Prof. Rachel J.C. Chen, Ph.D. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA Senior Visiting Researcher,...

Prof. Rachel J.C. Chen, Ph.D.

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA

Senior Visiting Researcher, Centre for Regional and Tourism Research, Bornholm, Denmark

Prof. Dimitri Ioannides, Ph.D.

Southwestern Missouri State University

Senior Visiting Researcher, Centre for Regional and Tourism Research

Dr. Peter Billing, Director

Centre for Regional and Tourism Research, Bornholm, Denmark

Integration or Disintegration: The Uses of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Island Policy

Integration or Disintegration: The Uses of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Island Policy

Rachel J.C. Chen, Dimitri Ioannides & Peter Billing CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

PROJECT PART-FINANCEDBY THE EUROPEAN UNION

ProjectGEDERI (Gestión et Development des Regiones des Isles)Manageent and Development of Island Regions (2004-2007)

Project OwnerCPMR / Island Commission Eurisles (Corse)

PurposeTo use the regional " know how " structures, in each island region in order to provide a better foundation for strategy and policy to the insular political and administrative actors. The participating islands will be studied and offered good practices analysis through the exchange of experiences, problems and themes linked to island development and management.

www.gederi.orgRachel J.C. Chen & Peter Billing CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

Background

LEAD PARTNERCorse (Fr)

PARTNERSBaleares (Sp)Bornholm (Da)Crete (Gr)Gotland (Sv)Gozo (Malta)Ionia Nissia (Gr)Sardegna (It)Sicily (It)Western Isles (GB)Åland (Fi)

Rachel J.C. Chen & Peter Billing CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

THEMES AND SUB-THEMES

1. Accessibility2. Sustainable Tourism3. Depopulation4. Labor market training and supply5. Marketing of local products6. Natural and environmental risks7. Towards and integrated strategy

Theme 2TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE ISLANDS REGIONS

Lead PartnerCentre for Tourism & Regional Research, Bornholm

International ExpertsRachel J.C. Chen, University of TennesseeDimitri Ioannides, Southwestern Missouri State University

Areas of Study & Policy1. What is the optimal tourism 'carrying capacity' for the islands?2. What strategies should be adopted to obtain a more even spread of

the tourist season throughout the year?3. What instruments are used to achieve sustainable tourism and limit

congestion?


Purpose of Study1. Develop and design an Island Tourism Multi-Dimensional Model (ITMDM) 2. Integrating quantitative models and qualitative techniques, inventory analyses, carrying capacity assessment, trend projections, and scenario analyses.3. Estimate the economic, social, political as well as environmental impacts of

tourism on island development

ForecastingForecastingModelsModels

GISGIS

EIAEIA

SeasonalitySeasonality

AlternativesAlternatives

AccessibilityAccessibility

TDCTDC

Tourism Data CenterTourism Data Center Role in Linking Modules Formation : Role in Linking Modules Formation :

Island Tourism MultiIsland Tourism Multi--Dimensional Model (ITMDM)Dimensional Model (ITMDM)

Site Selection + TDC ---> Planning Strategy

Modeling to Generate Alternatives

Impact Assessments

+ TDC

List of Models + TDC

TDC <---> The nature of data sets(price, seasonality, attendances, etc.)

Sensitivity(Parameter analysis)Cost-Benefit(Investment or maintenance)

Data mining + TDC---> Marketing

©Dr. Rachel J.C. Chen


GIS and Tourism?

• Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been adopted as a useful tool by a wide range of disciplines such as environmental planning, property management, infrastructure siting, emergency planning, automobile navigation systems, urban studies, market analysis, and business demographics (Chen, 2002).

• However, even though tourism development is a distinctly geographical activity with serious implications for destination areas, few researchers have applied GIS to tourism policy, planning and management practices.


1. Tourism Resource Inventories: This involves developing an inventory of resources in order to identify conflicting but also complementary land uses and activities, available infrastructure, and natural resources.

2. Site Selections: Appropriate site selection is critical for the future of a business or an attraction. Businesses must locate within an area that benefits not only the needs of the business, but also the consumer needs for convenience and ease. GIS is essentially a spatial database that features geographic and attribute data (Chen, 2002). It is a method used to identify suitable locations for tourism development.

3. Spatial Demonstrations of Tourism Impacts: GIS can be used to demonstrate tourism impacts on various industrial sectors in a time-series and spatial format.


Possibilities for GIS Applications in Tourism Policy and Planning

4. Visitor Flow Management: The use of GIS to identify principal spaces of tourist activities within a destination and the flows among destinations. Authorities may implement strategic plans for superior infrastructure (e.g., building public transportation systems linking various spaces of tourist activities).


5. Relationships Associated With Resource Use: The use of GIS in connection with the issue of environmental justice (namely the fact that tourism may not benefit all segments of society equally).

6. Assessing Potential Impacts of Tourism Development: Combination of all or several of the categories by the employment of the “what-if” tool of GIS. This tool allows the development of scenarios for predicting what the effect of a change in a certain variable(s) will be in the destination.

