Oligozoospermia kc001 udp

Introduction

INTRODUCTION

Mankind has been concerned about its health, protection from evils of diseases

and suffering since the dawn of civilization. Since then he believed that, nature

alone could help in conquering these afflictions and he sought remedies in Nature

i.e., in Plants, Minerals and Animals.

Many of the drugs were added to their therapeutic armametrium only after

considerable trial and error and application of their clinical judgment. In the light

of the knowledge then available, they had good reasons for what they said and

did. The answers to this questions what they considered as good reasons is not a

simple one, one must take into consideration their intellectual, ethical and cultural

background.

The greatest and noblest pleasure that man can have in world is to discover

new truth and the next is to shake off old prejudices.

Here is an attempt to explore the treasure of knowledge of Ayurvedic

science wherein the concept of Anupana; drugs Masha, Sharkara and Usheera;

Disease – Shukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia are considered.

The concept of Anupana has been in Ayurvedic classics since archaic

times. However, its importance and practical utility does not appear to have been

fully recognized and applied, at any rate, during the last five or six hundred years,

with the result that it is today a proposition of historical and academical value.

Hence, the obvious requirement is to secure detailed information from the

available literature, then procure a fair and critical understanding of the

implication of this term in the light of observable and verifiable facts available to

us today and reconstruct the concept in view of later developments in the field of

medicine. To do so, this concept is taken up for the study.

Interest in medicinal plants has increased enormously over the last two

decades. The untapped wealth of the plant kingdom has become a target for the

search by multinational drug companies and research institute for new drugs and

compounds. Prominent in this has been the investigations of Traditional remedies,

largely of botanical origin on which a worldwide majority of population still relies

1

A comprehensive clinical study of Anupana in the management of Shukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia, by Sandhya, S. D. M. COLLEGE OF AYURVEDA, UDUPI

Ayurmitra

TAyComprehended

Introduction

for its source of medicine. Society has also become increasingly interested in

natural products with the general public acquiring herbal preparations from the

plethora of various retail outlets. With this background, being in the field of

Ayurveda-Indian system of Medicine, which is predominantly dealing with the

Herbs, it becomes primary duty to untap the treasure and mysteries of this rich

science, re-establish its claims and to remove the old prejudices. To aid this, the

drugs Masha, Usheera and Sharkara were considered for the study.

Masha, Usheera and Sharkara are some of the easily available drugs in the

market. Presently, considerable legislation has been introduced to control the

sales, quality and efficacy of each Ayurvedic product. Standardisation and Quality

control is a must in today’s GMP. To authenticate the identity of the above drugs,

the drug samples were subjected to Preliminary Pharmacognostic and

Physicochemical tests and recorded herein. Details of each drug, its indication in

particular conditions, its method of processing to obtain the required form, its

specific combination, dosage, time and mode of administration are not dealt in

clarity and at one place. Drug study is complete only after a clinical study. In

pursuit of clarity of knowledge in above respects and to establish the efficacy of

the drugs, the clinical study was undertaken.

Infertility has been an issue of great concern since times immemorial and is

considered as a public health problem given its medical, psychological, social and

demographic consequences. Infertility is estimated to affect 15% of all the co-

habiting couples and data available over past 20 yrs reveal that in a stupendous

portion of 1/3 of the cases, male factor is responsible (Obs. & Gynae., Jan, 2001,

WHO report).

The prevalent environmental, socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle, stress

have influenced the rise of male infertility. Among the various causes of male

infertility, Oligozoospermia takes a substantial role. In the contemporary

medicine, although important advances have been made, treatment of infertility

caused by primary testicular disease is unsatisfactory. The results of therapy of

hormonally normal men with Oligozoospermia by use of large doses of

androgenic steroids an so on have been generally unsuccessful (TBM, Vol. I,

2

Introduction

1982, W & S). Shukra and its relation with seminal aspect are discussed in the

disease review. Shukradushti means the vitiated Shukra – the male factor

responsible for conception i.e. Poor Semen Quality (PSQ). PSQ includes various

pathological conditions among which Oligozoospermia is taken up for the study.

Abundant references of Shukrajanana property of Masha and Sharkara and

Shukrashodhana property of Usheera are found in Ayurvedic literature. To

evaluate these and to analyse the concept of Anupana, patients were allotted in 2

groups after a thorough assessment. In one group, Masha with Anupana Sharkara

was administered while in the other group, Masha with Anupana Usheera phanta

was administered. The effect of this combination of Pradhana dravya and

Anupana are then evaluated.

This Dissertation work is designed to comprise of five sections namely

Literary review, Pharmacognostic study, Clinical study, Discussion, Summary and

Conclusion.

Section I Literary review is divided into 3 chapters comprising of

Conceptual study on Anupana, Drug study on Masha, Sharkara, Usheera and

Disease review on Shukradushti – Oligozoospermia.

Section II includes Pharmacognostic and Physicochemical studies on these

drugs.

Section III details regarding the Clinical study.

Section IV discusses the complete Dissertation work under the title

Discussion.

Section V lastly gives a brief Summary of this work followed by the

Conclusions drawn from this study.

3

Conceptual study Anupana

ANUPANAM

Contents

• Vyutpatti

• Nirukti

• Paribhasha

• Itihasa

• Anupana Swaroopa

• Anupana Bheda

• Anupana Dravyas

• Anupana Matra

• Anupana Kala

• Anupanavacharna vidhi

• Anukte Anupana Yojana

• Uktanupana Rasa Yoga

Guna Kala

Dravya Vayah

Varga Dosha

Kalpana Roga / Avastha

Swasthya

• Anupana ayogyah

• Nishiddhanupana

• Anupananantaram nishiddha karma

• Anupana guna-karma

• Anupana karmukata

• Anupana pradhanyata.

1


ANUPANAM

Bheshajavacharana vidhi in Ayurveda is a science by itself. Under this title,

it constitutes a concept, Anupana which forms an integral part of Chikitsa.

Information with regards to its description, importance and utility are

found to be scattered in the extant literature. Here is an attempt to pool up the

available data for better comprehension and application.

Vyutpatti1, 2

Anupanam:

Neuter gender

Anu + Dhatu Pa

Anu

• after, along, with

• subordinate to, inferior to, near to

• following methodically, orderly, accordingly

Pana

• a drink

• observing, keeping, protection, defence

Anupana

• to drink after, drink at

• to preserve, cherish, keep, wait for

Adjuvant (L)

• ad – juvo

• juvans – to give, aid to

Nirukti1, 2

• Anugatam panam Anupanam3

• Anu saha paschat va piyate iti Anupanam4

2


• Oushadha bhakshanopari yatpitam tadAnupanam5

• Annat anupaschat piyate iti Anupanam6

Paribhasha

• Anupanamiti anu shabdam lakshanarthamahuh |

Aharam lakshikrutyapanam ….. sukhapakartham ||7

• Tena bhavi bhojanam trushnam chanulakshikrutya piyata ityanupanam |8

• Yadyogena rasadinam vibhaktah paramanavah |

Drutamangeshu sarpati sahapana taduchyate ||

Tattat rogaghna bhaishajyam bheshajasyanupiyate |

Yaccha sahayakari syadanupanam taducyate ||25

• Oushadhangapeya vishesha taccha oushadhapananantaram vilambya

prayojanam |9

Synonyms9

• Anupanam

• Sahapanam

• Rogaghna bhaishajyam

Itihasa

“The further back you look, further forward you see”.

Winston Churchill

Vedic Period: 2000BC -1000BC

Vedas are the oldest known literature available today and have been a rich

source of knowledge for varied sciences.

References regarding Anupana are found in the commentary on

Chandogyopanishad10a where it is considered to be a drink, to be had near at

hand. In the context of describing various Dravya-Gunas, Anupana is dealt

under Hitahita Anupanavidhi10b.

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Samhita Period: 1000 B.C – 500 A.D.

Charaka Samhita11:

Charakacharya deals about Anupana in the context of Annapanavidhi in

Sutrasthana. After Krutanna varga, in Aharayogi varga the description, qualities,

mode of action, criteria for selection of specific Anupanas are vividly dealt. The

action of Anupana is related in accordance with the Ahara upayogitva here

.However while describing the selection of Anupanas based on disorders like

Sthoulya, Tandra and Alpagni, specific Anupanas are prescribed too.

Further, the author says if the prescribed Anupana is not available then

based on the habitat, suitable Anupanas are to be considered. From the list of 84

Asavas and other Peyas like Jala are advised to be evaluated and then considered

for administration.

Sushruta Samhita12:

Following the description of Manda-peyadi pathya kalpanas in Krutanna

varga and various delicacies in Bhakshya varga, Anupana is distinguishedly

dealt in a Varga. in Sutrasthana, Annapana vidhi adhyaya of this treatise. Under

this varga, list of various Anupana dravyas, specific Anupana: for set of drugs

belonging to a particular varga, specific to a drug, dosha and disorders are

detailed. Benefits, properties, action of Anupana are also stated in this context.

Ashtanga Hrudayam13:

In Sutrasthana, Matrashiteeyadhyaya, describing Ahara vidhana, Bhojana

vyavastha, Bhojya padarthas, Anupana Pramana and Samaya concept of Anupana

is dealt. General and specific qualities of Anupana, indication w.r.t. dosha, roga,

drug selected and constitution are described here. Anupana ayogya roga and rogi

are also discussed here.

Ashtanga Sangraham14:

This treatise too discusses about Anupana in the context of Annapana vidhi

adhyaya of Sutrasthana, subsequent to Ahara kalpana vidhi and Bhojanavidhi.

4


Following Anupana, Bhojanottara kartavya, Ahara parinamakara bhava, Viruddha

aharadi topics are dealt. Anupana is discussed with regards to its properties and

action. Apart from this, methods of selection of Anupana based on Roga, Rogi,

Dosha, kalpana, Rasa, Kala, Vayah and such factors are incorporated here.

Kashyapa Samhita15:

Unlike the earlier treatises, Kashyapa has not separately expounded about

Anupana. However applications of Anupana are extensively found in this text. For

instance, in Snehadhyaya of Sutrasthana specific Anupanas for snehas viz.,

Ghrita, Taila, Vasa and Majja – Ushnodaka, Yusha and Manda are indicated

respectively.

Bhela Samhita16:

Treading the common footsteps, Bhela too elaborates Anupana in

association with Ahara and Ahara dravyas. Wholesome Anupanas for specific

Mamsa, Dhanyas, fruits, Ganas, Snehas and so on are mentioned. Guna karma of

Anupanas like Pachana, Rochana and Satmyatam prayacchana are stated in this

context.

Sangraha Kala: 500 A.D. – 1700 A.D.

Madhava dravya guna17, one of the earliest Nighantu in its 28th chapter

discusses about Anupana under the heading Anupanavidhi. List of Anupana

dravya like Toya, Asava, Yusha and so on are advocated in accordance with the

suitability. Mode of action of Anupana is depicted with the illustration of oil

spreading swiftly when dropped on water surface. Here, the oil drop is compared

to the Pradhana oushadha while water simulates the role of Anupana. Further

various selection criterias for Anupanas based on drugs, formulations, disease

condition and so on are dealt with besides the importance and uses of Anupanam.

Chakrapanidatta18 in his work Dravya guna sangraha has dedicated a

complete Varga for Anupana emphasizing its importance in Ayurveda. He details

regarding the Anupana dravyas, directions for selecting the Anupanas,

5


contraindications for the usage of Anupana, Samanya Anupana Karma and based

on time of administration and the dosage of Anupana.

Kaiyyadeva Nighantukara19 under Viharavarga inducts Anupana. His

description appears to be taken from Sushruta’s treatise.

Information of Anupana is found in Mishraka varga of Madanapala

nighantu20 and is similar to the description of Kaiyyadeva.

In Kalyanakaraka21, Anupana is contented in Anupanadhikara. Anupana

for various Rasas are given importance in this text rather than other criterias. Such

drugs are advocated whose Rasa is liked by the patient apart from being

wholesome and beneficial. In the previous pariccheda, Anupana for various food

items, time of administration and its benefits are told. For Rasayana purpose,

Kwatha prepared from the ingredients of the Rasayana yoga is specially indicated

in this text

Under Churna kalpana, Anupana and its dosage for Churnadi yogas is dealt

by Sharangadhara in his Madhyama khanda22. More information regarding this

context is provided by the commentators Adhamalla and Kashirama. They write

the Nirukti, Paribhasha, dosage and state Jala as the foremost among Anupanas

apart from clarifying the mode of action of Anupana with the oil-water illustration

We find that Bhavamishra23 has not elaborated like other authors regarding

Anupana. However, in the context of Bheshaja vidhanaprakarana,

Sharangadhara’s opinion of dosage and mode of action are found to be followed

by this author.

