Spanish 4H Grammar Book

Alejandra CookePeriod 1

Table of Contents3: El Presente4: Irregular Yo Forms5: Irregular Verbs (present tense)6: Ser y Estar8: Verbos Como Gustar10: Nouns & Articles11: Adjetivos12: Preterite v. Imperfect 15: Present Subjunctive19: Subjunctive in Noun Clauses20: Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses21: DOP & IOP with commands22: Formal Commands

23: Negative Formal Commands 24: Informal Commands25: Nosotros Commands27: Object Pronouns29: Prepositional Pronouns30: Double Object Pronouns31: Possessive Adjectives32: Possessive Pronouns33: Demonstrative Adjectives34: Demonstrative Pronouns37: Reflexive Pronouns38: Por y Para39: To Become

El Presente• present tense of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive

ending “-ar, -er, -ir” • used to express habitual actions or actions that will take place in

the near future Stem-changing verbs

>-ar/-er: e to ie and o to ue>-ir: e to i

**no stem-changing in the nosotros and vosotros forms >JUGAR: u to ueconstruir, destruir, incluir, influir (add y before personal endings)

Ejemplos1) Yo como una hamburguesa para mi almuerzo. 2) Ella juega fútbol con su amigas.3) Escribimos con un lapiz en mi cuaderno.

Irregular Yo Forms

• -er/-ir have irregular yo forms in the present tense • -cer/-cir change to -zco in the yo form• -ger/-gir change to –jo• many verbs have irregular -go endings

>caer, to fall: yo caigo>conducir, to drive: yo conduzco>dirigir, to direct/manage: yo dirijo>caber, to fit: yo quepo>saber, to know: yo sé>ver, to see: yo veo

Irregular Verbs, Present Tense

>dar: doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan>decir>estar>ir>ser>tener>venir

Ejemplos1) Yo hago mucha comida durante los

vacaciones de diciembre. 2) Yo pongo mis libros en mi escritorio. 3) Yo salgo mi casa para ir al aeropuerto.4) Yo conduzco con mi madre para recibir mi

licencia.

Ser y Estar“to be”

not interchangeable SER

• nationality and place of origin

• profession or occupation• characteristics of people,

animals, and things• generalizations• possession• material of composition• time, date, or season• where or when an event

takes place

ESTAR• express things temporarily

(qualities or conditions that change with time)

• location or spatial relationships

• health• emotional states• certain weather expressions• ongoing actions (progressive

tenses)• results of actions (past

participles)• death: “muerto/a”

Ser y Estar contd.

SER Ejemplos1) Soy de Woodstock, GA.2) Ella es colombiana.3) Mi madre es una

doctora.4) Los gemelos, Ana y

Nico, son morenos con ojos verdes.

5) El libro Twilight es de Selena.

6) El concierto de Jingle Ball es en diciembre.

ESTAR Ejemplos

1) Estoy en Nueva York para esta semana.

2) Ellos están aburridos en la clase de ciencias.

3) Porque es octubre, estamos en el otoño.

4) Mi amiga Marisol está enferma con la gripe.

Verbos Como Gustar

• gustar: “to please”>the thing/person that

pleases is the subject; gustar agrees in person and number

>singular or plural• when gustar is followed by

one or more verbs in infinitive, singular form of gustar is always used

• used in conditional to soften a request

• a+[prep. pronoun] or a+[noun] emphasizes who is pleased

• Aburrir: to bore• Caer bien/mal: to get along• Disgustar: to upset • Doler: to hurt• Encantar: to enjoy• Faltar: to lack• Fascinar: to fascinate• Hacer falta• Importar• Interesar: to interest• Molestar: to bother• Preocupar: to worry• Quedar: to leave; to fit

(clothing)• Sorprender: to surprise

Verbos Como Gustar contd.

1) Me gusta la revista de InStyle. 2) Nos gustan las vacaciones en

Florida.3) Me fascina Central Park en Nueva

York.4) Te duelen mis piernas.

