “Near Threatened” in the regional Greenland red
list (Boertmann 2007).
No breeding sites of this falcon are known from the Study area (K. Falk pers. com) but
single birds have been observed at Killavaat Alannguat a few times during field work
between 2007 and 2010.
Figure 4.4 Young Gyrfalcon in South Greenland
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4.4.9 White-tailed Eagle
The White-tailed Eagle (Haliaetus albicilla) is confined to the Southern part of
Greenland’s West coast north to the Disco Bay and belongs to an endemic subspecies.
During the 20th century many White-tailed Eagles were shot by sheep farmers and the
population declined to app. 50 pairs. In recent decades it has partly recovered as the
hunting pressure has eased, and the population is now estimated to 150-200 pairs
(Boertmann 2007). Due to the small population size the Greenland White-tailed Eagle is
listed as “vulnerable” on the regional Greenland red list (Boertmann 2007).
Greenland White-tailed Eagles are mainly found in coastal areas where they feed on
fish and seabirds. The nest is typically placed on ledges on steep cliffs. The adults
normally remain within the breeding areas throughout the year while the young birds
move to the outer coastal areas during winter. Breeding White-tailed eagles are present
at the nest from around 1. March to early September. Egg-laying typically takes place at
around 1. April. During breeding the eagles are known to be very sensitive to
disturbance.
White-tailed Eagles are commonly observed throughout the Study area and one or two
pairs probably breed in this area. However, no signs of breeding have been observed
near the proposed mine sites at Killavaat Alannguat or near the port site.
Figure 4.5 Adult White-tailed Eagle
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4.4.10 Ptarmigan
Ptarmiga (Lagopus mutus) is the only gallinaceous bird species in Greenland. It is
widespread and common throughout the country but subject to marked annual
fluctuations in numbers. Ptarmigan has an open season from 1 September to 30 April.
In summer it occurs in most habitats from sea-level to hills and low mountains. In winter
it usually descends to lower altitudes. The food is entirely plant material.
It is protected during the summer months. Several Ptarmigans have been observed in
the Study area. In particular in the upland parts of the study area it seems to be quite
common.
Sea birds
4.4.11 Red-throated Diver
Red-throated Diver (Gavia stellata) is the most widespread and numerous diver in
Greenland and breed at lakes in most parts of the country. It mostly breeds at lakes
close to the sea. The diet consists almost entirely of fish. Sometimes Red-throated
divers breed at lakes without fish and therefore have to fish elsewhere.
It arrives to the breeding area in southern Greenland during May. In autumn, the divers
first move from the lakes to nearby fjords in August before migrating to the coasts of
Western Europe in September-November (Salomonsen 1967).
Although no breeding sites are known from the Study area it is likely that it breeds in the
area and fish in the fjord.
4.4.12 Black Guillemot
Black guillemot (Cepphus grille) is a widespread auk in Greenland that breeds along
most of the west coast and along the southern section of east coast. The population is
estimated to 25,000 – 100,000 pairs which could be an underestimate (Boertmann
2007). The hunting season is from 1 September to 31 March. It is usually strictly
sedentary only leaving the breeding areas when forced away by ice. It feed mostly on
small fish.
This auk does not breed in the Study area but small colonies are found in neighbouring
fjords (see Section 8.5). Birds from these colonies or from other breeding sites in South
Greenland may occasionally occur in the Kangerluarsuk Fjord.
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4.4.13 Brünnich’s Guillemot
The Brünnich’s Guillemot (Uria lomvia) is by far the most common and widespread auk
in Greenland. The majority breeds in large colonies in the central part of the West coast
but small colonies are found along most of the West coast. The Brünnich’s Guillemot
has declined significantly in numbers in recent decades. A recent survey revealed that
no colonies are found near Qaqortoq or Narsaq anymore (Boertmann 2004).
Large numbers of Brünnich’s Guillemot winter off shore in South Greenland waters. This
include birds from colonies further north in Greenland, but also from Canada and
Svalbard (Mosbech et al. 2004). Most of the wintering guillemots stay offshore or near
the outer coasts and mouths of fjords where they feed on small fish. However,
guillemots also regularly occur in the fjords between October and April (Mosbech et al.
2004). Here, as elsewhere in Greenland, the wintering guillemots are hunted
intensively.