Raja Nighantukara24 Narahari Pandit is the only person who has mentioned

about 2 types of Anupana viz. Kramana and Pachana Anupana. Apart from this,

not much details regarding Anupana are available.

Adhunika kala: 1700 A.D onwards

In Yogaratnakara, the last topic discussed by the author after

Rasayanadhikara is Anupanam. He has given importance to the Anupanas specific

to particular diseases like Kirata, Musta, Parpata in Jwara and so on. Interestingly,

6


we find many dravyas apart from the commonly prescribed Anupanas like:

Svarna, in Gara; Guggulu in Vatavyadhi and so on. All other authors till now

mentioned have advocated Anupana to be administered through oral routes only

but author of Yogaratnakara has prescribed diversified routes of administration of

Anupana. . To mention a few, Virechana as Anupana in Udara, Nidra in Ajirna,

Aruchi, Toshana in Bhaya, Nasya in Urdhvajatruroga, Sheeta vidhi in Murccha,

Raktamokshana in Vidradhi and so on. Further, the author says Anupana

influences on the prime drugs’ strength and effectivity.

Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Vangasena, Gada nigraha and other works

incorporate descriptions of various Yogas to be administered with particular

Anupanas to derive the desired effects in specific indications.

Incidentally, diversified applications of Anupanas are found in the

Rasashastreeya literature among all other Ayurvedic texts. Rasashastra a non-

conventional branch of Ayurveda evolved into a branch by itself, and rose to its

zenith in development more recently. In the course of evolution, the scientists

involved, tried to squeeze the basic concepts available in our science and adopt

them to the fullest extent in the development of this science. Probably, during this

process, Anupana could be one such concept worked upon for which we find its

extensive references in these texts. For instance, usage of Rasasindoora with

various Anupana like Chitraka, Sharkara in Kapharoga, Pittaroga and so on is

found in Ayurveda Prakasha25. Rasa Taranginikara25 has vividly described the

mode of action of Anupana as that which disintegrates the Paramanus of the Yoga

thus aids in carrying it swiftly in the body. He adds, Rogaghna Bhaishajya as

synonym to Anupana. In Rasa jala nidhi26, Gandhaka and its diversified utility due

to usage of various Anupanas and many such formulations are mentioned.

Few books are dedicated to the concept of Anupana alone and constitute a

compilation of numerous Rasaoushadhas in majority and few Kashtoushadhas in

minority and their specific Anupanas. However critical analysis of Anupana is not

elaborated in these texts. To mention a few: Anupanamanjari by Vishrama;

Anupanatarangini by Raghunath Prasad; Anupana Kalpataru by Jagannath Prasad

7


Shukla; Anupanavidhi by Shyam Sundara Acharya Vaidya and Anupana darpana

by Jnarasara Sharma.

In modern lexicons like Monier Williams and Stedmans Medical

dictionary, Anupana is a fluid vehicle taken with or after medicine or eating.

Monier Williams described it as

• that which aids or assists the action of main ingredient

• a synergist, an adminiculum

• a vehicle to enhance antigenicity -Immunology

• in adjuvant therapy- use of another form of treatment in addition to primary

surgical therapy as in Oncology27.

• Modern Pharmacological texts:

• Based on the information in lexicons, the term Adjuvant can be

incorporated under the concept of Anupana. While doing so, concept of Adjuvant

along with other relavant concepts will be dealt in parlance with Anupana from

here on. In modern pharmacology, Adjuvant again is also a drug According to

W.H.O. definition:

• A Drug is any substance or product that is used to modify or explore

physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient. In the

context of medicine, it means a chemical used in prevention, diagnosis or

treatment of diseases. It is to be noted that benefits are in terms of physical,

mental and economical value28.

An ideal prescription contains inscription as its main part. This constitutes

of (a) Basis - the primary drug which is responsible for the main action of the

prescription. (b) Adjuvant- this is a drug which facilitates or promotes the action

of the primary drug. (c) Corrective - this is added to modify or eliminate the

undesired effects of the basis. (d) Vehicle- this is a carrier, commonly a solvent

which facilitates the administration of preparation into human body.

8


However, under the name Adjuvant, Corrective and Vehicle too are inducted. In

modern prescription, firstly Basis is written, followed by Adjuvants but are not

mentioned.

Further, extensive details of the concept of Adjuvant are not dealt as a distinct

topic in modern literature. However Drug interactions and Biopharmaceutics are

the sectors of modern pharmacology which speak of drug or formulation

combinations and their effect - harmful or beneficial on therapeutic activity. These

topics can be inducted under the concept of Anupanam.

Previous works done:

Concept of Anupana in Ayurveda by Dr.Sharma K K, Dept of Basic

principles,B.H.U. Varanasi 1987

Anupana Swaroopam:

Before proceeding with the details of Anupana, it is essential to resolve the

Swaroopa of Anupana as to its (i) usage in Ahara vidhi only or in Bheshaja vidhi

also and (ii) the nature of Anupana - liquids only or others too could be

considered under this heading. The contexts under which Anupana is dealt in

various Ayurvedic texts are enlisted below:

• Cha. Sa. Su. 27 Annapanavidhi - Aharayogivarga

• Su. Sa. Su. 46 Annapanavidhi - Anupanavarga.

• Ash. Hr. Su. 8 Matrashitiyadhyaya - Bhojanavidhi

• Ash. Sa. Su. 10 Annapana Vidhi – Bhojanavidhi

• Bhe. Sa. Su. 27 Annapanavidhi

• Dr. Gu. Sa. 14 Anupanavarga

• Kal. Ka. 5 par – Anupanadhikara

• Kai. Ni. Vihara varga – Anupana

• Yo. Ra. - Anupana

• Bh. Pr. Mishraka varga - Bheshajavidhana prakarana

From this, it is evident that authors of older times have dealt with this topic

in relation to Ahara vidhi and Ahara dravya while the later authors have tried to

9


highlight its therapeutic value for which, they devoted separate sectors for its

discussion. Sushruta while describing the planning of selecting an Anupana, says

that a Hita dravya of suitable Matra in particular Kala should be administered only

after considering the disease in which it would be administered 29

Rasa Taranganikara’s synonym Rogaghna bhaishajyam25 and indication to

administer Anupana following Bheshaja makes it very clear that Anupana is to be

administered with Oushadha. Adhamalla5 lucidly defines that Anupana is that

which is administered following Oushadha as “ Oushadha Bhakshanopari ”.

Bhavaprakasha has deliberately dealt about Anupana in Bheshajavidhana

prakarana. Similarly, Yogaratnakara says Oushadhas are given to patient along

with Anupana based on the diseased state. Apart from this, we find plenty of

references of specific Anupanas to be used along with particular Yogas to obtain

the required effect in a particular disorder/disease.

By this, we can see that Anupana is that which is given with both Ahara

dravyas - regularly and Oushadha dravyas - specifically.

Nature of Anupana:

The term Anupana1,2 is in itself suggestive of a substance which is

administered for drinking. Sushruta describing the qualities of the Shreshta

Anupana – water, says, by virtue of its Toyatmakatva29 and presence of Sarvarasa,

it is the most favourable Anupana. The list of dravyas meant for utilization as

Anupana constitutes only Drava Pradhana dravyas in Sushrutha samhita.

However, we find many references of solids being prescribed as Anupana

in all these texts. For instance,

• Guda as Anupana to Guduchi in Vibandha – Bha. Pra. Vol I

• Sita as Anupana to Guduchi in Pittaroga – Bha. Pra. vol I

• Chitraka churna as Anupana to Rasa sindura in Kapharoga – Ay Pr. 1 /404

This reveals that Anupana includes substances other than liquid forms also.

10


Anupana Bheda:24

Except for Raja Nighantukara, no other author speaks of Anupana Bheda.

Accordingly the two types of Anupana are:

i) Kramana Anupana is that which is administered in delay following the

Basis.

ii) Pachana Anupana is given in the night, without delaying but

immediately.

No lucid information regarding type of adjuvant is available in most of the

modern literature. From the available information, adjuvant can be understood

under three classes28:

1. Adjuvant - which facilitates and promotes the action of Basis

2. Corrective - which modifies or eliminates the undesired effect of the Basis

3. Vechicle - a carrier, commonly a solvent which facilitates the administration

of preparation into human body.

Anupana Dravyas11 - 26:

We find numerous substances belonging to diverse drug groups which are

indicated in accordance with the requirement. Enlisting them are :

• Sheeta jala, Ushna jala, Madhu, Ghrita, Taila

• Asava of various drugs like Durva, Chitraka, Pippali, Nyagrodha, Kapittha,

Shireesha phala

• Ksheera, Mastu, Takra, Udashwit, Mahisha payah, Mamsarasa, Yusha,

Manda

• Dhanyamla, Madhya, Madhvasava, Souveera, Kanji, Chukra, Sura, Ikshurasa

• Sharkarodaka, Triphalodaka, Ardrakodaka, Madhudaka

• Lavana, Sita, Guda, Shunti churna, Hingu grhitanvitam, Pippali churna,

Shilajatu, Rasonaka kalka, Bhallataka, Nisha churna, Parpata kwatha, Hema,

Laja, Guggulu, Mashavataka.

11


Majority of the authors11, 12 prescribe Meghambu collected in a clean

container as the superiormost Anupana and that this could be used in all

conditions. However, pioneers of Rasashastra advocate Madhu in the absence of

required Anupana and with all the Basis25, 26

Anupana Matra:

It is a well know fact that even poison acts as a life saving drug provided

its dosage is judiciously fixed. Information regarding the dosage of Anupana is

found to be varying from author to author. Based on the doshas involved and form

of basis dosage of Anupana too varies as recorded below:

• According to Sharangadhara, Anupana matra is 3, 2 and 1 pala for Vataja,

Pittaja and Kaphaja rogas respectively22.

• According to Madhava, Chakrapanidutta, Bhavamishra and Kashirama

vaidya, the dosages are 3, 2 and 1 pala respectively in Pittaja, Vataja and

Kaphaja disorders17, 18, 22, 23.

• According to Sharangadhara22, 2 and 1 pala dravas are advised to be used

with the Churna when consumed in the form of linctus or drink respectively.

Anupana Kala:

Opinions of various authors with regard to the administration of Anupana

are accounted below:

• The term Anupana1,2 suggests that it should be administered after the

consumption of the primary drug

• Sahapana a synonym of Anupana indicates its usage along with the prime

drug

• Raja Nighantukara24 advocates Kramana Anupana to be delayed in

administration while Pachana Anupana is advised not to be delayed and is

indicated in the night

• In the context of Aharavidhi, three Kalas are indicated for Anupana and their

effects are also described i.e., before food for Karshanartham, inbetween food

12


for Sthapanartham and after food for Brumhanartham. This Vidhi probably

holds good only for Jala in Aharavidhi19, 30.

Anupanavacharana Vidhi26:

In Rasa jala nidhi, mode of administration of both Bheshaja and Anupana

are portrayed in the context of Anupana in Rasoushadhas. Here, both Bheshaja

and the Anupana are directed to be triturated with Madhu in a Khalva yantra and

then to be consumed following recitation of Aghoramantram or offering prayers

to the esteemed diety.

Anukte – Anupana Yojana:

Charakarcharya31 clarifies stating that it is not possible to describe all the

Anupana dravyas in toto. Sometimes those Anupanas advocated in a particular

Desha need not be beneficial in another or may not be available. In such a

condition, he advices one should critically evaluate the drug and only those which

are beneficial32, not possessing fallacies by nature, but possess qualities useful in

relation to the Ahara or Bheshaja should be selected.

Charaka and other authors like Vagbhata, Chakrapani, Gangadhara,

Sushruta opine that the Anupana dravya should possess opposite qualities in terms

of Rasa, Guna to that of the Ahara or Bheshaja but should not be Viruddha to it to

obtain the desired effect33.

Sushruta emphasizes that one should judiciously evaluate the consideration

of Anupana in terms of the disease involved; Kala - Roga kala, Rogi kala, Nitya

kala and Matra34. Further, he indicates that the selected drug should be wholesome

to the patient or person administered34a

However, water is to be consumed as the adminiculam says

Sharangadhara22 when no specified Anupana is mentioned. Vagbhata indirectly

hints that Anupana dravya should be Satmyakara and possess Jeevanadi guna in

it34b. Rasa jala nidhikara26 gives the liberty to change to another Anupana in due

consideration to Desha, Kala and requirement34b. Rasanusara selection of

13


Anupana should be such that it should be Parasparaviruddha, Ruchikrut,

Satmyam, Hitam, Sukhakaram says Sushruta35.