Indicators

Demographics Social behavior

Tourist flows Health and safety

Employment Psychological issues


1. Tourism Earnings and Investments

3. Tourism Policies

1.1 Ratio of net foreign exchange earnings relating to the tourist investments or to the functioning of tourist activity 1.2 Inflow earnings from the expenditure prior to departure 1.3 Tourism receipts in absolute terms1.4 Per capita tourist expenditure during stay

3.1 Existence of specific tourism regional development plan3.2 Participation of destination in eco-labeling program (e.g., the EU program “Blue Flag” for beaches) 3.3 Reference to tourism in broader national and/or regional development plans 3.4 Existence of specific national and/or regional tourism policy3.5 Existence of national tourism development plan making reference to specific island

2. Employment 4. Public Expenditure and Revenue

2.1 Average annual employment (directly or indirectly) in tourist sector/ Total employment 2.2 Number of seasonal workers

4.1 Tourist tax (eco-tax) revenue/total tax revenue4.2 Tourist tax (eco-tax) revenue/public expenditure on tourism development


Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK

THE ISLAND OF BORNHOLM, DENMARK

Population 43.000

Size 150 km2

Sense of Independence and Identity

Decline in Traditional Industries:Fishing and Agriculture

Tourism development

BORNHOLM

BORNHOLM

74

91

113

71

127

39

2618

34

47

118

119

162

144

119

126

44 102

113

102

121

110

21

27

73

95

39

127

83

124

127

82

91

125

103

21

159

38 38

158

158

159

158

Svaneke

Malkværn

Årsdale MølleÅrsdale

Grisby

Svanemølle

Svaneke Stubmølle

Bølshavn

RokkestenenParadisbakkerne

Balka

Kannikegærdet

Klinteby

SlamrehuseNexø

Snogebæk

Salthammer Odde

Broens Odde

Brændegårdshaven

Listed

Sankt Ibs Kirke

Plantage

Gadeby

Gamleborg

GryetPlantage

Povlsker

Randkløve

Saltuna

Ypnasted

Frederiksø

Christiansø

Slusegårdens Mølle

Rispebjerg

Sankt Bodils Kirke

Stenseby

Holsmyrediget

Langedeby

Tjørneby

Sankt Povls Kirke

Bodilsker

Gamlevælde

Gudhjem

Melsted

RisenØsterlars

Randkløve Skår

BORNHOLM

Himmerigsport

Hvidhat

Louisenlund

Dalslunde

Lyrsby

Staggehuse

Østermarie

Gadeby

Pedersker Plantage

RunestenElleby

Bodilsker

Myreagre Mølle

Åker Plantage

Kællingeby

Aakirkeby

Nyby

Dueodde

StrandmarkenVester Sømarken

Boderne Æggebjerg

Øster Sømarken

Dyndeby

Grødby

Pedersker

Smålyngen

ALMINDINGEN

Åløse

SkrulleGlappe

Middelaldercenter

SaleneBugt

Øster Lars Kirke Kelseby

Myreby

Sose

Strøby

Rytterknægten

Årsballe

Travbane

Gamleborg

Gildesbo

KrashaveSpydelund

Sankt Ols Kirke

Asseregårds Huse

KlemenskerKongensmark

Splitsgård Huse

Helligdomsklipperne

Krækket

Tingsted

Kalby

Lobbæk

Nylars

Værmelandshuse

Bjergebakke

Smørenge

Lilleborg

Hundshale

Lensgård

Rø

Røbro

Rø Plantage

Bådsted

Stammershalle

Stenby Mølle

Tejn

Moseløkken

Studeby

Skarpeskade

Blemmelyng

Vestermarie

Ringeby

Rabækkeværket

Møllevangen

Kærby

Knudsker

Allinge

KåsOlsker

Sandkås

Sandvig

Hammer Odde

Slotslyngen

Madsebakke

Hammeren

Vysteby

Mæby

Bymølle

Brogårdsstenen

Rutsker

Risby

Egeshøj

Ruts Kirke

Humledal

Næbbe Bugt

Bornholm

Kanondalen

RØNNE

Grisby

Arnager

Rønne Plantage

Lundesten

Gøngeherred

Nyker

Blykobbe Plantage

Sorthat

Krummeled

Hasle

Muleby

Tofte

Våde Ovn

Hammershus

Teglkås

Helligpeder

Jons Kapel

Løvehovederne

Vang

Source: IT Department of Bornholm Regional Council


Relativ befolkningsudvikling1993-2003

15% og derover (1)10% til 15% (7)5% til 10% (48)0% til 5% (51)

-5% til 0% (18)-5% og derunder (6)

Source: ØrestatMap Öresundskomiteen July 2004


POPULATION GROWTH IN THE ÖRESUND REGION

1993-2003

Copenhagen

Bornholm


GROWTH IN NUMBER OF PEOPLE WORKING IN EDUCATION IN THE ÖRESUND REGION

1993-2001

Source: ØrestatMap Öresundskomiteen July 2004

Conclusions

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to identify various classes of islands throughout Europe. By using GIS as a tool for identifying types of regions (islands), recommendations could be made for a range of policies (not one size fits all) that would apply to islands according to their level of development. For instance, policy recommendations for mature tourist destinations in highly urbanized areas would not be the same for remote cold-water islands and so on.


Contact Information:

Prof. Rachel J.C. Chen, Ph.D.

[email protected]

Prof. Dimitri Ioannides, Ph.D

[email protected]

Peter Billing, [email protected]

Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!

Prof. Rachel J.C. Chen, Ph.D. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA Senior Visiting Researcher,...

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