It is listed as “vulnerable” on the provisional Greenland Red list of threatened species
(Boertmann 2007) due to the large decline of the Greenland breeding population.
Brünnich’s Guillemot probably occurs occasionally in the Kangerluarsuk Fjord.
Ducks and mergansers
4.4.14 Mallard
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the only dabbling duck that regularly breed in South
Greenland. It is a widespread and relatively common breeding bird at lakes and shallow
coasts. In South-west Greenland the Mallard is mainly sedentary but move to the outer
coast in winter. It is potentially breeding along the coast of the Study area and several
Mallards have been observed during field work between 2007 and 2010. Mallard has an
open season between 1. September and end of February.
4.4.15 Harlequin duck
Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) is a relatively rare breeder in Greenland north
to Upernavik. A breeding population is also found in East Greenland. The size of the
Greenland breeding population is unknown but could consist of only 2,000 pairs
(Bortmann 2007). Due to this small breeding population the Harlequin Duck is adopted
on the regional Greenland Red List as “Near Threatened” (Boertmann 2007). The
Harlequin Duck is protected in Greenland.
Harlequin Ducks usually arrive to the breeding areas quite late in May-June. The males
leave the breeding area when the females start to incubate in July and move to the
outer coasts to moult. The females leave the breeding area with the ducklings in July-
August (Salomonsen 1967). Later (presumably in September-October) they also move
to the outer coasts.
During the breeding season, Harlequin Ducks feed on clear, clean streams where they
take macro-invertebrates, in particular midge (Simuliidae) larvae. The nest is typically
situated on mid-stream islands.
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During the fieldwork in 2010 potential Harlequin duck breeding sites that is clear fast-
flowing headwaters of streams draining lakes were surveyed within the study area.
Potential breeding sites were identified from maps and subsequently surveyed by hiking
along the steams. One stream was surveyed from helicopter because it was difficult to
reach on foot. No Harlequin duck were observed during the surveys or in connection
with baseline field work in 2007 and 2008. Harlequin ducks are sky and difficult to
record at the breeding location and it cannot be excluded that one or two pairs were
overlooked. However, with no observation of the species during three field seasons it is
most likely not breeding in the area – and if it does it must be very rare.
4.4.16 Common eider
Common eider (Somateria mollissima) has a widespread but fragmented breeding
population in Greenland, typically breeding on small islets and skerries along the coast.
The West Greenland population was estimated to 12,000 – 15,000 pairs in 2002
(Boertmann 2007). The Common eider has declined dramatically during the last 50-100
years due to intensive unsustainable hunting, and the West Greenland population is
now listed “Vulnerable” in the regional Greenland red list (Boertmann 2007). This
Common eider has an open season but is protected during the summer months from 1
March.
Figure 4.6 Flock of wintering Common Eiders in Tunulliarfik Fjord, March 2010
No breeding colonies of eiders are known from the Study area but large numbers winter
off shore South Greenland and large flocks also regularly occur in the fjords (Figure
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4.6). The majority of the wintering eiders in South Greenland are believed to breed in
Canada (Boertmann et al. 2004). Although definite information is lacking it is very likely
that flocks of wintering Common eiders sometimes occur in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.
4.4.17 Long-tailed duck
The Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis) breeds commonly at lakes, shallow coasts
and on small islands throughout Greenland. The size of the breeding population is
unknown but roughly estimated to 10,000 to 30,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Long-
tailed Duck has an open season between 1 September and end of February but the
number of birds shoot is believed to be small (Boertmann 2007). It arrives to the
breeding grounds in April. In September to November large numbers migrate south
along the Greenland West coast to the large banks of the South-west coast.
Non-breeding birds and males that have left breeding areas further inland sometimes
occur in the Kangerluarsuk Fjord, but breeding in this area has so far not been recorded
(K. Falk pers. com).
4.4.18 Red-breasted Merganser
Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator) is a rather common species along the
Greenland South and West coast and part of the East coast. It breeds at lakes and
shallow fjords and bays. It arrives to the breeding grounds in late May and in
September-October the mergansers move to the outer coast where they spend the
winter. They feed primarily on fish.
Small flocks are quite common in the Study sites and small numbers may breed (K. Falk
pers. com).
