Part III: tourism dynamics Taxonomy of tourism destinations.
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Transcript of Part III: tourism dynamics Taxonomy of tourism destinations.
Part III: tourism Part III: tourism dynamicsdynamics
Taxonomy of tourism Taxonomy of tourism destinationsdestinations
Travel & tourism: an Travel & tourism: an experienceexperience
Tourism consumption is an Tourism consumption is an experience. experience. These experience is anThese experience is an attraction.attraction.
The perception of these experience is The perception of these experience is subjective.subjective.
Quality is not directly observable.Quality is not directly observable.
The marginal decreasing utility The marginal decreasing utility principleprinciple
According to economic theory, the According to economic theory, the utility of a good decreases with the utility of a good decreases with the consumed quantity.consumed quantity.
In tourism, time (duration of holiday) In tourism, time (duration of holiday) is the quantity unit (Q).is the quantity unit (Q).
The satisfaction (S) a tourist may The satisfaction (S) a tourist may benefit from a destination is linked to benefit from a destination is linked to the duration of the stay (d).the duration of the stay (d).
The D-attractionThe D-attractionS
dd*
The D-attractivenessThe D-attractiveness
In these case, experience is motive by a In these case, experience is motive by a precise goal (D for discovery).precise goal (D for discovery).
d* indicates the optimal duration of a stay d* indicates the optimal duration of a stay (it is a satiety point). In these point, S is (it is a satiety point). In these point, S is maximal.maximal.
Examples D-attractions: urban tourism, Examples D-attractions: urban tourism, museum, historical sites & monuments, museum, historical sites & monuments, commercial tourism.commercial tourism.
The E-attractionThe E-attractionS
d
The E-attractivenessThe E-attractiveness
The tourist had no precise goal. The The tourist had no precise goal. The experience is evasion (E).experience is evasion (E).
The tourist experience is more The tourist experience is more “active” and more repetitive.“active” and more repetitive.
Examples: domestic tourism (family Examples: domestic tourism (family visit), sport tourism.visit), sport tourism.
The tourism attractiveness: a The tourism attractiveness: a complex of attractioncomplex of attraction
A D-attraction or a E-attraction : a A D-attraction or a E-attraction : a combination of several D-attractions.combination of several D-attractions.
Tourism attraction: a Tourism attraction: a packagepackage
S
d
Tourism attraction: a package Tourism attraction: a package (II)(II)
S
d
The innovation perspectiveThe innovation perspective
The innovator change d* for The innovator change d* for increasing tourism receipts with the increasing tourism receipts with the same number of touristssame number of tourists..
The innovator transform a D-The innovator transform a D-attraction into a E-attraction.attraction into a E-attraction.
Part III. Tourism Part III. Tourism dynamicsdynamics
Innovation and tourism Innovation and tourism challengeschallenges
COMPETITION INNOVATION
DefinitionsDefinitions
The distinction invention/innovation The distinction invention/innovation (J.A. Schumpeter)(J.A. Schumpeter)
The 3 dimensions of innovation:The 3 dimensions of innovation:– new tastes and preferences of the new tastes and preferences of the
consumersconsumers– new technology to increase the new technology to increase the
productivityproductivity– New geographical marketNew geographical market
The life cycle theoryThe life cycle theory
The life cycle determine the rhythm The life cycle determine the rhythm of diffusion of a new productof diffusion of a new product
INNOVATION COMPETITION DIFFUSION
The logistic curve (S-shaped The logistic curve (S-shaped curve)curve)
time
CMS
CMS: the cumulative market share
Incubationphase
Take-off phase saturation phase
The diffusion processThe diffusion process
The incubation phase: the R&D The incubation phase: the R&D period.period.
The take-off phase: the success of The take-off phase: the success of innovation.innovation.
The saturation phase: the market The saturation phase: the market limit.limit.
The phases classificationThe phases classification
IncubationIncubation Take-offTake-off saturationsaturation
Firms Firms numbernumber
-- ++ --
Nature of Nature of informatioinformationn
Existence of Existence of the product the product and its and its utilityutility
Quality/Quality/price ratioprice ratio
priceprice
The market evolution : a The market evolution : a sequence of different life sequence of different life
cyclescycles
R&DR&D
The tourism market The tourism market evolutionevolution
Sea & sun tourism
Eco-tourism
Cultural tourism
Spatial tourism ?