Nouns & Articles

• nouns in Spanish are either masculine or feminine (masculine usually ends in –o, feminine usually ends in –a) Definite Articles

ellaloslas

Indefinite Articlesununa

unos unas

Feminine: -a, -dad/-tad/-tud, -ción/-sión/-gión, -ez, -triz, -umbre, and nouns referring to women

Masculine: -o, -ma/-ta/-pa

Examples: feminine--la fruta, la ciudad, la canción, la validez, la actriz, la costumbre, la madre; masculine--el programa, el día

Adjetivos

• adjectives are used to describe nouns• they take the form of either masculine or

feminine, depending on the gender of the word they are describing (la fresa roja, el libro aburrido)

• either singular or plural, again depending on the noun it’s describing (EX: el chico alto, los chicos altos)

• adjectives that end in -e for the singular also end in –es for the plural

Preterite v. ImperfectPRETERITE

“Snapshot” of the past>actions viewed as single events>actions repeated a specific number of times>actions that occurred during a specific time period>part of a chain of events>state the beginning/end of an action

IMPERFECT“Video” of the past without a specific beginning or stopping point>habitual actions>actions that “set the stage” for other past actions>time>date>weather>age>mental states>describing characteristics of people, things, or conditions

Preterite é íaste iste ó ióamos imosasteis isteisaron ieron

Imperfect aba ábamos ía íamos abas abais ías íais aba aban ía ían

Preterite v. Imperfect contd.

PRETERITETrigger Words: ayer, anoche, el otro día, entonces, esta mañana/tarde, la semana pasada, el año pasado

ExampleJuan habló con la estudiante.Juan spoke with the student.

IMPERFECTTrigger Words: a veces, cada día, cada semana/mes/año, muchas veces, nunca, mientras, siempre, todos los días>would, used to, were/was…

ExampleLas chicas hablaban en inglés.The girls used to speak in English.

Preterite v. Imperfect contd.

• -gar changes g to gu• -car changes c to qu• -zar changes z to c • verbs that end in -aer, -eer, -oír, -oer,

& uir change ió to yó & ieron to yeron

Present Subjunctive Subjunctive

Mood*attitudes*uncertainty*hypothetical

Main clause+

connector+

subordinate clause

-ar: e, es, e, emos, en

-er/-ir: a, as, a, amos, an

Irregularsdar (dé)

estar (esté)ir (vaya)

saber (sepa)haber (haya)

ser (sea)

Wishing/WantingEmotionDoubtDisbeliefImpersonal ExpressionsNegationGod/Grief

**Subjunctive is SUBJECTIVE*iffy*indicative

TengaVenga

Dé/DigaI vayaSeaHaga/HayaEstéSepa

Present Subjunctive contd.

Impersonal Expressions*Es bueno que*Es mejor que*Es malo que*Es necesario que*Es importante que*Es urgente que

Present Subjunctive contd.

Expressions of Emotion*alegrarse (de): to be happy*esperar: to hope, to wish*sentir (e-ie): to be sorry, to regret*sorprender: to surprise*temer: to be afraid, to fear*Es triste: It’s sad*Ojalá (que): I hope (that), I wish (that)

Present Subjunctive contd.

Expressions of Doubt, Disbelief, & Denial*dudar: to doubt*negar (e-ie): to deny*Es imposible: It’s impossible*Es improbable: It’s improbable *No es cierto: It’s not true, It’s not certain*No es seguro: It’s not certain*No es verdad: It’s not true

Subjunctive in Noun Clauses

• noun clause: dependent clauses that serve as a direct object or complement of a verb

• the subjunctive mood is used with noun clauses when:

*subj. of the verb is different than that of the dependent clause

*the verb is influence/willing (want, prefer, desire), emotion (fear, happy), doubt/negation (uncertain, deny), and impersonal expression (es posible, es importante)EX: Dudo que vaya al Inglaterra en el verano. Creo que tengamos una prueba en ciencias.

Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses

• adjective clause: an entire clause that describes a noun or pronoun

• the subjunctive mood is used with adjective clauses when the antecedent is indefinite, unknown, nonexistent, or negated

EX: Necesito un libro que me explique esto. Busco una doctora que sepa español.

DOP & IOP with CommandsTú: drop the ‘s’Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven

Ud./Uds.: put it in ‘yo’ form, change to opposite vowelIrregulars: TVDISHES

Tú: put it in ‘yo’ form and change to the opposite vowel, add ‘s’Irregulars: TVDISHES

Ud./Uds.: same as aboveIrregulars: TVDISHES

*DOP + IOP + ‘se’ can attach to affirmative*DOP + IOP + ‘se’ must go before the negative command

AFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE

NOSOTROS

NOSOTROS

Formal Commands

• use when addressing someone you don’t know well or someone you show respect to

• all usted and ustedes commands are formed the same as the present subjunctive

1. start with the yo form of the present tense2. drop the –o ending3. add the following endings:

*-ar: -e (usted), -en (ustedes)*-er/-ir: -a (usted), -an (ustedes)

*hable, hablen*coma, coman*escriba, escriban

**irregularity carries over from the yo form to command form >tenga, tengan >traiga, traigan >venga, vengan

**stem-changing verbs transition the same as irregulars >cuente, cuenten >vuelva, vuelvan >pida, pidan

*Affirmative & Negative

commands use the same verb

forms*

Negative Formal Commands

• add “no” in front of the formal command

EX: No saquen sus libros.No ponga su mochila aquí.No lleguen tarde.

Informal Commands

• use when addressing family or friends• affirmative tú commands are formed the same as the

present tense usted form*hablar –ar + a= habla*comer –er + e= come*escribir –ir + e= escribe*EX: Compra la camisa.*pronoun attached to the end of aff. Commands*IRREGULARS: decir-di, salir-sal, hacer-haz, ser-sé, ver-

ve, tener-ten, poner-pon, venir-ven• negative informal commands use the tú form of the

present subjunctive (EX: no hables, no escribas)*pronoun precedes the verb

Nosotros Commands• used when the speaker suggests an action to be done by a

group, including the speaker• two ways to form these commands: ir form and subjunctive

form*IR: use present nosotros form of irEX: Vamos a nadar.Vamos al restaurante.*pronoun attached to the end*SUBJUNCTIVE: use nosotros in the present subjunctive formEX: Tomemos un taxi.Comamos aquí. *pronouns nos & se-drop the final –s of the verb and add to

the end

Nosotros Commands contd.

Negative• place “no” in front of the present subjunctive of

nosotrosEX: No nademos.No salgamos.*reflexive, direct object, & indirect object pronouns precede negative pronounsEX: No los comamos.

Reflexive: Peinémonos el cabello. Cepillémonos los dientes.DO: Comámoslas. Pongámoslo.IOP: Contestémosles.

**when attaching reflexive pronouns to the end of a nosotros command, drop the final s of the command form before the reflexive pronoun**

Object Pronouns

*direct object pronouns receive the action of the verb**indirect object pronouns identify to whom or for whom an action is done*direct/indirect object pronouns precede the conjugated verb*obj. pronouns may be attached to the infinitive, gerund, affirmative command, or placed before the conjugated verb

Object Pronouns contd.

**Le and Les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or las *when obj. pronouns are attached to infinitives, participles, or commands, a written accent is often required to maintain proper word stress

Prepositional PronounsMí: me, myself

Él: him, it Nosotros/as: us, ourselves

Ellos: them

Ti: you, yourself Ella: her, it Vosotros/as: you, yourselves

Ellas: them

Ud.: you, yourself

Sí: himself, herself, itself

Uds.: you, yourselves

Sí: themselves

*prepositional pronouns function as the objects of prepositions >except for mí, ti, & sí, they are identical to their corresponding subj. pronouns *pronoun sí is used to refer back to the same third-person subject (mismo/a(s) added for clarification)*when mí, ti, & sí are used with con, they become conmigo, contigo, & consigo*these are used with tú and yo instead of ti and mí: entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, según