Gulls
4.4.19 Iceland Gul
Iceland gull (Larus glaucoides) is a common and widespread gull in most of Greenland
only missing in the northern-most parts. The breeding population is estimated to
300,000 – 500,000 pairs and is probably stable (Boertmann 2007). Iceland gull has an
open season in Greenland between 1 September and 30 April but the number of birds
shoot is believed to be small.
Iceland Gull breeds on rocky shores, mainly in fjords where it typically nests on steep
high cliffs but sometimes also on low skerries. No colonies are known from the
Kangerluarsuk Fjord or other parts of the study site. The nearest gull colonies are in the
glacier fjord at Akullit Nunaat north of the central part of Brede Fjord (see Section 8.5)
(Boertmann 2004). Other colonies are known from the skerries and islands along the
outer coast (Boertmann 2004).
It is a common gull in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.
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4.4.20 Glaucous Gull
Glaucous gull (Larus hyperoreus) is the other common and widespread marine gull in
Greenland. It occurs throughout the country. The breeding population is estimated to
300,000 – 500,000 pairs and is probably stable (Boertmann 2007). Glaucous gull has
an open season in Greenland between 1 September and 30 April.
Like the Iceland Gull, Glaucous Gull breeds on steep high cliffs but sometimes also on
low skerries. It often breeds in association with other seabirds. No colonies are known
from the Kangerluarsuk Fjord or other parts of the study site. The nearest gull colonies
are in the glacier fjord at Akullit Nunaat north of the central part of Brede Fjord (see
Section 8.5)(Boertmann 2004). Other colonies are known from the skerries and islands
along the outer coast (Boertmann 2004).
It is a common gull in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.
4.4.21 Great Black-backed Gull
The large marine Great Black-backed gull (Larus marinus) is widespread along the
Greenland West-coast north to Upernavik. The breeding population is estimated to
3,000 – 5,000 pairs and increasing (Boertmann 2007). Great Black-backed Gull has an
open season in Greenland between 1 September and 30 April.
It typically breeds in pairs or in loose colonies on small islands along the outer coasts.
Small numbers also breed in the fjords. No colonies are known from the Kangerluarsuk
Fjord or other parts of the study site. The nearest gull colonies are in the glacier fjord at
Akullit Nunaat north of the central part of Brede Fjord (see Section 8.5) (Boertmann
2004). Other colonies are known from the skerries and islands along the outer coast
(Boertmann 2004).
Small numbers are sometimes observed in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.
4.4.22 Lesser Black-backed gull
The Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus) is a rather uncommon breeding bird in
Greenland, but the population is increasing, and it has recently established a breeding
population in the glacier fjord at Akullit Nunaat North of the central part of Brede Fjord
(see Section 8.5) (Boertmann 2004).
Small numbers are sometimes observed in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.
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Figure 4.7 Glaucous Gulls and Great-black backed Gull rested on iceberg in South Greenland
4.4.23 Black-legged Kittiwakes
Large numbers of Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) breed in Greenland but only
relatively small numbers in the South-west. The present breeding population is
estimated to 80,000 – 100,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). The Kittiwake has declined
much in numbers in Greenland during the last decades (Boertmann 2004). The main
reason for the decline is believed to be un-sustainable hunting. Due to the large decline
the Black-legged Kittiwake is listed as “vulnerable” in the regional Greenland Red List
(Boertmann 2007). The hunting season is from 15 August to end of February.
The Kittiwake breeds in colonies on high cliffs where it often occurs in mixed colonies
with other seabird species. Very small numbers overwinter in Greenland waters and the
majority either move south along the east coast of Canada or towards the waters of
Western Europe. Outside the breeding season the Kittiwakes are largely pelagic and
remain offshore most of the time.
No colonies are known from the Kangerluarsuk Fjord or other parts of the study site.
The nearest gull colonies are in the glacier fjord at Akullit Nunaat north of the central
part of Brede Fjord (see Section 7.5) (Boertmann 2004).
Small numbers are sometimes observed in Kangerluarsuk Fjord.
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Waders
4.4.24 Purple sandpiper
Purple Sandpiper (Calidris maritime) is a relatively common and widespread wader in
the low-arctic Greenland. The population is estimated to 10,000 – 20,000 pairs
(Boertmann 2007). It is protected in Greenland.