Uktanupanah:

Abundant illustrations of Anupana are found in the text. For a better

understanding of this concept, here is an attempt to classify these illustrations

under various factors which influence the effect of Anupana viz. Rasa, Guna,

Dravya, Dravya varga, Kalpana, Yoga, Kala, Vaya, Dosha, Roga-avastha and

Swasthya.

Anupana in Swasthya:

Sushrutha, Chakrapanidutta specify that amidst food, Chitram-various

types of Paniya and other dravyas which do not alter the doshic homoeostasis are

to be consumed by the healthy persons37.

Gangadhara commenting on Charaka’s similar view defines Chitram as

Chitraka udaka and indicates its consumption by normal persons37.

Table a: Based on Rasa

Rasa Anupanam References

Madhura Katu rasa Kal. Ka. 5 Pa/39-42

Amla Lavana rasa

Madhura rasa

Kal. Ka. 5 Pa/39-42

Su. Su. 46/419-Da.

Katu Tikta rasa

Durvanalavetrasava

Kal. Ka. 5 pa/39-42

Su. Su. 46/432

Kashaya Madhura rasa Kal. Ka.5 Pa/39-42

Tikta Amla rasa Kal. Ka. 5 Pa/39-42

Lavana Amla rasa Kal. Ka. 5 Pa/39-42

Sarva rasa Ksheera Kal. Ka. 5 Pa/39-42

14


Table b: Based on Guna

Guna Anupanam References

Ushnata

Pittaja vikara

Raktajavikara

Vidaha

Sheeta jala

Ash. Sa. Su. 10/43-44

Su. Su. 46/435 Dal.

Sheetata -

Vataja vikara

Kaphaja vikara

Ushna jala Su. Su. 46/435 Dal.

Table c: Based on Ahara and Oushadha dravya – Samanya Anupana

Ahara/Oushadha

dravya Anupanam References

Shali, Shastikashali Ksheera As. Sa. Su. 10/43-44

Mudgadi Dhanya Mamsa rasa Su. Su. 46/423-433

Odana Takra Kal. Ka. 4 Pa./18

Vaidala supa Souvira Kal. Ka. 4 Pa. /18

Dhanyadi Phala Khandasava

Dadhi, Chukra Bhe. Sa. 27/31

Shaka Mudgadi vikaras Dhanyamla, Mastu, Takra As. Hr. Su. 8/48

Yava, Godhuma,

Pishtamayanna,

Bisagranthi, Dadhi,

Madhu, Madhyavikaras,

Sneha

Sheeta jala

Su. Su. 46/423-433

As. Sa. Su. 10/43-44

As. Hr. Su. 8/47

Mamsa-Varahamamsa

Aja mamsa,Hayamamsa

Koshna jala Kal. Ka 4 Pa / 18

Taila Madhya,

Sheetakashaya,Udaka,

Ash. Hr. Su. 8/ 47-48,

Su. Su. 46/423-433

15


Khadirodaka,

Yushamlakanji

Vasa majja sneha Manda Kas. Sa. 22/11

Varuni Kakubha Bhe. Sa. 27/36

Ashwagandha kashaya Varuni, Manda Bhe. Sa. 27/37

Table d-Based on Ahara and Oushadha dravya – Rogabhedena Anupanam

Dravya Roga / Vikara Anupanam References

Guduchi Vata vikaram Ghritam Bha. Pra. Ma. Kha. Va

Ra.

Pitta vikaram Sita

kapha vikaram Madhu

Vibandham Guda

Vataraktam Erandatailam

Amavatam

Guda Sleshmavikaram

Pittavikaram

Ardrakam

Haritaki

Bha. Pra. Ik. Va. 28

Vata vikaram Shuntyahasamam

Gandhaka Twagdosham Mochaphalam Ras. Jal. Ni. 266-267

Balakshayam Chitrakam

Kshaya Kasa Bhallataka

Kashaya

Agnimandya Triphala kashaya

Bala-virya kshaya, Dugdha

Arti Netrarogam

Based on Dravya

Vargas

16


Dravya Varga Anupanam Reference

Vaidalanam Dhanyamlam Su Su 46 / 433

Shasyajatanam Bhadramlam

Jangala Dhanvajanam Pippalyasavam

Vishkiranam Kolabadarasavam

Pratudanam Ksheerivrukshasavam

Sura Draksha- kashmarya

kharjrasaram

Su su 46/433

Bhe sa 27/35

Guheshayanam Kharjura – narikelasavam

Bilwa, kapitha

pindakasavam

Bhe sam 27/35

Prasaha Ashwagandhasavam

Amlaphalasavam

Su Su 461/433

Ash Hr Su 10/ 43-44

Parnamruganam Krushnagandhasavam Su Su 46 / 433

Bileshayanam Phalasavam

Of kapitha shireesha

Su Su 46/433

Bhe Sa 27/35

Ekashephanam Triphalasavam Su Su 46/433

Aneka shephanam Khadirasavam Su Su 46/433

Kulecharanam Shrungtaka – kas Su Su 46/433

Kosharasipadi Erukasavam Su Su 46/433

Plaranam Ikshurasasavan

Nadeya matsyanam Mrunalasavam

Samudranam Matulung asavam

Anelaphalanam Padmotpala kandasaram

Kashayanam Dodimavetrasavam

Talaphaladinam Shwadamstravasu

kasavam

Kushmandadinam Darvikarirasavam

17


Chucchu prabritinane Lodhrasavam

Kusumbha shakha

Jeevantyacinam

Triphalasavam

Manadukaparnyadinam Mahapanchamulasavam

Talamastakanam Anelaphalasavam

Saindhavadinam Sura Aranalam

Gramyehu Madhrasavam Ash Hr Su 10/43-44

Vanyeshu Tekshnaphalasavam

Oudakeshu Ikshu kash Padmake

Mahamrugeshu Shrungataka - Kasereeka

Mrudvika madirasavam

Kshoulka/ Sheetadaks/

Udcelshwith yuktam

Based on Kalpanas

Kalpana Anupanam Reference

Avalehya Madhu ksheera sita Sha sa ma khr 41

Ghrita

Sneham Ushnodakam Kal ka 4 pa

Based on yogas table g

Yoga Rogaghnata Anupannam Reference

Rasa

sindhura

Vataroga Madhu-pippali Ayu.pr.1/404

Kapharuja Trikatu-chitrata chura

Pittaroga Ela-Sitendu

Vrana Triphala guggulu

Pushtyarthan Chaturjatha,Triphaa

18


Kauhora

Gugyulu

Netraroga Vasa Sha.sa.ma7/8

0-87

Gulnea Varuna

Varana kushta Khadira kwatha

Ajeernam Anrla-teeksha dravya

Kankayane

Gutika Gullma Ghruta,ksherra Anela

Madhya

Ushnodaka Sha. ma.

7/53-55

Vataja Gulnea Madhya

Pittaja Gulma Goksheera

Kaphaja Gulma Gonumtra

Tridoshaja

Gulma

Dashanula

Rakta gulma Oushtra dugdha

Yogaraj

Guggula

Vatarikaran Rasnadikwatha Sha Su Ma

7/66- 69

Pittarikaran Kankolyadi kwatha

Kapha vikaran Aragwadhadi kwath

Pranuhar Darvikwatha

Pandu Gonutra

Medornuddi Madhu

Kushta Ninebashruta Vatarakta

Shotha Shula Pippali kwatha

Mushaka visha Patala quatha

Netrathi Triphala kwatha

Sarvaudara Punarnavadi kwatha

Based on Kala

19


Kala Anupanam Reference

Ushna kale Yusha – with Taila Su Su 46/422-433

Sheeta kale Amala kanji with Taila

Sharad Greeshna

Hemanta

Sheeta jala Ash San. Su 10/43

-44

Based on vaya

Vaya – Avastha Anupanam Reference

Ksheerapa Ksheerasalpi – Dhatryaha

alone

Su Sha

Ksheerannada Ksheerararpi – matrgaha and

Dhatryaha

Annada Kashayadini-with aroidance

of Dhatryaha

Based on Dasha

Dosha Anupanam Reference

Vata Singdha,UshnaDrava Amla As Sa Su 10/43

Kanjika, manuarasa Cha Su 27/321 Gang

Pitta Sheeta Madhura

Shakarodakam Sita

Kapha Ruksha Ushna Dravam

Triphalodakam with Madhu

Sannipate Skenoudra Ardra kadakam

Anupana based on Roga / Arstha

Roga/vikara Anupana Roga

/Vikara

Anupanam

20


Jwara Musta Parpata

kirata

Raktapitta Vala, Ikshurasa

Grahani Takram Kruni Vidanga

Prameha Nishamalaka,

Triphala

Ashmari Pashanabhed

Arshal Bhallataka, chitrka Amarata Mutrayukeranda taila

Swaraguda Samadhu Pushkara Pleharoga Pippali

Sheeta Tambula dala

maricha

Kasa Kantakari

Vataryadhi Ajya rasonaka

Guggulu

Apasmear Vacha Brahmi

Kshaya Shitajith, Marsa Udara Virechaka drevya

Puranajwara Madhu– Maricha Vataeakta Guduchi

Sheela Ghritanvita hingu Ardita Masharataks

Visha Kostinajala, Hema Medaroga Madhudeka

Sthoulya Madhudaka Prallara Lodhra

Krusha Shrama Sura Aruchi Matulunga

Pandu Loha kitta Vrana Guggulu

Chardi Laja Amlapitta Draksha

Atisara Kutaja Mutrakrucha Shatavari kushmandea

Netraroga Triphalodaka

sakshoudra

Unmada Punarnaghrita Kushta Khadisa sara

Nidrakshaya Mahisha ghrita Parshwarhula Pushkara mula

Shwitra Bakuchi Gulma Shigrutwacha

Shwasa – samadhu trikatu, sashunti Brahmadandi

Vishagni Shastra – Arkaselu, Shireesha kapitha phalasavam Sheetodaka hate

Alpagni – Madhya if Madhya satnya

21


Anupanam Avastha :

Ksheera Atapa Upvasa Langhana, Adhwa, Bhashya, Vyayam,

klanta Vyavaya stri Balye, Vardhakya

Dhnyamala Anidra Tandra Bhaya klame

Dhadhi mastu

Anupana Ayogyaha

Most of the times the knowledge of patients in whom particular drugs are

contraindicated becomes more important than in whom it is indicated. Ayurvedic

scholars38 like Charaka, Vagbhatta, Chakrapani have propounded that people

suffering from :

Urdhwanga Vata, Hikka, Shwasa, Kasa, Urah kshata, Praseka

Swaropahata, Medhra – Akshi – Galaroga, Praklinnadeha and those who are

engaged in Geeta, Bhashya, Adhyayana should refrain from Anupana following

consumption.

Charaka reasons, for this contraindication as: in these persons Anupana

stagnates in Kanta and Uras because of which Aharaja sneha is withheld resulting

in re-causation of the Doshas.

Chakrapani and Shivadas Sen elaborate this reasoning as follows: Udakadi

Anupana combines with Ahara and results in Aharasneha i.e., Aharasara janana

by virtue of its Snigdhatva. However, in patients suffering from Shwasadiroga due

to the predominantly vitiated Vata the procession of Anupana lower down, is

hindered due to the absence of Dravamsha appropriate Pachana does not take

place. Consequently Sara or Snehajanana does not occur resulting in only vitiating

the Vatadi Doshas again. Vagbhata39a adds to this stating that thus vitiated Vatadi

Doshas result in disorders like Agnisada, Chardi, Syandana - sleshma sravana and

so on.

Indukara39b, commentator of Ashtanga Sangraha quotes that according to

some, Anupana here refers to only jala while Ksheeradi in Kasadi roga can be

22


permitted. Further he clarifies according to his school of thought in

Urdwajatrugatadi rogas in general all Anupanas are prohibited. But Ksheeradi in

Kasadiroga are considered as exceptions.

Shivadas Sen40 opines that Alpa pana could be allowed since “No” means

Ishat i.e. Alpam.

Nishidhanupanas

Sometimes, certain combination of drugs are likely to produce certain

untoward or toxic effects in the body. In this context, Sushruta41 advises

prohibition of usage of Ushnajala along with Bhallataka and Tuvaraka Sneha.

While, Kashyapa inhibits the utility of Ushnodaka along with Paya, Dadhi and

Madhu and in disorders of Pitta, Raktasrava,Garbhachyavana and Garbhadaha42.

