Spanish grammar book 2
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Transcript of Spanish grammar book 2
Ema McDaniel
GRAMMAR BOOK
Present Stem Changes Irregular “yo” Saber vs. Conocer Reflexive “se” Impersonals Dipthongs with accents Verbs like… -uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir
Hace +___+ gusta Ser vs. estar Imperfecto
Irregulars Triggers
Preterite Irregulars Car/gar/zar, cucaracha, snake
y snakey, spock triggers
Comparatives/ superlatives Future
Irregulars triggers
• -ar o as a emos ais an
Los verbos regulares en el presente:
-er
o
es
e
emos
eis
en
-ir
o
es
e
imos
is
en
• “e” se convierte a “ie”• “e” se convierte a “i”• “o” se convierte a “ue”• “u” se convierte a “ue”
*Ojo!=No se cambian en el nosotros ni vosotros sol amente en “la bota”
IRREGULAR “YO”
Ir
Iba
Ibas
Iba
Ibamos
Iban
Ser
Era
Eras
Era
Eramos
Eran
Ver
Veia
Veias
Veia
Veiamos
Veiran
• Saber– To know– facts
• Conocer– To know – people
Ex: Juan sabe donde esta Maria.
Juan knows where Maria is.
Ex: Yo no se tu numero de telefono.
I don’t know you telephone number
Ex: Yo no conozco a Maria
I don’t know Maria
Ex: Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid
Alberto and Alfredo know Madrid
Los Reflexivos
me te
se nosos
seReflexives are what are reflected upon oneself or others.
“Se Impersonal”Passive voice
Se habla espanol
Reciprocal action“each other”Nos vemos
Common Impersonal Expressions:
-conviene que…
-es bueno que…
-es facil que…
Es importante que…
Dipthongs• Used when a weak vowel (i, y or u) and a
strong vowel (a, e or o) or two weak vowels come together to form one syllable.
Ex: esquiar- to skiYo- esquio Nos- esquiamos
Tu- esquias Vos- esquiais
El, ella, usd- esquia Ellos- esquian
* Estudiar and limpiar- There is no accent stress on the “i”.
Verbs like gustar-uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir
• Found in the present tense.
vowel + cer/cir verbs = c to zc
Ger/gir verbs: g to j
guir: gu to g
Would
Should
Could
Hace + time + gusta+ present
Shows the amount of time that an action took
• Hacer + the amount of time needed to complete the action +que + the present verb that is being completed at the time
Ser vs. EstarSoy
Eres
Es
Somos
Sois
son
Estoy
Estas
Esta
Estamos
Estais
Estan
DOCTER PED
Descriptions, origin, characteristics, time, occupation, relationships, possession, events, dates
HELPING
Health, emotion, location, present condition, -ing
Imperfecto• -ar
– Yo- aba– Tu- abas– El, ella, ud.-aba– Nosotros- abamos– Uds.- aban
• yo- ia
Tu- ias
• El, ella, ud- ia
Nosotros- iamos
Uds- ian
*uncompleted action, no definite beginning or end, descriptive tense- who, what, where, and when
Triggers!!
Siempre
A menudo
Cadadia
Todos los dias
Iriba
ibamosibasIba iban
Ser
era eramos
eras
era eran
Ver
veia vieamos
veias
veia vian
Preterite
Used for completed past actions• Known beginning and/or end• “snapshot” of time
-ar endings
e
aste
o
amos
asteis
aron
-er and –ir endings
i
iste
imos
isteis
ieron
Types
Car- -> que
Gar -> que
Zar -> ce
Hacer
Hice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
Hicieron
Dar/ver
d/vi
d/viste
d/io
d/imos
d/ieron
Ir/ser
Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fuermos
Fueron
Trigger words:AyerAnocheAnteayerLa semana pasado
Andar-anduv
Estar-estuv
Poder-pud
Poner-pus
Wuerer-quis
Saber-sup
Tener-tuv
Vener-vin
Snake
E to I
Ex: pedir, venir
O to u
Ex: morirSnakey
O to y
Ex: oir
E to y
Ex: creer
Comparatives and superlativesExpress comparisons and differences
menos adj que
El/la mas
adj de
mas
adj que
El menos
adj deBueno/a->mejor
Grande->mayor
Joven->menor
Viejo/a->mayor
El futuro
• Infinitive + e, as, a , emos, an• The “will factor”• Vivir_____ =yo vivire• comer____• Hablar___
• Immediate future• Ir+a+infinitive• Ex:Voy a salir
Trigger words!