Purple sandpiper breeds in shrub heath and ferns along the fjords or near the coast
(Salomonsen 1967). Outside the breeding season it mostly occurs along the coast
where it forages in the inter-tidal zone.
Although no observations have been made of this wader during the field work in 2007-
2010, it is possible that one or two pairs breed in the study site, most likely along the
Lakseelv.
4.4.25 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula
The Ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula) breeds almost all over Greenland but is most
common in the High Arctic. The Greenland breeding population is estimated to 30,000 –
60,000 pairs (Boertmann 2007). Ringed Plover is protected in Greenland.
Ringed Plover typically breeds on sand beaches and gravel fields along the coast but
can also do so inland. It arrives to Greenland in May, and the last birds leave in early
October.
This species was not observed during the field work in 2007 to 2010. However, one or
two pairs may perhaps breed along the coast some years, in particular where Lakseelv
flows into the fjord.
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5 FISH AND LARGE MARINE INVERTEBRATE
A large number of fish species occur in the Greenland fjords but generally little is known
about the species that are not utilized commercially or in connection with local
subsistence fishery (Pedersen and Kannewolf 1995).
The following account therefore focus on the key fish species that are utilized in the
fjords of South Greenland but also the Iceland scallop and Deep sea shrimp.
5.1.1 Deep sea shrimp
Deep sea shrimp (Pandalus borealis) is found throughout the North Atlantic. In
Greenland waters deep-sea shrimp occurs in waters 100 – 600 m deep, mainly offshore
on the slopes of banks but also in the deep fjords. This is commercially very important
but in recent years the populations in the fjords in south Greenland has declines much.
It is probably widespread in the deep parts of Kangerluarsuk fjord.
5.1.2 Atlantic Cod
The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is common and widespread in Greenland waters north
to Qeqertarsuup Tunua. It is occurs down to about 600 m, and is found both close to the
bottom and pelagic (Bugge Jensen & Christensen 2003). During the 20th century it
fluctuated much in number and distribution, which is believed partly to be due to the fact
that it has its northernmost distribution in Greenland and consequently is sensitive to
climate changes. Atlantic Cod is common in Kangerluarsuk fjord.
5.1.3 Greenland Cod
The Greenland Cod or Uvak (Gadus ogac) occurs along the coast and fjords north to
Upernavik and is common in the fjords of the study area. It is considered inferior in the
commercial fisheries compared with the Atlantic cod, but it has some subsistence
importance (Mosbech et al. 1998). Greenland Cod is common in Kangerluarsuk fjord.
5.1.4 Spotted Wolffish
The Spotted Wolffish (Anarchchias minor) has a wide distribution along the West and
East coasts of Greenland but has decreased in abundance in recent years and the
population is estimated to be very small (Bugge Jensen & Christensen 2003). It is
mainly found in the fjords with hard bottom. The Spotted Wolffish probably occurs in all
the deep parts of Kangerluarsuk fjord.
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5.1.5 Atlantic Salmon
The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) occurs along Greenland’s coast from August to about
November on foraging migration from the American and European continents (Bugge
Jensen & Christensen 2003). Only a single breeding river is found in Greenland (near
Nuuk). The distribution varies much between years depending mainly on the water
temperature.
In some years the Atlantic salmon is quite common in Narlunaq Skovfjord, and in
Qqqortup Ikera Julianehåbfjord (Mosbech et al. 2004), and small numbers probably also
enter Kangerluarsuk fjord.
5.1.6 Arctic Char
The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpines) is a habitat generalist like no other northern fish
found in streams, at sea and in all habitats of oligotrophic lakes throughout Greenland.
Some populations are stationary and remain in fresh water while in others the adult fish
conducts feeding movements along the coast.
Figure 5.1 Arctic char in pool in Lakselv
The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 40/54
The distribution of Arctic char in Lakseelv and its tributary and connected lakes were
mapped in mid-June 2010. Lakseelv, Laksetværelv and other tributaries were survey
with electro-fishing equipment. Fostersø and Månesø were survey with electro-fishing
equipment and fishing rods.