It is more likely that this topic could be understood better under the topic of

Virudhatwa i.e., incompatibility According to Charaka drugs are harmful if they

are incompatible from the point of view of Desha, Kala, Matra, Veerya, Samyoga,

Gunadi - 11 factors43.

In modern parlance, Drug - Drug interactions; Drug - Food interactions,

Drug formulations interactions could be considered here.

Anupananntaram Nishiddha Karma38

We come across references which advises the following activities to be

avoided immediately after the consumption of Anupana viz., Adhayayana,

Bhashana, Gayana, Adhwagamana.

Dalhana supporting author scholars reasons out stating that by such of

these activities doshas get vitiated and result in Chardyadi Vikaras, similar to the

consequences of Anupana administered in Ayogyaha.

Anupana Guna Karma47:

23


Dealing with the rationality of drugs combination Charka states that two or

more durgs together exhibit some special properties which can never be produced

by the individual components46. Accordingly utility of Anupana by virtue of its

combination produces diversified actions and these are enlisted in the table ‘l’.

On screening this list of Anupana Karma following implications could be

derived.

Charaka, Vagbhata have described the effect of Anupana under

Annapanavidhi and in relation to Ahara/Anna. While Sushruta25, Sharangadhara5

and Rasataranginikara29,47 speak of the role of Anupana on influencing the

Beshaja and its therapeutic effect. On the whole, the effect of Anupana can be

understood at four levels.

(i) Effect on Ahara:

Bhuktam Avasadhayati, Sanghatam Bhinatti, Kledayti,

Mardavatamapadayati, Sukham parinamati, Ashu vyavayi tamapnuyati, Doshala –

atimatra - Guru Bhuktam Prajeeryati. Deha Paryaptini abhivardhayati, Satmyatam

prayacchati

(ii) Effect on Oushadha:

Bhaishajyam Kshanena angeshu prasarpati, Oushadha gunakaram,

Rasadeenam paramanavaha vibhajayati, Rasadeenam drutam agenshu sarpati,

Bheshajam paribrumhayet, Yogavahi-yuktaha karyavardhanamcha.

Rasataranginikara47g quotes Charaka’s Anupana Guna karma and comments

similar to the effect of Anupana on Anna, its influence on other dravyas too can

be considered: Based on this, probably all those effects of Anupana over Ahara

could be emulated in the context of Oushadha dravyas too to some extent.

(iii) Effect on Roga/Vikara

24


Dosha Shamanam, Dosha – Sanghata bhedanam, Pipasam harati, Shrama

Klamahram, Rogahna Bhaishajyam sahayakari, Rogahari shakti – gunavati cha.

(iv) Effect on the Rogi/Swastha

Tarpayati Preenayati Urjayati, Brumhayati, Ayu-jeeva balam karoti,

Drudhangatam karoti, Sukham-swasthyam dadati, Rochayati, Deepanam

Vrushyam, Varngam.

Anupana Guna Karma47 Table ‘l’

Guna – Karma Reference

Tarpayati- Chakshuradi prasadam Janayati a b, d, i

Preenayati – Manah prasadanam Janayati a, b, d,

Urjayati - Utsaham Janayati, Bala Jeevanayoho a, b, d,

Brumhayati a, b, i

Deha - paryaptim Abhivardhayati – Aloluptamvjanayati

Adhobhagam nayati

a,b,

Bhuktam Avasadhayati – Shathilatam janayati

- Adhobhagam nayati

Anna sanghatam – Kathingam

- Bhinnatti

- Kledayati

- Marda vatam apadayati sharira komalatam

- Sukham parinamati

- Ashu vyarayitamapnuyati – Akhita deha

vyapkatvam Janayati

a, b, d

a, b

a, b

a, b

a, b, i

a, b, i

a, b

Ayu - Balaya Hitam, Jeevayati, Balavantamkaroti

- Drudangatam karoti

b, i

c

Satmyatam prayacchati e

25


Bhashajyam kshanena Angeshu prasurpati f

Oushadha gunakaram g

Sukham dadati - swasthyotpadakem i

Rochayati i

Pipasam harati i

Doshala - Guru – Atimatra bhuktam sukham jeeryati h, i

Vrushyam i

Dosha - Sanghata Bhedanam i

Shrama Klamaharam i

Deepanam i

Dosha Shamanam i

Varnyam i

Rasadeenam paramanavaha vibhajayati g

Rasadeenam drutamangeshu sarpati g

Rogaghna bhaishajyam - Sahayakari g

Bheshajam paribrumhayet g

Rogahara shakti, Gunavati bhavet g

Yogavahi - Yuktaha karyavardhanam cha j

Alpa dosham - Adosham jeevati c

Further we can distinguish these Karmas based on the duration of the effect as

follows:

(i) Immediate effect:

Generally medicines as compared to Ahara are meant to obtain immediate

action. Hence all the Karma listed against effect on Oushadha and those against

effect on Roga/Vikara could be considered here.

The purpose of intake of Anupana with Ahara dravya is to procure easier

and Sukha Parinamana. These effects though not found as early as in case of

Oushadha yukta but still could be put under this category

Distant effect:

26


Tarpana, Brumhanadi effects listed under effect on Swasthya are

apparently achieved after a prolonged duration. However in some cases of Rogas

the benefits may not be immediate as in case of Vrushaya Karma. Hence, effect

on Swastha and on few cases of Rogi could be accounted here.

Balavaranakarama – refers to long terms effect of Ahara but may refer to its effect

in abala and twakrogi too.

##############################################

Dosha Sanghata bhedanam – aids in samprapti righatana in rogi

or the dasha Sanghata in the drug like the undesired harmful effects

properties, constituents of the drug are removed or destroyed. Eg : Vatsnabha is

always administered with Tankana, Tamra with Ardraka swarasa

urjayati – utsaha as well as may indicate vyadhikshamatwa too Sukham Jarayati-

aids in beneficial and faster metabolism of medicines vyaptimapnuyat – aids in

the spread of the pradhana oushada.

This might refer to its capacity to narigate the pradhana oushadha to reach the

desired site of action maybe to particular Dhatu eg yogaraj guggulu with madhu in

medorga I or to a specific Arayava - eg: yogaraja Guggulu with Triphalodaka

in Netraroga, Guduchi kwatha in Vatasaka

Apart from this it indicates that by the properties of Anupana Basis is carried to

even the remote corners of the body passing across the other wise barriers.

###############################################################

Anupana Karmukata:

Deriving the mode of action of a drug is a complex matter for a given drug.

We know that a single drug has been consisting of various fractions on analysis

and its action might be due to each one of them or in sum toto. In a compound, it

becomes even more necessary to enquire the effect produced by the compound as

a whole is due to the some total effect of all composing ingredients or in units.

27


Also Charaka 48 says the effect exerted by the whole compound need not be

same as that of individual drugs. We can see such an evidence especially in the

Rasoushadhas wherein their range of effect i.e., widened and improved with

Anupama. Looking into the Ayurvedic literature except for Sharangadara and

Rasataranginikara vivid description of mode of action of Anupama is not

available 47 f, g.

Sarangadara illustrates “as oil in contact of water readily radiates all over

the surface of water, similarly drug followed by Anupana soon pervades all over

the body”.

Rasataranginikara being a recent author, seems to be influenced by Modern

science and tries to imbibe its fundamentals. According to him Anupana aids in

disintegrating the complex basis into its components and then carrying swiftly in

the body. Anupana augmenting the effect of the primary drug thus helps in

producing a therapeutic effect.

The Karmas described in relation to Ahara are said to be applied for other

dravyas too like Bhuktam avasadhayate, Kathinyam bhinnati, Kledayati,

Mardavatam apadayati, Akhila deham ashu vyapakatvam janayati and Sukham

parinamati which could be considered for Oushadha dravyas too as said ny

Taranginikara.

Modern references aiding in understanding the mode of action of

Anupana

Anupana in the form of solution44b:

For absorption from gastro intestinal tract (GIT) the drug must be in

solution. When not in solution the rate of absorption slows down due to time

required for disintegration and release from the dosage form and time needed for

dissolution in to GIT fluid. Once drug is in solution, absorption is a function of

GIT membrane and follows the process of simple diffusion across lipid

membranes with water filled pores. GIT membrane is permeable to lipid soluble

forms, unionized and weak acids.

28


Anupana and various solvents and suspensions

Drugs in aqueous forms are absorbed faster and more completely than solid

forms like tablets or suspensions. Microcrystalline suspensions are better absorbed

than their coarser counterparts.

Drugs with high lipid - water partition co-efficient, lipid solubility, low

degree of ionization have greater absorption in GIT and from the basic criteria for

entry in to the Blood Brain Barrier44c.

Anupana and absorption in GIT

Drugs which accelerate gastric emptying time aid the drug to reach large

absorptive surface of small intestine sooner and increases the drug absorption.

Basic drugs are best absorbed from alkaline environment of small intestine44c.

Anupana and Renal clearance

Resultant metabolites are almost always more polar and water soluble, this

facilitates rapid rate of renal clearance as renal tubular reabsorption decreases44d.

Anupana vis-à-vis Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems:

Some drugs when combined with certain other chemicals agents, form

chemical complexes which are slowly soluble in body fluids depending upon the

pH of the environment. This slow dissolution rate provides a constant release of

the drug for sustained action. This type of drug designing provides:

• Prolonged duration of action – used in treating chronic ailments

• Sustained drug action – of those having rapid rate of absorption and excretion

• Reduced frequency of administration - for drugs required in small doses

• Stable plasma concentration maintenance :

to have reduced potential for adverse effects and

to aid in uniform absorption from GIT44f

Anupana vis-à-vis Drug interactions

“Biopharmaceutics” is the study of the influence of formulations on the

therapeutic activity. When two substances are administered simultaneously one

may alter the response of the other which may be a beneficial - desired effect or a

29


harmful undesired effect. This interaction between the two substances could be

understood under Drug-Drug interaction, Drug-Food interaction in vivo and

pharmaceutical interaction in vitro wherein chemical principals are involved.

There are basically two mechanisms responsible for drug interaction :

(1) Pharmacodynamic interaction

(2) Pharmacokinetic interaction

(1) Pharmacodynamic Interaction:

This involves modification of pharmacological respone without altering the

concentration of the drug in the tissue fluid i.e. when two drugs with similar

pharmacological effects are administered with each other, they may alter the

sensitivity of the effect or organ resulting in a synergistic: addition or potentiation

effect or in a antagonistic effect: physiological or functional antagonism. The

drugs may act on some or different receptors or processes to produce the response

(2) Pharmacokinetic interaction:

Here there is a change in the concentration of the drug at the target site and

could be due to alteration in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and

excretion. These interaction may result in synergism antagonism.

(a) Interaction at the site of the absorption

In the gut, drugs may interfere with each others absorption by (i) chemical

interaction. (ii) Effecting gut motility. (iii) Changing gut flora.

(b) Interaction during distribution:

This includes (i) Competition for plasma protein binding site

(ii) Displacement from tissue binding sites

(c) Interaction during metabolism

Altered response at this stage is because of

i) Enzyme induction

ii) Enzyme inhibition

(d) Interaction during excretion :

This results due to (i) Interference with active transport. (ii) Diuretic

activity44g.

30


As Charaka says one should always equip oneself with excellent appliances

for the advancement of science49. In the light of modern pharmacology the mode

of action of drug complex thus detailed here could be adopted in better

understanding the effect of Anupana complex.

Anupana Pradhanyata

Commending the efficiency of Anupana Vagbhata says whether the dravya

is Alpadoshayukta or Nirdosha, Anupana brings about Sukhaparinamana47c.

Kayyadeva47h adds to it stating that eventhough Laghu, Satmyhara is consumed in

an appropriate time, Atyambupana, Vishamasana, Sandharana and Swapna

Viparyaya result in Apaka. In such a state utilization of Anupana results in

Sukhajeerana.

Furthermore, utilization of Anupana is emphasized by the Ayurvedic

scholars50, without which consequences like Ajeerna bhada are said to be resulted.

This reveals to us the need of Anupana in both daily life as well as in

diseased conditions.