La semana
Proxima
Ano
Pasado ano
Manana
Irregular future
• Decir dir- to say• Haber habr- there to be, to have• Hacerhar- to make, do• Poder podr- to put, place, set• Querer querr- to want, love• Sabersabr- to leave, go out• Tener tendr- to have• Valer valdr- to be worth• Venir vendr- to come
Infinitive:easaemosan
Parte 2!• Por vs. Para• Double object pronouns• Adverbs• Subjunctive• Se Impersonal• Progressive with ir, andar, and seguir
Por vs. Para• Por-
– use to indicate motion or general location. (around, through, along, or by)
– Duration of action (for, during, in)– Reason or motive for an action.
(because of, on account of, on behalf of)
– The object of a search. (for, in search of)
– Means by which something is done (by, by way of, by means of)
– Exchange or substitution (in exchange for)
– Units of measure (per, by)
– Por aqui, por ejemplo, por eso, por fin
– Exact time- replace por for de. Durante for time
Idea of passing through- portalGeneral location- portugalHow long something lasts-”por”everCase of something- poprpusAn exchange-import/exportDoing something in place of or instead
of someone else- im por, pay for meMeans of transportation- transportation
Por vs. Para• Para-
– Expresses destination (toward, in the direction of)
– Deadline or a specific time in the future (by, for)
– Purpose or goal + infinitive (in order to)
– Purpose + noun (for, used for)– Recipient of something (for)– Comparison with others or an
opinion (for, considering)– In the employ of (for) Ex:– Camine por el parque (through) – Camine para el parque (to/toward)
For whom something is done-surprise paratay
A destination- Parangari…(more specific)The purpose for which something is
doneTo express an opinion-
paragotive/paradonameTo contrast or compare- comparasonTo express the idea of a deadline-
paramedic
Double object pronouns
• Either placed directly before the conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive, gerund or command.
• When there is both a direct object and indirect object in the same sentence, the indirect always comes first.
• Ex: Se lo di a ella• Ex: Se los regalaremos
Adverbs
• Describe or modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
• Add –mente to the the end
• Ex: claro clara claramente
• Ex: dificil dificil dificilmente
Common adverbs!
Bastante
Demasiado
Mal
Mucho
Muy
Nunca
Peor
Poco
siempre
Subjunctive
Wedding-W-wish, wantE-emotionD-doubt (no creer, no pensar)D-denialI-impersonal expressionN-negation, non existingG-god (ojala), guess
Expresses everything except certainty and objectivity
Ex: Yo dudo que usted vaya al Peru en diciembre.Common clauses
A menos que…
Antes que…
Despues que…
Es bueno que…
Es dicicil que…
Es facil que…
Se impersonal
People in generalPlace se infront of the verbEx: Se dice “gelato”Ex: Como se escribe “helado”?
Plural impersonal doesn’t use seEx: Dicen que la pizza vegetariana es saludosa.
Progressives with ir, andar, seguirIr
•Ando/iendo/yendo•Is slowly but surely _____ing
Andar•Ando/iendo/vendo•Is going around ______ing
Seguir (e>i)
•Ando/iendo/yendo•Is still _____ing1. Ir + present participle = is slowly but surely ____ing
2. Andar + present participle = is going around ____ing
3. Seguir + present participle = is still _____ing
EX: Jamie anda buscando trabajo.