Arctic char was only recorded in the lower and central part of Lakseelv (Figure 5.2)
where a large population is present. A waterfall about 5 km from the outlet of the river
(Figure 5.3) excludes further movements upstream and no Arctic char were recorded
from the upper section of the river. No fish were found in Laksetværelv. This small
stream drains Fostersø and connects with Lakseelv about 600 m from its outlet to the
fjord. A c. 75 cm high “waterfall” close to where it meets Lakseelv is probably the
reason that no Arctic char were recorded from this stream in mid-June. In winter
Laksetværelv regularly runs dry preventing a stable fish population to be established. All
the survey lakes were fishless.
Figure 5.2 Distribution of Arctic char in Lakseelv and its tributaries. Char was only recorded in the lower and middle section of Lakseelv and in a branch of this river (stream section with fish marked with red). No char were found in Fostersø or in Laksetværelv that drains Fostersø into Lakseelv
In addition to the mapping study in 2010, a survey of the char population of Lakseelv
was carried out by staff from Grønlands Fiskeri- og Miljøundersøgelser in August 1985
(Boje 1985). This team noted a waterfall, just a few hundred meters upstream from the
fjord which was believed to present a barrier for the fish and therefore effectively
separating the population into two. In June 2010, where the discharge of Lakseelv
probably was considerable higher than in August 1985, this waterfall seemed to be less
of a barrier to the fish and at least some fish were probably able to pass it and move
further upstream.
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The life cycle of Arctic char in South Greenland
The Arctic char population in rivers typically consists of resident fish (non-anadromous)
and anadromous fish that migrate to the sea during summer when they have reached a
certain age. The average maximum distance travelled by Arctic char from a sea-going
population at Baffin Island was 40-50 km (Moore 1975). The seaward migration
probably stars at ice break-up in the river and the fish return in mid-summer or autumn.
The anadromous Arctic char in South Greenland start to migrate into the fjord when
they around 4 years old and c. 15 cm long (Christensen & Mortensen 1982, Boje 1985).
During the period of saltwater residence, Arctic chars frequently move into the intertidal
zone and freshwater (Moore 1975). Returning fish have been recorded in other South
Greenland rivers as early as mid-July (Christensen & Mortensen 1982) but most
seemed to move back to the river in late July and in August. This is probably also the
case in Lakseelv where small dark and spotted non- anadromous fish (parr) dominated
in mid-June as opposed to the sea-going silver Arctic char (smolts).
Figure 5.3 Waterfall about 5 km from the outlet prevent further upstream migration of char in Lakseelv
The Arctic char in South Greenland rivers typically reached sexual maturity when they
were around 5 years old that is after their first sea run (Christensen & Mortensen 1982).
The Arctic char in South Greenland spawn from late August to beginning of October. In
Narsaq elv, which is only 12 km from Lakseelv, the char mostly spawn in the main
stream on sites with gravel bottom, 30-35 cm depth and not too strong current
(Christensen & Mortensen 1982). The female dig a depression before laying the eggs
and cover the eggs with gravel by tail beats after fertilization. The eggs hatch the
following spring. In Narsaq elv by far the majority of females that spawn have spent the
summer in salt water (Christensen & Mortensen 1982).
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During winter most of the Greenland’s rivers are covered by thick ice and the water flow
is very restricted. This time of the year the char spend in the deepest parts of the rivers.
In Lakseelv most char probably winter in the deep pools near the outlet of the river
(Figure 5.4). In spring the fish spread out to utilize all water-covered areas below the
rapid 5 km upstream.
Figure 5.4 Deep pool in Lakseelv a few hundred meter from the outlet in the fjord where large numbers of Arctic char spent the winter months
Food
The first weeks the fish larvae feed on yolk which they carry in a sac underneath their
belly. About a month after hatching the fry begins to feed on plankton. Later they start
to take insect larvae, in particular Chironomidae (non-biting midges), Trichoptera
(caddisflies) and Simuliidae (black flies). Insect larvae are also the main food of the
larger fish.
A study of the density of insect larvae in the Lakseelv and tributaries by Orbicon in June
2010 showed much higher densities of Chironomidae and Trichoptera just above the
waterfall that limited the char distribution in Lakseelv and low densities below the
waterfall (Table 6.2), suggesting that char predation of these insect larvae in Lakseelv is
significant. Cannibalisms probably also takes place. The char generally exhibited a very
slow growth rate while in rivers where the main foot is insect larvae. During winter they
probably eat nothing. The char that move into saltwater during summer fed on
planktonic amphipods, copepods and fish and their food intake rates and growth is
much higher than in resident char.