31

Sharkara

Contents

• Nirukti

• Historical review

• Synonyms

• Vernacular names

• Classification

• Manufacture

• Bheda

• Rasapanchaka

• Chemical composition

• Karma - Samanya

- Doshakarma

• Rogaghnata

• Pharmacological studies

• References

Sharkara: References

1. Ash. Sa. Su. 6/47

2. Sha. Ka. Dru. Vol V pp 31 – 32

3. Harivamsha, Paramarthasara Kavya, Varahamihira’s Bruhat

samhita – Monnier Williams pp 1058

4. Varahamihira’s Bruhat samhita, Harshacharita, Dhootanarthaka,

Sahitya darpana, Pancharatra, Kavya, Bha. Pra., Amarakosha,

Monnier Williams pp 1214

5. Naishada charita, Sahitya darpana, Amarakosha, Harivamsha,

Monnier Williams pp 335, 336

6. Cha. Su. 27/(10) – 240 Chakra

7. Su. Su 45/162 Dal

8. Su. Su 45/165 Dal

9. Ash. Hru. Su 5/49 – 51

10. Ash. Sa. Su 6/45, 46 Hem.

11. Panini 4/2/45 Monnier Williams pp 335 - 336

12. Dha. Ni. Shalyadi varga 101 – 102

13. Ma Pa Ni Ikshu varga 11 – 15, 22

14. Kai. Ni. Oushadha varga 151 – 153

15. a) Dha. Ni. Shalyadi varga 101, 102

b) Kai. Ni. Oshadha varga 151 – 161

c) Sal. Ni. Iksh varga pp 812 – 814

d) Dra. Gu. Sa. Ikshu varga 1 – 12

e) Ra. Ni. 14/103

16. Bha. Pra. 23/21 – 30, 38; Kai. Ni. Oshadha varga 152 – 156

Cha. Su. 27/(10) – 240; Su. Su. 45/162, 165

17. The Wealth of India Vol 9 pp 153, 156, 157

Clinical study Material and methods

CLINICAL STUDY

“The man of Science has learned to believe in justification not by faith, but

by verification” -Huxley.

Ayurveda is a rich science but its mysteries are yet to be untapped. The

information available regarding each drug, its indication in particular condition,

the required method of processing to administer in a particular form, its

appropriate adjuvant and so on are not dealt in clarity. It is well known that the

drug study is complete only after the clinical study.

In the pursuit of knowledge, this clinical study was taken up to evaluate the

effect of drugs, Masha, Usheera and Sharkara in Shukradushti vis-à-vis

Oligozoospermia.

Anupana has so far been a topic of historical and academical value. Here is

a step towards systematic study of Anupana in relevance to its practical

implications. Chikitsa for Shukradushti is based on Doshahara chikitsa, Dhatu

chikitsa and Rakta pittahara chikitsa according to Charaka, Sushruta advocates

Upachaya nimittha chikitsa, Janana nimitta chikitsa and in Dushta retas prasadana

chikitsa in the context of Vajikarana prakarana. Based on the previous works

done, Oligozoospermia falls under Vatapittaja shukradushti. Hence Vatahara and

Pittahara chikitsa are more relevant here.

Masha is frequently referred to as an important Vatahara dravya,

Shukrasrutikara, Shukavruddhikara, Shukravahaka, Bijakaraka, Viryakara,

Shukrajanaka – Pravartaka – Rechaka, Vrushya dravya. Qualities of Masha have

been equated to that of Atmagupta – a well known Shukrala dravya. In addition to

this, we find plenty of Vrushya prayoga containing Masha as a prime ingredient.

Out of about 50 Vrushya yogas in Charaka samhita, 17 contain Masha. Around 23

yogas are available in Bh. Bai rathnakar*. (Table No 1)

89


Sushruta emphasizes that selection of Anupana should be based on the

disorders aimed apart from other factors, based on which Sharkara and Usheera

are selected and their role in Shukradushti are elaborated hence forth.

Sharkara in this study refers to Khanda Sharkara. Its use as a substitute to

Sharkara is found in Sharangadhara samhita and is said to have similar qualities in

Kayyadeva nighantu. Quality of khandasari sugar is comparable with ordinary

grade vacuum pan sugar-Hadi 1956. Its Vatahara-vatapittahara, Shukrakarini,

Vrushya, Raktapittahara qualities are evident in our classics. 21 out of 50 Vrushya

yogas mentioned in Charaka include Sharkara as its ingredient. More than 34

Vrushya yogas are found in Bha. Bhai Ratn. (Table 2)

Usheera has been vividly described to possess Pittahara, Raktapittahara,

Shukra shodhana. Description of Usheera yogas in classics is very limited. Bha.

Bai Rat presents with 2 such Vrushya yogas ( Table 3).

In this backdrop, to evaluate these claims, Masha - as Pradhana dravya;

Usheera and Sharkara as Anupana dravyas were selected in the management of

Shukradushti.

Objectives of this study:

i) To evaluate the effect of Masha churna with Anupana - Sharkara in

Shukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia.

ii) To evaluate the effect of Masha churna with Anupana - Usheera phanta

in Shukradushti vis-a-vis Oligozoospermia.

Materials and Methods:

Source of data:

1. Male patients attending the OPD section of Infertility clinic at S.D.M.

Ayurveda Hospital diagnosed with Shukradushti vis-a-vis Oligozoospermia

were selected irrespective of their race, caste and social status.

90


2. Trial drugs Masha, Usheera, Sharkara khanda were collected from the locality

of Udupi District, pharmacognostically identified and then inducted into the

study.

Method of collection of data:

Male patients who complained of either Primary or Secondary Infertility

were examined clinically, involving elicitation of a detailed history regarding the

disease, psychological, sexual, familial and treatment status into a specially

prepared proforma based on Ayurveda and Reproductive biology.

Investigations:

Patients then were subjected to Semen analysis and relevant Lab

investigations before, during and after treatment. The WHO criteria (1992) for

Semenogram was followed to diagnose Normozoospermia. (Table 3)

Inclusion and Exclusion criteria:

• All patients diagnosed with Shukradushti & Oligozoospermia in the

reproductive age group.

• Patients with semen having abnormal qualitative and quantitative picture were

also considered, excluding Azoospermia, Necrospermia, Teratospermia and

Polyspermia.

• Patients with Tuberculosis and STD’s were excluded.

Study design:

This is a single blind clinical study carried out in 21 patients, who were

randomly placed under 2 groups, Masha Sharkara group (SM) and Usheera

Sharkara group (UM). They received medication for one month and followed up

for another two months.

Assessment criteria:

Qualitative and quantitative improvement in the semen based on WHO

semenogram (1992)

91


• Colour Grayish white

• Liquefaction time 20-30minutes

• Volume >2 million/ml

• Viscosity (ratio) <9

• pH 7.2-8.0

• Sperm concentration ≥20 mill/ml

• Sperm motility >25% Rapid linear progressive motility

>50% Slow linear progressive motility

• Viability ≥75% live

• Morphology ≥30% normal

• WBC <1x10 mill/ml

Finally, the observations and results were evaluated statistically for each

group.

Medications intervened:

Masha directly brought from the fields along with the seed coat were finely

powdered and packed in 5g packets. Usheera was made into a Yavakuta churna

for the preparation of Phanta kalpana and packed in 25g packets. Khanda sharkara

was also finely powdered and advised to take in 5g dosage. Packing was done at

S.D.M. Pharmacy, Udupi.

• SM group patients received 5g Masha churna + 5g Sharkara churna as Anupana

b.i.d. for 1 month.

• UM group patients were given 5g Masha churna+100ml Usheera phanta as

Anupana b.i.d. for 1 month. Patients were educated regarding the method of

phanta preparation.

92

Sharkara - Tables

Table ‘a’ Khanda sharkara Paryaya

Synonyms Dh.Ni.

Kai.Ni.

Sal.Ni.

Ra.Ni.

Ma.pa.Ni

Sharkara + - - + -

Minandi + - - + -

Matsyandika + - - + -

Sita + - - + -

Ahichatra + - - + -

Sikata + - - + -

Shubhra + - - - -

Sitopala + - - - -

Khanda sita - + - - +

Khanda sharkara - + +- - -

Pinda sharkara - + - - -

Rasodbhava - - + - +

Shukla - - + - -

Supishta - - + - -

Pandura - - + - -

Guda khanda - - + - -

Shweta + - + + -

Gudobhava - - - + -

Vishapaladganda - - - - +

Shigruka - - - - +

Krittika - - - - +

Amala - - - - +

Table ‘b’ Ikshu vikaras

Bha. Pr.

Kai. Ni.

Ra. Ni.

Ra. Va. Ni.

Ash. Hr.

Cha. Sa.

Su. Sa.

Ma. Pa. Ni.

Dr. Gu. Sa.

Matsyandi + + - + + + + + + Guda + + + + - + + + + Khanda + + - + + + + + + Sharkara + + + - - + + - + Sitopala + - - - - - - + + Phanita - + - + + - + + + Lasika - - - + + - - - - Sita - - - + + - - - Dhouta Guda - - - - + + + - +

Adhouta Guda - - - - + - - - -

Ikshu rasa + + + + + + + + + Kshudra Guda - - - - - + - - -

Table ‘c’ Classification of Sharkara

Text Varga/ Gana/other groups

Dha. Ni. Shatapushpadi varga

Kai. Ni. Oshadhi varga

Raj. Ni. Paniya varga

Bha. Pr. Iskhu varga

Ni. Ad. Trunadi varga

Cha. Sa. Daha prashamana gana, Shonita sthapana gana,

Jwarahara gana, Ikshu varga, Hitatama

Su. Sa. Ikshu varga, Kaphavardaka

Ash. Hr. Dravyavarga

Table ‘d’ Sharkaras other than Ikshu Sharkara

Bha. Pr.

Kai. Ni.

Dha. Ni.

Ra. Ni.

Ash. Hr.

Su. Sa.

Cha. Sa.

Ma. Pa. Ni.

Dr. Gu. Sa.

Pushapsita + - - - - - - + - MadhuSharkara/Khanda + + + + + + + + + Yavasa Sharkara - + + - + + + + + Tavaraja Sharkara - + - + - - - - + Yavanala Sharkara - - - + - - - - - Tavaraja Khanda - - - + - - - - -

Table ‘e’ Khanda-Rasapanchaka

Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka

Madhura Tuvara Snigdha Sara Guru Laghu Shita Madhura

Dha. Ni + - - - - - + -

Kai. Ni + + + + + + +

Sal. Ni + - + + - + + -

Bha. pra. + - + - - + - -

Ra. Ni + - - - - - + -

Ma. Pa. Ni. - - - - + - + -

Cha. Sa - + - - - - - -

Dra. Gu. Sa. - - + - - - - -

Table ‘f’ Khanda sharkara - Samanya Karma

Dh. Ni.

Kai. Ni.

Sal.Ni.

BhPr.

ChaSa.

Ma. PaNi

Dra. Gu.Sa.

Sarvadahanashaka + + - - - - -

Balya - + + + - + +

Vrushya - + + + + - +

Mukhapriyam - - + - - - -

Chakshushyam - - + + - - +

Dhatu vivardhini - - + - - - -

Indriya truptikara - - + - - - -

Santarpani - - + - - - -

Hridya - - + - - - +

Brumhanam - - - + - - +

Pushtida - + - - - + -

Ruchyam - - - - - + -

Sukhaprada - - - - - - +

Table ‘g’ Khanda sharkara - Doshaghnata

Vata Pitta Kapha

Kai. Ni. - -

Sal. Ni. - - +

Ni. Ra. - - +

Bha. Pr. - -

Ra. Ni. -

Ma. Pa Ni. - -

Dra. Gu. Sa. - -

Table ‘h’ Khanda Sharkara Rogaghnata

Dha. Ni. Kai. Ni. Sal. Ni. Bha. Pr. Ra. Ni.

