Macromolecules€¦ · Macromolecules • Def: Large organic molecules – Also called POLYMERS...
Transcript of Macromolecules€¦ · Macromolecules • Def: Large organic molecules – Also called POLYMERS...
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Macromolecules
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The Atoms of Life
• The most frequently found atoms in the
body are…
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Nitrogen
• Oxygen
• Phosphorous
• Sulfur (sometimes)
What are other
elements would
you expect to be
on this list?
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Roles of Molecules of Life
• Each macromolecule has one
or more roles in living systems
• Structure
• Transport
• Information
• Production
• Energy
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Organic Compounds
• Organic Compounds = made of
CARBON
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Carbon Review (C)
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons
• Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
• Usually bonds with C, H, O or N.
• Example: CH4(methane)
C6H
12O
6(glucose)
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Macromolecules
• Def: Large organic molecules
– Also called POLYMERS
• Broken apart by Hydrolysis reactions
• Made from Dehydration reactions
– Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERS
• 4 Types in Living things:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates = sugar molecule
• Made of C,H,O
• 3 Types:
A. monosaccharide (monomer)
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Also called “simple sugars”
Examples: fructose
galactose
glucose (C6H
12O
6)
- human fuel supply
- what doesn’t get used = storage
glucose
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CarbohydratesDisaccharide: two sugar units
→ Made from dehydration reaction
Examples:
– Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
– Lactose (glucose + galactose)
– Maltose (glucose + glucose)
glucoseglucose
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CarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar units
Also Called “complex sugars”
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) - plants
glycogen (beef muscle) -
animals
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucoseglucose
glucoseglucose
glucoseglucose
glucoseglucose
cellulose
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CarbohydratesFunctions of carbohydrates:
1. Energy source for plants & animals (glucose)
2. Short term energy storage
3. Structure (membranes, tissues, etc…)
4. Source of Carbon
Example: Cellulose
– Used for structure of stems in plants and vegetables
– Humans can’t digest/Ruminants can (sheep/cow)
– Maintains digestive tract – FIBER (humans)
Carbohydrate Review
Elements
its made of
Monomer Function(s) Example(s)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Monosa-
ccharide
Provide Energy to
cells (short-term)
Structure of
membranes and
tissues
Sugars (glucose)
Starches
Glycogen
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Lipids• Hydrophobic = hates water
• Structure:
– 3-Carbon backbone (glycerol)
– 3-Fatty Acid chains (hydrocarbon) - MONOMER
• Examples: 1. Triglycerides (polymer)
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Fats
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LipidsSaturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
– Saturated = max # of hydrogen used
– Unsaturated = NOT max # of hydrogen (double
bonds w/carbon)
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
fatty acids
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats continued…
• Saturated
• Solid at room temperature
• Butter, animal fats (lard)
• Function: To make cholesterol
– Makes steroids (FSH, LH, testosterone, estrogen,
etc…)
– Membrane structure
– Build up of plaque (NOT GOOD!)
• Unsaturated
– Liquid at room temperature
– Fruits, Veggies, fish, corn oil, olive oil, etc…
– Function: to make membranes
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Lipids
Functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss
(insulation)
3. Protection against water loss
4. Chemical messengers
(hormones/steroids)
5. Major component of membranes
(cholesterol)
Lipids Review
Elements
its made of
Monomer Function(s) Example(s)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Fatty Acid
Energy Storage
(long-term)
Structure of
membranes
(triglycerides &
cholesterol)
Prevent Heat Loss
Signaling
(hormones/steroids)
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Steroids
Hormones
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
• Made of Amino acids (monomer)
– 20 different kinds
– bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides)
• Occurs from a dehydration reaction
• Structure of Amino acid:
– Carbon surrounded by
• 1-Hydrogen group
• 1-Carboxyll group (COOH)
• 1-Amino Group (NH2)
• 1-Side group (R-group)
– 20 different R-groups = 20 different amino acids
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Protein Shape = Functional
• Proteins in a simple form (amino acid chain)
do NOT function properly!
– Proteins need to be shaped, twisted,
coiled
– Multiple polypeptides intertwined creates
a functional protein
– Denaturation = protein loses
shape/unraveled
• When denaturation occurs a protein loses
its function
– Example: Cooking an egg
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
6 functions of proteins:
1. Provide Structure (hair, fur, muscles, etc…)
2. Long term nutrient storage
3. Transports oxygen using hemoglobin
4. Providing immunity (antibodies)
5. Conveys messages using hormones
6. Allow for cell metabolism using enzymes
- enzymes speed up chemical reactions
How Enzymes Work
• Enzymes
– Serve as a catalyst (speed up chemical
reactions)
– Lower energy requirements (investments)
– Have specific binding sites for certain
molecules
• Activation Sites
Enzyme Cycle
Protein ReviewElements
its made of
Monomer Function(s) Example(s)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
(sometimes)
Amino
Acid
Structure (hair, fur,
nails, muscle)
Body Defense
(antibodies)
Transport Oxygen
(hemoglobin)
Convey messages
(insulin)
Speed up chemical
reactions (enzymes)
Enzymes
Hormones
Hemoglobin
Antibodies
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Nucleic acids
• Two types (examples):
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA-double helix
b. Ribonucleic acid
RNA-single strand
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Nucleic acids
• Made of Nucleotides (monomer)
• Structure of a nucleotide
– phosphate group
– pentose sugar (5-carbon)
– nitrogen base:
• adenine (A)
• thymine (T) DNA only
• uracil (U) RNA only
• cytosine (C)
• guanine (G)
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Nucleotide
O
O=P-O
O
Phosphate
Group
NNitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
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Nucleic acids
• Structure of a nucleotide continued
– Nucleotides are linked together by
covalent bonds between phosphate
and sugar
• “Sugar-Phosphate Backbone”
• Results in several combinations of
nucleotide chains
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DNA - double helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A
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Nucleic acids
• 3 Major Functions:
1. Store & Pass on genetic information
from one generation to the next
2. Create proteins
3. Control all cell functions
Nucleic Acid ReviewElements
its made of
Monomer Function(s) Example(s)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Nucleotide
Store & Pass
Genetic Traits
Create Proteins
Control all Cell
functions
DNA
RNA
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