Pre – AP Biology

Molecules of Life (2.4)Part 1

Dehydration & Hydrolysis reactions involving monomers & polymers

Carbohydrate Monomer Molecular Structures

Remember, Stored Hydrogen = Energy

Carbohydrate PolymersStarch – stored plant sugars

Glycogen – stored animal sugars

Cellulose of plant cell walls

Chitin

Lipids

Dehydration Synthesis Reaction to make LipidsCompare the number of Hydrogen in a lipid to that in a

Carbohydrate

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Phospholipid structure

Cell MembranesSee the phospholipid bi-layer?

See the cholesterol too?

WaxesAlcohol + Oil

Steroid Structure

AtherosclerosisNormal artery on left

Clogged artery on right (See the cholesterol plaques on the inside?)

Pre – AP Biology

Molecules of Life (2.4)Part 2

Proteins

Some Amino AcidsCan you spot the amine functional groups?

Can you spot the carboxyl functional groups?These are Hydrophobic

Some more Amino AcidsThese are Hydrophilic (Why?)

Answer

Because the have charges – positive, negative, both (polar)

Peptide BondingWhat type of chemical reaction is occurring to make this polymer?

Insulin protein: Primary 1’ sequence

See the sequence of amino acids?

Sickle Cell DiseaseThe sixth amino acid has been changed in

the primary sequence

2’ structureThe Hydrogen bonding gives the protein

flexibility.

3’ StructureNotice the sulfur. Remember, sulfhdryl

functional groups?

4’ Structure in a Red Blood cell

Protein’s Natural Form

Denaturation of a proteinWhat bonds do you think broke

allowing this to happen?

Answer:

Hydrogen

Remember, they are weak bonds.

Nucleic Acid Structure

Complimentary Base Pairing Always a pyrimidine paired with a purine

Double Helix of DNA

Watson and Crick with their model of DNA What are scientific model for again?

Answer:

To help explain concepts visually which are hard to

see in real life.

Genes and EvolutionHow many are in common versus

different?