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Population size
The August 1985 study included an attempt to assess the density and number of char in
Lakseelv. The stock of anadromous char in August was estimated to be 800 - 900 fish
(Boje 1985). No estimate of the non-anadromous population is given but the density of
fish was found to be 0.1 fish per sq. m, which is comparable to other rivers in South
Greenland (Boje 1985).
5.1.7 Capelin
The Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is widespread along Greenland’s coasts and it is an
ecological key species because it is an important food resource for larger fish, seabirds
and marine mammals. It is also exploited both commercially and for subsistence fishery.
It is believed to be common in Kangerluarsuk fjord although no exact data is available.
5.1.8 Redfish
Redfish (Sebastes spp.) are confined to deep waters offshore but also in deep fjords
where they occur at 150 – 600m. It is believed to be common in Kangerluarsuk fjord
although no exact data is available.
5.1.9 Lumpsucker
The Lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus) is a common and widespread species that
spend most of the year in deep offshore waters, but in spring and early summer seek
into shallow coastal waters to spawn. It is a common species along the shores of
Kangerluarsuk fjord which has spawning grounds along most shores (see Figure 7-5).
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6 FRESHWATER ECOLOGY
In the early 1970s a study of the freshwater animals was carried out in some of the
small lakes in the Study area. The freshwater fauna in Greenland comprise about 65
species of which crustaceans dominates the fauna (Bugge Jensen and Christensen
2003). This was also found to be the case in the lakes near Killavaat Alannguat where
all except one freshwater animal belonged to the crustaceans. The exception was the
beetle Colymbetes dolabratus. This is the largest beetle known in Greenland and is
unable to survive in small lakes and ponds that freeze up in winter and therefore move
to larger lakes in autumn (Bugge Jensen and Christensen 2003).
T
h
e
f
r
e
s
h
w
a
Table 6-1 Freshwater animals recorded in three lakes at Killavaat Alannguat in 1974 (from Rose-Hansen et al. 1977).
In June 2010 a brief study of the freshwater invertebrates in the main rivers and streams
in the project area was carried out. It was found that insect larvae dominated the
freshwater fauna in both Lakseelv and Laksetværelv (Table 6-2). The highest diversity
and density of insect larvae was recorded in sections of rivers with no fish predation.
The studies in the 1970s and 2010 shown that freshwater fauna in the studied rivers,
streams and lakes is relatively species poor and consist of animals that are widespread
in Greenland. The diversity and in particular density of animals recorded was (as
expected) highest in the watercourses without fish.
Arctic char was limited to the lower part of Lakseelv. A waterfall just below sample site
L1 prevents the fish from moving further upstream. No fish was recorded from
Laksetværelv which is most like caused by a waterfall close to the point where it meets
Lakseelv.
Species group Species Blå Sø
300 m.a.s.l.
Foster Sø
465 m.a.s.l.
Bukse Sø
280 m.a.s.l.
Crustacea Lepidurus arcticus (tadpole
shrimp)
x
Cladocera
(water fleas)
Holopedium gibberum x
Bosmina sp. x
Eurycercus glacialis x
Acroperus harpae x x x
Alona affinis x x
Allonella excisa x
Allonalla nana x x
Chydorus spaericus x x
Copepods Lepetodiaptomus minutus x x
Cyclops sp. x x
Acanthocyclops vernalis x
Bryocamtus arcticus x
Coleoptera
(beetles)
Colymbetes dolabratus x
The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 45/54
Trichoptera Chironomidae
spp.
Simuliidae
spp.
Tipulidae
spp.
Nematode
spp.
Lakseelv
L1 (no
fish) +++ +++ +++ ++ -
L2 (fish) - ++ ++ - -
L3 (fish) - ++ + + +
L4 (fish) - ++ + - -
L5 (fish) + ++ + + +
L6 (fish) - ++ + + -
Laksetværelv (connecting Fostersø with Lakseelv)
L7 (no
fish) - - - - -
L8 (no
fish) + +++ ++ - -
Table 6-2 Occurrence of freshwater insects groups in the Lakseelv and Laksetværelv. The position of the stations is shown in Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1 Position of the sampling stations in Lakseelv (Station L1 – L6) and Laksetværelv (L7 & L8).