Double Object Pronouns

*indirect object pronouns precede the direct object pronoun when they are used together in a sentence

Possessive Adjectives

5 Possessive Adjectives: mi (my), tu (your informal), su (his, her, their, your formal), nuestro (our), & vuestro (your familiar or plural)

*mi, tu, and su have both singular and plural forms: mi, mis, tu, tus, su, sus• agree with the nouns they modify • mi, tu, and su do not have feminine or masculine

forms (stay the same regardless of gender)• nuestro and vuestro: nuestro, nuestra, nuestros,

nuestras & vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras EX: mi libro, tus libros, su revista, nuestros carros, vuestro cuaderno

Possessive Pronouns

• mine: el mío, la mía, los míos, las mías • yours (familiars): el tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las

tuyas• yours (formal), his, hers: el suyo, la suya, los

suyos, las suyas• ours: el nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las

nuestras• yours (familiar): el vuestro, la vuestra, los

vuestros, las vuestras• yours (formal), theirs: el suyo, la suya, los suyos,

las suyasEX: Mi libro es grande pero el tuyo es pequeño. Su carro es negro pero el mío es rojo.

Demonstrative AdjectivesEste Ese Aquel

este ese aquel

estos esos aquellos

esta esa aquella

estas esas aquellas

Neuter Forms (refer to abstract ideas)*esto: this matter, this thing*eso: that matter, that thing*aquello: that matter/thing over there

Demonstrative Pronouns

• replace a noun in a phrase instead of modifying it like an adjective would

1) replace noun(s) close to the speaker (this one)

EX: Yo quiero ésta aquí.Singular Plural

éste (this one here) éstos (this one here)

ésta (this one here) éstas (this one here)

Demonstrative Pronouns contd.

2) replace noun(s) that are not close to the speaker (that one)EX: Ésas son las más bonitas.

Singular Plural

ése (that one there) ésos (those there)

ésa (that one there) ésas (those there)

Demonstrative Pronouns contd.

3) replace noun(s) far from the speaker and listener (that over there)EX: Aquél allá es peligroso.

Singular Plural

aquél (that over there) aquéllos (those over there)

aquélla (that over there) aquéllas (those over there)

Reflexive Pronouns

• reflexive pronouns work with reflexive verbs to show that a person is performing the action to him/herself (personal care & daily routines)

• used to indicate an emotional responseEX: Me ducho cada mañana.I shower (myself) every morning.• placed immediately before simple conjugated verbs &

negative commands; attached to affirmative commandsReflexive Verb Examplescepillarse (to brush)ducharse (to shower)secarse (to dry off)

Singular Plural

1st person me (to, for, from, or off myself)

nos (to, for, from, or off ourselves)

2nd person te (to, for, from, or off yourself)

os (to, for, from, or off yourselves)

3rd person se (to, for, from, or off himself, herself, itself, yourself)

se (to, for, from, or off themselves, yourselves)

Por y Para POR

*express gratitude or apology: Gracias por la ayuda*“through”, “along”, “by”, “in the area of”: Andamos por el parque*exchange, including sales*“on behalf of”, “in favor of”*express length of time: Estudié por dos horas*“during”*communication, transportation: Viajo por tren y hablo por teléfono*express cause or reason*idiomatic expression: por ahora, por aquí, por ejemplo, por favor, por fin, por último

PARA

*destination: Ella salió para Madrid*use or purpose: El vaso es para agua*“in order to”, “for the purpose of”*recipient: Este regalo es para ti*deadline or specific time

To Become

• Hacerse: reflexive verb; to become, to pretend; conjugated the same as hacer (add the proper reflexive pronoun-EX: me hago)

• Ponerse: me pongo, se ponen, reflexive form of poner

• Volverse: me vuelvo, te vuelves• Llegar a ser: Spanish phrasal verb

that means “to become”