TIME
Sustainable trend
Life cycle examples in Life cycle examples in tourismtourism
incubationincubation Take-offTake-off saturationsaturation
Sea & sun in Sea & sun in the 50sthe 50s
Sea & sun in Sea & sun in the 60-70sthe 60-70s
Sea & sun in Sea & sun in the 90Ssthe 90Ss
Eco-tourism in Eco-tourism in the 70sthe 70s
Eco-tourism in Eco-tourism in the 80sthe 80s
Sport tourism Sport tourism in the 90sin the 90s
Fluvial Fluvial tourism in 90stourism in 90s
Spatial Spatial tourism in tourism in 20002000
Attraction Attraction park in the park in the 90s90s
R&D: definition and functionR&D: definition and function
In the industry, innovation (new In the industry, innovation (new product and new technology) is an product and new technology) is an economiceconomic but but stochasticstochastic (random) (random) output :output :
capital
Labor, skills
?
New product
New technology
Public and private R&DPublic and private R&D
Traditionally, public R&D finance Traditionally, public R&D finance fundamental researchfundamental research to increase the to increase the collective knowledge (science).collective knowledge (science).
Firms use the knowledge to develop Firms use the knowledge to develop new product or new technology: new product or new technology: applied researchapplied research..
Recent evolution and Recent evolution and challengeschallenges
Private companies or organizations Private companies or organizations (foundations) finances scientific (foundations) finances scientific research:research:– scientific program are more expensive;scientific program are more expensive;– Public budget are limited;Public budget are limited;– The Nobel price example.The Nobel price example.
Knowledge = intellectual property ?Knowledge = intellectual property ?
The role of Patent: definition & functionThe role of Patent: definition & function
The dynamical interactionsThe dynamical interactions
Invention &knowledge
innovation
Productivitypush
Market pull
Economic growth
Fiscal revenuePublic R&D
Private revenuesPROFIT
PRIVATE R&D
The R&D managementThe R&D management
R&D activities faces 4 questions:R&D activities faces 4 questions:– determine the global level of R&Ddetermine the global level of R&D– Select (evaluate) the different research Select (evaluate) the different research
programprogram– Anticipate the market evolutionAnticipate the market evolution– Allocate the budget for each project.Allocate the budget for each project.
The tourism R&DThe tourism R&D
In tourism, research concern the In tourism, research concern the conception of a new tourism package.conception of a new tourism package.
A new tourism site or destination is A new tourism site or destination is always the result of the application always the result of the application and development of a new idea.and development of a new idea.
Give examples of new ideas or Give examples of new ideas or concepts in tourism.concepts in tourism.
The R&D tourism: 6 phasesThe R&D tourism: 6 phases
1. Selecting the site
2. Information research
3. Creation of a partner networkAnd data base
4. Prototype elaboration
5. Economic evaluation
6. edition
Researchphase
Developmentphase
Technicaldimension
Marketingdimension
Part. III: Tourism Part. III: Tourism dynamicsdynamics
The tourism market: a The tourism market: a dynamical perspective.dynamical perspective.
The role of externalitiesThe role of externalities
What is externalities ?What is externalities ?
Externalities influence the tourism Externalities influence the tourism demand.demand.
2 kind of externalities:2 kind of externalities:– Positive (knowledge, fashion, security, Positive (knowledge, fashion, security,
peace)peace)– Negative (pollution).Negative (pollution).
Tourism demand curve with Tourism demand curve with externalitiesexternalities
Price
Tourism arrivalsTA*
Positiveexternalities
Negative externalities
MARKET ANALYSISMARKET ANALYSIS
In the first phase, externalities are In the first phase, externalities are positive: tourists attract tourists positive: tourists attract tourists (fashion).(fashion).
In these case, TA is an indicator of In these case, TA is an indicator of quality (because quality is not directly quality (because quality is not directly observable).observable).
In the second phase, externalities are In the second phase, externalities are negative: tourists repulse tourists negative: tourists repulse tourists (saturation, pollution, acculturation).(saturation, pollution, acculturation).
Equilibrium market with Equilibrium market with externalitiesexternalities
Price
Tourism arrivals
The supply curve with high fixed costs
TA1 TA2
EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSISEQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
TA1 is not stableTA1 is not stable TA2 is stable but not sustainable TA2 is stable but not sustainable
(because superior to TA*)(because superior to TA*) The objective of innovation: to obtain The objective of innovation: to obtain
a a stablestable AND AND sustainablesustainable equilibrium: equilibrium:– the product-innovation move the the product-innovation move the
demand curve (a negative demand demand curve (a negative demand shock);shock);
– the process-innovation move the supply the process-innovation move the supply curve (a negative supply shock).curve (a negative supply shock).
A negative demand shock: A negative demand shock: change the mentality and change the mentality and
preferencepreferencePrice
Tourism arrivalsTA2TA*
TA*TA2
A negative supply shock: legal A negative supply shock: legal restriction to protect restriction to protect
environmentenvironmentPrice
Tourism arrivalsTA2TA*
TA*TA2