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7 PROTECTED AREAS AND SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN
7.1 Threatened species
Three species – all birds - listed on the regional Greenland red list of threatened species
(Boertmann 2007) occur regularly in the Study area, see Table 7-1.
Species Status Period of
occurrence Main habitat
Greenland red-list
status
Importance of Study
area to population
Common Eider Visitor Year round Coastal and in
fjords Vulnerable Low
White-tailed Eagle Breeding Year round Coastal and in
fjords Vulnerable Medium
Gyrfalcon Breeding Year round Throughout Near Threatened Low
Table 7-1 Species on the regional Greenland red list of threatened species occurring in study area
White-tailed Eagle is listed “Near-threatened” because of its small total population in
Greenland. The White-tailed Eagle population in Greenland has increased in recent
decades but the total number is still small.
Gyrfalcon listed “Near Threatened” on the Greenland red list, is a widespread but low-
density breeder in South Greenland. It is on the list because of the small population in
Greenland.
Common eider is listed “Vulnerable” on the Greenland red list due to a large decline
cause but unsustainable hunting.
White-tailed eagle is definitely breeding in the Narsaq-Qaqortoq region but no breeding
sites are known from the Study area. Little is known about breeding sites for Gyrfalcon
in the region but it is unlikely to breed in the Study area. The Common eider is a winter
visitor only, whit flock occasionally feeding and resting on the fjord.
7.2 Areas protected according to international agreements
Greenland is a signature to the Ramsar Convention on projection of wetlands and their
biodiversity and has designated 11 areas to be included in the list of Wetlands of
International Importance (Ramsar Sites) (Egevang & Boertmann 2001). None of the
Greenland Ramsar Sites are situated in the proximity of the study area (Figure 7.1).
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7.3 Areas protected according to national legislation
A number of nature reserves and a single national park (the Northeast Greenland
National Park) have been designated according to the Greenland nature protect law.
This includes a number of sites protected according to national and local regulations. All
protected areas in south-west Greenland are shown in Figure 7.1. None of the
protected areas are located in or close to the study area.
Figure 7.1 Protected areas in South Greenland. Areas marked with red are protected according to national legislation (but none are designated in South Greenland). Areas marked with blue are protected according to local legislation. Areas marked with yellow are Ramsar Sites. Areas marked with green are Important Bird Area (IBA) – but none are found in South Greenland (from Boertmann 2005)
7.4 Areas of conservation concern identified by NGOs
The global Non-government conservation organization BirdLife International has
identified 55 “Important Bird Areas” – IBA’s for Greenland (BirdLife International 2012).
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The criteria for an IBA is that the site either holds significant numbers of one or more
globally threatened (bird) species, is one of a set of sites that together hold a suite of
restricted-range species or biome-restricted species or has exceptionally large numbers
of migratory or congregatory species. None of the proposed IBAs for Greenland are
situated in or close to the study area.
7.5 Sea bird colonies near the project area
Several sea birds colonies are found along the coasts of South Greenland. Figure 7.2
shows the location of sea bird colonies with more than 500 breeding birds. None of
these colonies are situated close to the study area.
Figure 7.2 Distribution and size of larger sea bird colonies (> 500 individuals) in South Greenland (from Mosbech et al. 2004)
A number of small sea bird colonies (less than 500 breeding birds) are found in the
Ikersuaq/Bredeford fjord system close to Narsaq (Figure 7.3). A sea bird colony is
indicated along the coast of Qaqortukulooq bay close to Hvalsø church – that is near
the study area. A survey of the coastline in 2010 found no sign of breeding sea birds in
this area. It is unknown if sea birds previously did breed along this coast or if it is an
error.
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Figure 7.3 Sea bird colonies in former Qaqortoq (eastern part) and Narsaq Municipalities. Red dots show previously known colonies (those without code no. were not surveyed in 2003), green dots are colonies located during the 2003 survey. Hatched lines are municipality borders. From Boertmann 2004
7.6 Areas important to wintering sea birds
The Julianehåb Bay has been identified as a hot spot for wintering area for sea birds.