Rakta Pitta + + + - -

Chardi + + + + -

Murcha + + + - -

Trishna + + + - -

Kshaya - + + - -

Kasa - + - - -

Visha - + - - -

Shwasa - + + - -

Mada - + + - -

Moha - + + - -

Jwara - + + - -

Kshata ksheena - + + - -

Shosha - - + - -

Ksheenretas - - + - -

Asyasosha - - + - +

Daha + - + - -

Klama - - + - -

Dourbalaya - - + - +

Shrama - - - - +

Raktadosha - - - - +

Bhranti - - - - +

Krimi - - - - +

Shukra dushti – References

1. Bramhana upa. 3.5.1:4.4.22

2. Rigveda 10.85.37

3. Atharvaveda Shounaka 6.72.3:101.2

4. Atharvaveda Shounaka 4-8 Khanda:Rigveda 1.112, 116, 117:5.74, 75, 68, 71:10.39

5. Manusmruthi 3.45

6. Kas. Su. 7.1.36-48

7. Su. Sha. 2.3

8. Kas. Su. 27/55-56

9. Ash. Sa. Sha. 1/13

10. Har. Sa. 3/50

11. Chikitsa Sara Samgraha, pp 991:Yo. Ra. Ut.-Vajikarana Adhyaya

12. Ma. Ni. Parichheda, pp 476-478

13. M. S. Baghel

14. Sha. Kal. Br. Vol V, pp 114-116

15. Monnier Williams, pp 1080

16. Cha. Sha. 2/4

17. Cha. Chi. 30/145, 2/4/50

18. Su. Sha. 3/21

19. Cha. Chi. 15/15

20. Cha. Chi. 2/4/46

21. Dha. Ni. Suvarnadivarga, 343

22. Cha. Vi. 5/8

23. Su. Sha. 9/7, 4/20-21, Sha. Pu. 5/42

24. Cha. Sha. 7/15:Padmapurana 2/66/62-65

25. Cha. Vi. 8/109

26. Cha. Su. 19/3,4

27. Su. Sha. 2/3,4

28. Ash. Sa. Sha. 1/13

29. Ash. Hr. Sha. 1/10

30. Kas. Sa. 27/55,56

31. Ma. Ni. Pariccheda, pp 477

32. Sha. Sa. Pu. 7/172, 123

33. Cha. Chi. 30/135-138

34. Cha. Chi. 30/140

35. Rao Niranjan, ’97:Prasad ’97

36. Cha. Chi. 30/138

37. Su. Sha. 2/4

38. Cha. Chi. 30/153

39. Cha. Chi. 30/126-127

40. Su. Sha. 2/6 Da

41. Ash. Sa. Sha. 1/24, 1/14

42. Cha. Chi. 30/146-148

43. Su. Su. 1/7,8 Da

44. Cha. Chi. 30/149, 150

45. Cha. Chi. 30/152

46. Dalal-Obs. & Gynae. Today, Vol VI, No. 1, Jan. 2001; Chandra & Bansal, Obs. &

Gynae. Today, Vol VI, No. 1, Jan. 2001

47. Medical Management of Male Infertility-Suresh Kumar, Obs. & Gynae. Today, May

’98

48. Richard Petty, Wellman Clinic, UK

49. Horizon, BBC, Oct. 31, ’93

50. James Crissman- New Scientist, W. E., July 2002

51. University of South Carolina Medical School, USA

52. Dr. Luc, INSERM, French research Institute

53. Scientist of Australia and Singapore

54. Larry & Michel-Infertility in Male.

SHUKRADUSHTI

Contents

• Brief history of Vajikarana and Shukradushti

• Shukra Vyutpatti

Paryaya

Swaroopa

Bhoutika Sanghatana

Utpatti

Sthana

Abhivyakti

Pramana

Karma

Saratha

• Shukradushti

Bheda

Nidana

Roopa

Samprapti

Sadhyasadhyata

Upadrava

Chikitsa

Pathya

• Oligozoospermia

Conceptual study Usheera

Usheera - References 1. Sha. Kal. Dr. Vol. I, pp 275

2. Monnier.Williams, pp 219-220

3. Rig.Veda 1.91.3., Atharva Veda Shaunakeya, 8.3.

4. History of Indian Medicine

5. Kou. Su. 18.10.13; 25 30, 26, 26, 31.13

6. Indian Medicine in Classical Age pp141, 242, 228; Kashi Ka 2.4.20; Prashasta

Bhashya, Abi. Shakuntala 3

7. Sri Bhagavata11.27.30;10.86.41

8. www. himalaya healthcare.com/Vetivera

9. Cha. Su. 4/10-(5),(14),17 ; 4/12-(20); 4/14(28); 4/14-(28); 4/17-(41), 44

10. Cha. Su. 25/40 ; 5/21-24

11. Cha. Chi. 23/78-93

12. Su. Su. 38/24,39;39/8

13. Su. Ka. 6/19

14. Ash. Hr. Su 3/53

15. Ash. Hr.Su. 10/28, 13/6 15/11

16. Ash. Hr. Su. 22/20

17. Ash. Hr. Ut. 5/31,33,35

18. Cha. Chi. 19/53 Chakra.

19. Ma. Pa. Ni. Karpooradivarga 38-39, Bha. Pr. Karaveeradivarga 86-88, Dha. Ni.

Chandanadivarga pp. 93; Kai. Ni. Oushadivarga 1368 – 1370; Ra. Ni.

Chandanadivarga pp. 427; Sal. Ni. pp. 50 - 51

20. Bha. Bhai. Ra.

21. Indian Materia Medica Vol II pp. 109. 110 ; Indian Medicinal Plants Vol.IV pp.

2672-2673

22(a) The Wealth of India Vol X pp 451

(b) www. himalaya healthcare.com/vetiver

(c) http:// www.vetiver.com

(d) dr p @ essential oils. org.

22. Glossary of vegetabe drugs in Brihtrayi pp 15, 66, 70,214, 218, 342-346 350,

364, 374, 444.


USHEERA

Contents

• Vyutpatti

• Nirukti

• Synonyms

• Vernacular names

• Drugs other than Usheera – known by its synonyms

• History

• Previous works done

• Classification

• Habit

• Varieties

• Distribution

• Rasapanchaka

• Chemical composition

• Karma -Dosha karma

-Samanya karma

• Rogaghnata

• Uses

• References

USHEERA TABLES

Table ‘a’ Usheera Paryaya

Kai. Ni.

Ma. Pa. Ni.

Ma. Vi. Ni.

Sal. Ni.

Bha. Pr.

Dha. Ni.

Ra. Ni.

Am. Ko.

Usheera + + + + + + + - Veerana + - - + + - - - Sevya + + + + + - - + Abhaya + + + + - + + + Samagandhika + - - + + + + - Bahumula + - - - - - - - Veerataru + - - + - + + - Veera + + + - - + + - Ranapriya + - - + - + + - Sheetamula + - - - - - - - Amrunala + - - + + + + + Mrunalaka + - - - - - - - Nalada - - - + + - - + Avadaha - - - + - - - + Jalashaya - - - + - - - + Lamajjaka - - - + - - - + Laghubhaya - - - + - - - + Ishtakapatha - - - + - - - + Avadhatha - - - + - - - - Avadaheshtakapatra - - - + - - - - Indraguptha - - - + - - - - Jalavasa - - - + - - - - Haripriya - - - + - - - - Shishira - - - + - - - - Vithanamulaka - - - + - - - - Dahaharana - - - + - - - - Jalamoda - - - + - - - - Gandhadya - - - + - - - - Sugandhimulaka - - + - - - - Sugandhika - - - + - - - - Kambhu - - - + - - - - Katagana - - - + - - - - Veerabhadra - - - + - - - - Bahumulaka - - - + - - - - Venimulaka - - - - - - - - Shubra - - - - - - - - Valaka - - - - - - - - Grahabhuhvaya - - - - - - + -

Table ‘b’ Usheera Rasapanchaka

Rasa Guna Veerya

Madhura Tikta Laghu Ruksha Hima Snigdha Sheeta

Kai. Ni. + + + + + - +

Ma. Pa.Ni. - - - - + - +

Ma. Vi. Ni. - - - - + - +

Sal. Ni. + + + - + - +

Bha. Pr. + + + - - - +

Dha. Ni. - + - - - + +

Ra. Va. Ni. - - - - - - -

Ra. Ni. - + - - - - +

Cha. Sa. - - - - - - -

Su. Sa. - - - - - - -

Table ‘c’ Usheera Dosha karma

Vata Pitta Kapha

Ma. Pa.Ni. - + +

Ma. Vi. Ni. - + +

Sal. Ni. - + +

Bha. Pr. - + +

Dha. Ni. + + -

Ra. Va. Ni. - + -

Ra. Ni. - + -

Cha. Sa. - + -

Table ‘d’ Usheera Samanya karma

Table ‘e’ Usheera Rogaghnata

Mada

Jvara

Trushna

Raktaroga

Visha

Krucchrata

Kushta

Chardi

Vrana

Visarpa

Arti

Prameha

Raktapitta

Atisara

Kshata

Kai. Ni. + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - Ma. Pa. Ni. - - + + + + - - + + - - - - - Ma. Vi. Ni. - - + + + + - - + + - - - - - Sal. Ni. + + + + + + - + + + + - - - - Bha. Pr. + + + + + + - + + + - - - - - Dha. Ni. - + + + - - - - - - - + - - - Ra. Ni. - + - - - - - - - - + - - - - Ash. Hr. + + + + + - - - + + - + + + + Su. Sa. + + + + + + + + + + - + + + -

Pach

ana.

Stam

bhan

a

Dah

aghn

a

Shra

mah

ara D

ourg

andh

yaha

raSw

edah

ara

Kla

mah

ara

Kai. Ni. + + + - - - - Ma. Pa.Ni.

+ + + - - - -

Ma. Vi. Ni.

+ + + - + - -

Sal. Ni. + + + + + + + Bha. Pr. + + + - - - - Dha. Ni. - - + - + + + Ra. Va. Ni.

- - + - + + -

Ra. Ni. - - + + - - - Cha. Sa. - - + - - + - Ash. Hr. + - + - + + + Su. Sa. - + + - + + -

Pharmacognostic study: References

1. Cha. Vi. 8/46

2. Cha. Vi. 8/87

3. Cha. Vi. 8/13

4. A P I pg 190-195; IP Appendix; Pharmacognosy Kokate et. al.


USHEERA

Vyutpatti1

• Masculine – Usheerah

• Neuter- Usheeram

• Vash kantou + Vashaha kith

• Iti Anadi Sutrena Iran

• Samprasaranam

Nirukti2

• fragrant root of the plant Andropogon muricatus

• a specific grass

• name of a mountain

History

Vetiver has long been an important plant because of its fragrance and its

role in indigenous medicine. Looking back at its history, we can find its

references in the below mentioned literature:

Vedic Period: Brahmana, Samhita, Upanishad, Kalpasutra, Purana

(2000 – 1000 B.C.)

Rigveda and Atharvaveda enumerate Usheera in the name of Virana or

Virina among the grasses3. Sayana has mentioned the use of Virana and also as a

tuft of grass4. In Koushika sutra5, its several benefits are explained. Shatapatha

brahmana, Grihya sutra and Katyayana sutra have described Virana as a bunch of

grass2. Utilization of Usheera in the making of mats and bags from the root fibres

of Virana was known from the time of Kashika and Prashastapada6. It was

extensively used as a coolant says Markandeya Purana7,9. Yajnavalkya smriti

enlists Usheera among the Gandha/Sarvagandha dravyas6.

40


Samhita period 1000 B.C – 500 A.D

Shrimad Bhagavatham quotes Usheera as one of the Sugandha dravya7 and

as being employed as a coolant. It is said that Lord Buddha meditated on the

mattress made of Usheera when he got enlightenment8.

Charaka Samhita:

Acharya Charaka enrolls Usheera among the Shukra shodhaka,

Chardinigrahaka, Dahaprashamaka, Angamardaprashamaka, Varnya, Kandughna,

Stanyajanaka and Trushnanigrahaka Dashemani in Sutrasthana9. It is accounted as

the foremost Pralepaka dravya in Daha, Tvakdosha and Svedana10 and as one of

the Mrudu dhumapana dravyas10.

Aphrodisiac preparations like Amrutadi taila, Vidangadi taila and their

administration techniques are dealt in Chikitsa sthana apart from fifty and above

preparations beneficial in various disorders. Usheera forms one of the prime

ingredients in the Mahasugandhinama Agada yoga which is expounded to be a

vital emergency remedy in cases of Sarvavisha, Jwaradi rogas related by Lord

Shankara to Kubera11.

Sushruta Samhita :

Usheera finds its place among Sushruta’s Sarivadigana, Pittasamshamaka

dravya, Eladi gana and Surasadi gana12. Sushruta directs that it is a Truna and its

Sugandhimula is its officinale part12. Forty five and above preparations of Usheera

is described in various indications. Chitrakadi yoga and Mustadiyapana basti are

illustrated as Vrushya yogas containing Usheera in them. The benefits of Usheera

in Mahasugandhinama agada yoga are described by Sushruta in Kalpasthana13.

Ashtanga Hrudaya:

Customisation of Usheera in various forms for both internal and external

purpose is advocated in Sharad rutu14. Usheera is under the Sarivadigana tikta

skandha and Pittahara dravya in Sutrasthana15. Describing specific lepas to be

employed in different Rutus, Usheera lepa has been advocated in Vasanta rutu16.

41


As many as 50 yogas of Usheera are enumerated which includes Mustadiyapana

basti yoga indicated for Vrushyadyartha.

In Uttaratantra, Usheera and other such drugs are described to be used to

adorn a person afflicted with Asuragraha, Nagagraha and Yakshagraha before

giving Bali17.

Sangraha Kala 500AD-1700 A.D

Banabhatta in his work Harshacharita and Kalidasa (4th A.D.) in his

Abhijnana Shakuntala have quoted this drug as having fragrant root and prescribe

it for cooling purposes2,6. Varahamihira6 (6th A.D) synonymously designates

Usheera as Virana in his work.

Dhanwantari nighantu (10th A.D.) puts this under Chandanadi varga19 of

aromatic drugs. Chakradatta (11th A.D.) clarifies Charaka’s Mrunalam as

Usheera18. Gada nigrahakara (12th A.D) formulates Usheera in various

preparations to be employed in Jwaradi pittaja roga. Amarasimha (12th A.D) puts

this under Truna varga and adds Virana as its synonym2,6 Madanapala

nighantukara19 enlists this in Karpuradi varga. In Kaiyyadeva Nighantu19 (15th

A.D.), Usheera is included under Oushadhi varga. Bhavaprakasha19 (16th AD) too

counts this under Karpuradi varga and describes its Guna - karmas. About 20

synonyms are enlisted by Raja nighantukara19 (17th AD).

Adhunika kala (1700 A.D. onwards)

Authors20 of Bhaishajya ratnavali, Nighantu Ratnakara, Yogaratnakara

have related various Yogas imbibing Usheera’s properties. Vd. Bapalal in his

Nighantu Adarsha19 among Trunadi varga presents the description of Usheera.

Modern botanists Nadkarni (1908) and Kirtikar and Basu (1918) have vividly

described this grass w.r.t. its taxonomy, habit, habitat, regional names, therapeutic

value and other uses21.

42


Synonyms19

It was through synonyms that our preceptors depicted the quality of a drug

and described their identification features. Various such synonyms are tabulated

in table ‘a’. Usheera can be identified and studied based on these synonyms

classified under following parameters.

• Cognosy: Amrunala, Nalada, Gandhadya, Sugandhika, Bahumulaka

Vitanamulaka.

• Habitat: Jalarasa, Varitara, Jalamoda, Jalashaya

• Historical reference: Haripriya, Ishtikapatha

• Indication and Properties: Shishira, Shubhra, Dahaharana,

Avadaheshtakapatra, Grahabhuhvaya

• Part used: Viranamula, Shitamula, Sugandhimula

• Popularity: Virana, Abhaya, Veera, Laghubhaya, Veerabhadra

• Synonyms referring to drugs other than Usheera23

Abhaya - Haritaki,Hamsapadi

Katruna – Harichaya, Dhyamaka, Bhutika, Bhustruna, Yavanika,

Sugandhitrunam, Rohisham, Dronapushpa

Nalada - Hrivera / Tagara / Balaka, Lamajjaka, Mamsi,

Vernacular names21, 22

Latin Vetivera zizanioides (Linn) Nash.

Vetivera zizanioides Stapf.

Andropogon muricatus Retz.

Andropogon squarrosus Hook. f. (non Linn.f)

Anatheram zizanioides (Linn) Hitchcock and Chase

Arabic Izhhir, Usir

Bengal Khas Khas, Venaramula

Canarese Lavancha, Mudivala, Kadu karidappa, Sajjehallu

English Cuscus, Khus khus, Koosa grass

French Chiendent des Indes, Vetiver

Gujarati Valo, Kalobalo

43


Hindi Bala, Balah, Bena, Ganrar, Khas, Onei, Panni

Malayalam Ramacchamver, Vetiver

Marathi Vala, Kalavale

Persian Bithiwala, Khas

Punjab Panni

Tamil Illamichamver, Vetiver Vilhalver, Viranam

Telugu Avurugaddiveru, Lamajjakamu-veru,

Vativeru, Vidavaliveru, Kuruveru

Urdu Khas.

Classification of Usheera9, 12, 15, 19

Classification is the first step of analytical study in all sciences. Emulating

this technique in Ayurveda too, comprehension of Usheera is done by designating

it under various groups by various authors as enlisted below

Classical text Gana / Varga / Skandha / Others

Charaka samhita Varnya, Kandughna, Chardi nigrahana, Daha

prashamana, Angamarda prashamana,

Shukra shodhana, Stanya janana, Trushna nigrahana

Sushruta samhita Sarivadi, Eladi, Surasadi, Pittasamshamaka

Ashtanga Hrudayam Sarivadi gana, Tikta skandha, Pittahara dravya

Dhanvantari nighantu Chandanadi varga

Madanapala nighantu Karpuradi varga

Kaiyyadeva nighantu Oushadhi varga

Bhavaprakasha nighantu Karpuradi varga

Raja nighantu Chandanadi varga

Saligrama nighantu Karpuradi varga

Nighantu Adarsha Trunadi varga

Taxonomical Position21, 62

Under the modern Botanical classification, allocation of Usheera is

depicted below

44


Kingdom Plantae

Division Spermatophytae

Sub Division Magnoliophytina (Angiospermae)

Class Liliatae (Monocotyledanae)

Sub Class Commelinidae

Order Poales (Graminales)

Family Poaceae (Graminae )

Genus Vetiveria

Species zizanioides (Linn) Nash.

Habit : Vetivera zizanioides (Linn.) Nash.21,22

This is a perennial grass surviving for approximately 60 years. It is by

nature a hydrophyte but often thrives under xerophytic conditions and grows upto

2m height.

Roots: An aromatic, strong, dense, stout and mainly a vertical root system

measuring more than 3m deep. They are generally non-invasive in adjoining

habitat and creates a significant barrier below the ground

Stems: Culms arising from these stout roots up to and over 2m tall in dense tufts.

Leaves: Leaf sheaths compressed, especially the lower which are sharply keeled

and fan like, imbricate, very smooth firm, ligules reduced to a scarious rim, blades

narrowly linear, acute, 30-90 cm long, 4.2-10.6 mm wide, erect, rigid, firm or

somewhat spongy, usually glabrous, more/less hairy downwards on the face, pale

green, midrib slender, lateral nerves close, 6 or more on each side, rather stout,

slightly prominent, margins spinously rough - scabrid.

Inflorescence: Panicles oblong, 15-40 cm long, usually contracted, central rachis

stout, smooth, with 6-10 whorls, with upto 20 rays. Branches oblique to sub-erect,

naked for upto 5 cm, filiform, slightly rough.

Racemes upto 5 cm, rarely 7.5 cm long, very slender. Spikelets in pairs i.e.

one sessile other pedicelled. Joints are as long as the sessile spikelets or

45


sometimes distinctly exceeding them, smooth or rough, minutely and unequally

ciliolate at the slightly oblique tips; pedicles similar but shorter.

Spikelets of each pair more or less alike in shape and size, different in sex,

2 flowered, lower floret reduced to lemma, upper bisexual in the sessile; male in

the pedicelled spikelet.

Sessile spikelet lanceolate to almost linear, acute or sub-acute,

4.2 to 4.8 mm long; green, yellowish, olive, violet, brown, purplish or grey to

almost black. Callus obtuse, 1mm long, glabrous.

Involucrated glumes armed with short tubercle based spines, acute,

coriaceous, lower muriculate all over the back, 5 nerved-lateral nerves close, very

fine, upper spinously muricate on the keel, lemmas awnless; palaea minute; lower

floral glumes as long as the involucrate glumes, acute, reversedly ciliolate, upper

upto 3.3 mm long, narrow oblong lanceolate, mucronulate, ciliate; lodicules 2,

quadrate, conspicuous though small.

Style and stigma short. Stigmas purple. Anthers 2-3.3 mm long. Pedicelled

spikelet aculeolate or almost smooth; upper floral glumes entire, acute.

Seed: Erect, albuminous copious, floury; embryo minute at base and outside the

albumen. Cotyledon shield shaped with an erect conical plumule and a descending

conical radical.

Varieties22:

The botanical and agronomical literature distinguishes between two broad

complexes of V zizanioides:

1) North Indian: Wild, fully fertile, flowering, seedy, lank populations native

across and beyond the Gangetic plain from Pakistan to at least Bangladesh.

2) South Indian: Cultivated, non-fertile, occasionally or non-flowering,

non-germinative or non-seedy populations. Traditionally grown for the

essential oil in south India. This is vegetatively propagated by root

division.

Though the two types can distinguished chemically no consistent botanical

46


(Floral) distinctions have been available. Geographical names are misleading

for both complexes extend beyond India. Still, genetic and geographical

characteristics separating these complexes are to be understood (Menon et. al.

1945 CSIR).

Distribution21, 22:

Aesthetically and therapeutically valued, Usheera originates from Asia and

is an indigenous drug of India. This densely tufted grass is found throughout

Malaysian region, lower Guinea, W.Indies, Brazil, eastwards to Burma. It is

mainly a tropical plant which thrives in sub-tropical regions too. It is practically

found over the whole of India, mainly seen throughout the plains and lower hills

of India particularly on the river banks and in rich marshy soil, ascending to an

altitude of 1200 m.

It is wildly grown in Haryana, UP, Rajasthan, Gujrat, Bihar, Orissa,

Assam, M.P., and throughout South India.

It is systematically cultivated in certain places of Karnataka, A.P.,

Tamilnadu and Kerala.

Chemical Composition21, 22:

Roots contain an essential oil which is obtained by distillation of fresh or

air dried roots. Two different oils are obtained from the roots (i) a highly

laevorotatory oil from wild roots from North India, called Vetiver oil

(ii) a dextrorotatory oil from cultivated roots from South India designated as oil of

Vetiver roots.

They differ both in physical and chemical properties. These oils are the

most complex of the essential oils and their chemistry is not fully understood.

More than 150 sesquiterperoids are constituted in them out of which around 60

are identified

• Laevorotatory oils:

This is unique in containing both Cadinane and Eudesmane sequiterpenes

of the unusual antipodal configuration which includes Khusol, Khusinol,

47


Khusitone, γ2 - cadinene and laevojuneol. Large amount of Khusilal in it, is

responsible for the strong laevoratation, absent in the dextrorotatory oil.

Several known and unknown alcohols, aldehydes and ketones have been

isolated; some of its constituents are bi and tricyclic vetivenes, bi and tricyclic

vetiverols, Khusone Khusitol, Bharatpurols, Khusenic acid, Epikhusinol,

Khusinoloxide, Khusine, Isobisabolene (Jain 1962-63).

• Dextrorotatory oils:

Constituents of this typical oils are largely Nootkatanes, Vetispiranes and

substances of tricyclic zizane structure which is not found in the former oil. It

also presents with sesquiterpene ketones which include α and β vetivone;

Vetiverols - mostly bi and tricyclic; Vetivenyl, Vetivinate, Vetivenic benzoic

and palmitic acid and the sesquiterpene Vetivene. Odour is due to the ketones.

Other constituents isolated from it are Laevojujenol, γ and β vetivene,

α - calacorane, Zizanene, α and β - Vetispirenes, Cyclocopacamphene Zizanol

Vetislinenol, Khusinol, Khusimylacetate, Elemol, β - eudesmol.

Almost all samples (88%) from outside South Asia proved to be one single

non-fertile genotype – Sunshine. Curiously, no Sunshine types were detected from

within the tropical Asian region of Vetiver’s early distribution. Additional

analyses revealed, atleast seven other non-fertile accessions as distinct genotypes.

Confirmation of their prior assessments has given users added confidence

that their Vetiver is non-fertile if it does not produce viable seed after flowering.

Although this may seem self evident, many species are indeterminate or seen

viable seed only intermittently. Still, much remains to be learned about Vetiver’s

reproductive biology (Kresovich et. al., 1994, Adams and Daffron 1997). Based

on the results it has been opined that North Indian oil distinctly differed and it is

not unlikely that it represents a chemically distinct rays or perhaps a distinct

species. (Anderson, Phytochemistry, 1970, 9, 145)

48


Rasapanchaka19

The parameters of pharmacodynamics of any drug are Rasapanchaka.

Usheera is advocated to have Tikta rasa, Laghu guna and Sheeta virya by various

authors as enlisted in Table ‘b’.

Karma

(A) Doshakarma

Usheera is expounded is be a predominant Pittahara dravya apart from

being a Kaphahara dravya (Table ‘c’ .

(B) Samanya karma

Stress upon Pachana, Sthambhana, Dahaghna, Shramahara,

Dourgandhyahara, Svedahara, Klamahara actions have been laid by our

preceptors in Table ‘d’.

Rogaghnata

Usheera is highly emphasized to be beneficial in Pittaja and Rakta dushtija

rogas. Indication of it is seen in Jwara, Trushna, Raktapitta, Atisara, Visarpa,

Vrana, Chardi, Mutrakrucchra, Mada, Visha and Kushta Table ‘e’.