The northern part is in particular important to Common eider, Harlequin duck and
Brünnich’s Guillemot while the southern part is important to common eider (Boertmann
et al. 2004) see Figure 7.4. These areas are all outside the Study area. Common eiders
also regularly overwinter in fjords in South Greenland. Here flocks of several hundred
birds regularly are observed (pers. obs.). It is unknown to what extent Common eiders
winter in Kangerluarsuk Fjord but it is likely that at least small number sometimes
moves into the fjord to feed on mussels at the sea bottom.
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Figure 7.4 Important areas for wintering sea birds off South Greenland (dark areas). The northern part (area 6) is particular important to Common eider, Harlequin duck and Brünnich’s Guillemot while the southern part (area 7) is mainly important to Common eider. From Boertmann et al. 2004
7.7 Environmental importance and resource use of shorelines of the study area
The report “Environmental Oil Spill Sensitivity Atlas for the West Greenland Coastal
Zone” published by NERI (Mosbech et al. 2004) includes, among other things, an
assessment of the importance of West Greenland shore lines from an ecological and
human use perspective. Although the study is part of the preparation for exploratory
oil/gas drilling offshore south-west Greenland it offers useful information on the
occurrence of fish and sea birds along the shores of the study area.
The following account is based on Mosbech et al. (2004). This study was prepared as
part of the preparation for exploratory oil/gas drilling offshore southwest Greenland but
offers very useful information on the occurrence of fish, sea birds, and sea mammals
and their local use. In this study the shoreline is divided into sections (see Figure 7.5).
The environmental description and resource use of the shoreline sections within the
study area are presented below.
Shoreline section 60_80:
Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery
for Lumpsucker (important), Atlantic cod and Greenland halibut with important fishing
grounds along almost all coasts. Hunting for Fin and Minke whales and seals also takes
place.
Shoreline section 60_85:
Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery
for Capelin, Lumpsucker (important), Atlantic cod with important fishing grounds along
almost all coasts and fishery for Arctic Char in one river outlet. Hunting for Fin and
Minke whales and seals also takes place.
The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 51/54
Shoreline section 60_86:
Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery
for Iceland Scallop, Lumpsucker (important), wolffish, Salmon, Atlantic cod with fishing
grounds along all coasts, and to fishery for Arctic char in two river outlets (both
important). Hunting for Fin and Minke whales, Harbour porpoises and seals also takes
place.
Shoreline section 60_87:
Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery
for Lumpsucker (important), wolffish, Atlantic cod and Salmon with important fishing
grounds along almost all coasts. Hunting for Fin and Minke whales, Harbour porpoises
and seals also takes place.
Shoreline section 60_92:
Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery
for Icelandic Scallop, Snow crap (important), Lumpsucker (important), wolffish, Salmon,
and Atlantic cod with important fishing grounds along all coasts. Hunting for Fin and
Minke whales, seals, Harbour porpoises and guillemots also takes place.
Shoreline section 60_93 (Kangerluarsuk Fjord)
Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery
for Capelin, Lumpsucker (important), wolffish, Atlantic Cod (pound net), Salmon with
important fishing grounds along all coasts and to fishery for Arctic Char at the Lakseelv
river outlet. Hunting for seal takes place.
Shoreline section 60_94 (Narlunaq/Skovfjord)
Lumpsucker spawning takes place along the coast. The shoreline is subject to fishery
for Capelin, Lumpsucker, Snow crab, wolffish, Arctic char at coast, Atlantic cod (pound
net), Greenland halibut, redfish and Salmon with important fishing grounds along almost
all coasts. Hunting for seals and guillemots takes place.
The area marked S 97 on Figure 7 has special importance because of the famous
archaeological site Hvalsø. This Norse church ruin is an important tourist attraction.
However, the area is also important for fisheries for Capelin and Lumpsucker.
The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 52/54
Figure 7.5 Shoreline map of the study area and surroundings with indications of sensitivity to oil spill shown with different colours (from Mosbech et al. 2004). Small blues squares show archaeological sites. A “person” indicates places with important resources for human use. “LU” is a site important to lumpsucker. “AR” is a river/lake with Arctic Char. A description of key environmental issues and resource use for the different shoreline sections in the study area is given in section 8.7.
The natural environment of the study area, TANBREEZ mining project, South Greenland 53/54
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