Other uses21, 22:

In Unani systems of medicine, Usheera is related as coolant to the brain;

bitter, saponific drug, useful in Spermatorrhoea, headache and diseases of the

blood. It is claimed to be useful in heart diseases. An infusion of root is given as

febrifuge; the powder of the root is beneficial in bilious complaints.

It is used as a tonic. The paste of pulverized roots in water acts as a coolant

in fever. It is thought to have anticancer properties and detected useful in

headaches, migraines and acidity.

In Guinea, infusion of roots is utilized for tonic and emmenogogue

purposes.

49


Siddha system of medicine states its benefits in Jwara, Chardi, Trushna,

Raktadosha, Visarpa, Daha, Vrana and in Mutraroga.

Its uses are tonic, refrigerant, stomachic, stimulant, anti-spasmodic,

diaphoretic, diuretic, emmanogogue. It has been frequently mentioned by various

systems of medicine. Repeated stress on its carminative property in case of

flatulence, colic and obstinate vomiting ; external usage as antibacterial, coolant

effect on body and mind creating mental peace, relieving anxiety, insomnia,

nervous disorders, stress and strain are also mentioned. External application for

sprain, rheumatism and lumbago is found to be beneficial.

Roots find its application in Aroma therapy22d, in acne, arthritis, cuts,

depression, exhaustion, insomnia, muscular aches, oily skin, rheumatism, sores

and stress.

Apart from medicinal use, Usheera has long been employed for aesthetic

and commercial purposes too.

50

Discussion

DISCUSSION As a sequel to the preceding studies viz. Literary review, Pharmacognostic

study and Clinical study, herein under the title of Discussion, each of these are

critically analysed and discussed.

Conceptual study

Anupana:

Vyutpatti of the term Anupana constitutes the words Anu and Pana. Based

on the meaning of Anu, we can consider that Anupana is both consumed after and

along with the Basis; the qualities of the Anupana may be similar or inferior or

aiding the Pradhana dravyas; the selection of Anupana very methodical and

specific. Pana refers to a drink. However from the other meanings following

considerations can be made:

• Observing – observing the Basis, Roga, Rogi and the Bheshajavacharanavidhi,

Anupanavidhi

• Keeping – protection – defense – Anupana aiding or preserving the therapeutic

activity of the Basis for long or protecting the consumer from the ill effects of

Basis. Though the term Anupana generally refers to a substance to be drunk,

however, we find plenty of references of substances other than liquids used as

Anupanas.

Nirukti reflects that Anupana either followed or clubs with the Basis and is

administered in relevance to both Ahara and Oushadha.

Paribhasha indicates that the term Anu actually refers to “Lakshikrutyam”

i.e., in anticipation of the forthcoming food or Trushna, Anupana is consumed.

Here, this may be applied as – Anupana is administered to prevent the undesired

effects of Oushadha. The Paribhasha of Rasataranginikara suggests that the author

was influenced by modern pharmacology since nowhere such an information is

found in earlier texts. It is also said to be a part of the Oushadha or rather

treatment in the lexicons.

111

Discussion

Synonyms suggest the time of administration in relevance to Pradhana

Oushadha as following or along with the Basis. Anupana is held responsible for

Rogaghnata too apart from aiding Ahara’s effect.

The reference of Anupana is seen from the time of Vedas which

emphasizes its popularity and usefulness. Most of the earlier authors have dealt

Anupana in Aharavidhi context, however references of their application along

with Oushadha are abundantly found scattered all over the literatures. The later

authors probably realizing the vital importance of Anupana have separately dealt

with it and more so in relation with Oushadhas. Description with regards to

Anupana Swaroopa, Bheda, Dravyas, Matra, Kala, Avacharanavidhi, Basis of

selection with respect to rasa – guna – dravya – oushadha – roga – avastha – kala

– vaya – dosha – swasthya; Anupana nishiddhavastha, karmukata, pradhanyata are

found to be scattered in the classics.

In modern pharmacology, we find that Anupana and its principles are not

dealt elaborately under a distinct title. However, its principles are extensively in

vogue under various headings. The concept of Anupana can be correlated to

(a) Adjuvant – Drug that facilitates or promotes the action of primary drug;

(b) Corrective drug – added to modify, eliminate the undesired effect of Basis;

(c) Vehicle – this is a carrier, commonly a solvent that facilitates the

administration of preparation into human body. Drug interaction and

Biopharmaceutics are the other topics that may be inducted here.

The nature or form of Anupana, from the information collected so far

appears to be not only in Liquid form but includes Solid forms like Kalka, Churna

of various drugs. Apart from single drug formulations, compound formulations

like Dhanyamlam, Chaturjata, Triphala guggulu also find their usage as Anupana.

Scannning the dravyas used as Anupana, the list includes drugs from

Kashtoushadhas, Rasoushadhas and those derived from animals too.

Justifying the Anupana matra, probably to counteract the excessive

Rukshata in Vata, 3 pala of Anupana, which generally being a Drava dravya

excels in Kledata and Snigdhata could have been indicated as compared to Pitta

112

Discussion

and Kapha wherein accordingly, the quantity is reduced to 2 and 1 pala each.

However the differences in the Matra by different authors are not understood.

Based on the requirement, one can change the Anupana. In cases where

Anupana is not mentioned, one should critically evaluate in terms of Rasa, Guna,

Karma, Desha, Kala, Roga, Rogi, Dravya, Matra, Satmyata, and then prescribe

such an Anupana. Based on the illustrations listed in the tables ‘a’ – ‘k’, it is

evident that Anupana dravyas possess opposite qualities in terms of Rasa, Guna,

Dosha, dravyas but are not Viruddha to them. The Anupana indicated in the

Rogas or Avasthas are such of the drugs which have the ability to alleviate the

disease. Chitram as Anupana in Swasthas is mostly in reference to various Peyas

used as Ahara dravya. Regarding contraindications for Anupana, we find plenty of

references in the context of Kasadi, Shwasa, Chardyadi rogas. Probably, this may

be for Jala only. With respect to Anupana bheda, except for Rajanighantukara’s

information, not much details are available.

Anupana and its Guna-karma can be understood by screening and

classifying them under: (a) effect on Ahara (b) effect on Oushadha (c) effect on

Roga vikara (d) effect on Swastha.

On critical analysis the most likely hidden meanings of Anupana karmas

are attempted to be derived as follows.

• Brumhayati: Anupana potentiates / augments the Basis.

• Rochayati: Provides palatability.

• Mardavakaram: Softens or aids in disintegration of the Ahara or

Oushadha

• Deepanam: Stimulates the latent properties of the drug -

pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

• Alpadosham jeeryati: Undesired and unwanted constituents in Oushadha

Ahara are antagonized

• Balavarnakaram: Refers to long terms effect of Ahara but may refer to

its effect in Abala and Twakrogi too or as augmenting

the potency and presentation of the drug

113

Discussion

• Sukham jarayati: Aids in beneficial and faster metabolism of medicines

• Vyaptimapnuyat: Aids in the spread of the Pradhana oushadha. This

might refer to its capacity to navigate the Pradhana

oushadha to reach the desired site of action; maybe to

particular Dhatu eg. Yogaraj guggulu with Madhu in

Medoroga or to a specific Avayava eg. Yogaraja

Guggulu with Triphalodaka in Netraroga,

Guduchi kwatha in Vatarakta

Modern references of drugs in form of solutions, solvents, suspensions,

principles of Controlled Release Drug Delivery System, absorption in GIT, renal

clearance, drug interactions, biopharmaceutics aid in comprehending the concept

of Anupana.

Ajirnadi consequences related with disuse of Anupana are more relevant to

Ahara vidhi. However, if Anupana is not used or in appropriation, this would only

result in not bringing out the excellence in the desired result.

Masha

Browsing through the historical review it is evident that Masha was known

since age old times. Its synonyms speak of its morphology, part used, indications,

properties, uses and popularity. Due to its popularity plenty of regional names are

attributed. It has been dealt under Dhanya varga by most of the authors.

Though considerable confusion remains with respect to its taxonomical

position it can be referred to as Vigna mungo Linn. or Vigna radiatus Roxb.

henceforth. Under the 2 main varieties mungo and viridis, 25 types are existing.

Considering Masha as a regular food article, it could be responsible for

maintenance of fertility. Due to the dry and wet processes, it might have lost its

natural qualities and this could be a reason for the rise in infertility rate.

Masha should be used within 1 yr of collection. Excess usage and with

Mulaka, Madhu, Lakucha phala, etc. are contraindicated. Its usage in Kushta,

Shopha, etc. is prohibited.

114

Discussion

Masha possesses Madhura, Guru, Snigdha, Ushna, Picchila guna and

Madhura vipaka. Chemically constitutes rich protein, vitamins, minerals and

carbohydrates. It is found that germination increases the biological value of

proteins, however, usage of Virudha - sprouted pulses is highly condemned in our

science. Masha is mainly Vatahara and Pittakaphahara. It is highly recommended

as Vrushya, Vatarogahara, Brumhana, Medomamsakara, Stanya,

Bhinnamutrapurishakara dravya. Masha finds its utility in varied conditions and

varied systems of medicine and practices. Studies on this drug are however few. It

is seen to reduce Serum cholesterol and Phospholipid levels, maintains Nitrogen,

Phosphorous balance; increase hepatic protein catabolism in animals. A lectin

present in this drug agglutinate only Trypsinised red cells.

Sharkara:

Sharkara derived from the source drug Saccharum officinarum Linn. is

popular since ages. Here. Sharkara refers to Khanda sharkara – red variety despite

the term Sharkara meaning Granular.

The 24 synonyms enlisted denote the source, processing, morphology,

properties of Khanda sharkara. Different regional name indicate its popularity.

Description of Khanda sharkara is found mostly under Ikshu varga.

Details of manufacture of Khanda sharkara in the classics is not extensive.

Sugarcane juice on boiling, proceedingly with the elimination of the impurities

results in various Ikshu vikaras involving Khanda sharkara too. However in

modern literature elaborate description is found which involves various chemicals

to clarify the final product.

Khanda sharkara is obtained from other Ikshus like Poundra, Vamsha,

Shyama and Raktekshu. Under the name of Sharkara – Yasa, Tavaraja, Madhu,

Yavanala and Pushpa sharkara are found but it differs from the present Khanda

sharkara by their source. Presently in the market, white and orangish red

Khandasari sugar are available. However reference regarding the latter variety is

not available in Ayurvedic literature.

115

Discussion

Sharkara embraces Madhura, Guru, Snigdha, Sara, Shita gunas; Madhura

vipaka; Balya, Vrushya, Hrudya, Mukhapriya, Santarpani, Chakshushya,

Dhatuvardhana, Truptikara, Brumhana karma; Vatapitthara – Kaphakari qualities;

Raktapittadi pittaja rogaharatva and Kshaya – Shvasa – Kasa – Kshina retas,

Shrama, Dourbalyaharatva.

It is chemically made up of Sucrose, reducing sugars and organic non-

sugars. Its utility is seen mainly as a food article and in medications apart from

preparation in chemicals.

Usheera

History reveals that Usheera has been an important drug because of its

fragrance and its role as an indigenous medicine. Synonyms of this drug reflects

its cognosy, habitat, historical importances, part used, properties, uses and its

popularity. Usheera shares its synonyms with other drugs like Haritaki,

Hamsapadi, Dhyamaka, Bhootika, etc. Usheera is put under various gana – varga

by different authors. This denotes its multiple therapeutic values.

Taxonomically Usheera falls under Poaceae- a family of grasses and is

referred to as Vetivera zizanioides Linn. Nash. Various specimen of this species

can be categorized under North Indian and South Indian varieties. The above two

complexes vary chemically. The former contains levorotatory oil and the latter has

dextrorotatory oil. It is mainly a tropical plant finding diverse uses in medicine

and agriculture.

Usheera comprises of Tikta rasa; Laghu Sheeta guna; Pittahara, Kaphahara

qualities; Pachana, Dahagna, Stambhana, Shramahara, Dourgandhyahara,

Swedahara, Klamahara karma; Pittaja and Raktaja rogaharatva.

Application of Usheera is seen in varied cultural practices, aesthetic

purposes, commercial uses apart from various medicinal uses.

Shukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia

Infertility has been a matter of great concern since vedic times. Vyutpatti of

the term Shukra refers mostly to its morphological features while Paryaya denotes

its relevance to sperm, seventh Dhatu, etc. The features mentioned in Shuddha

116

Discussion

shukra lakshana described the physical characters of the semen and thus

Shukradushti refers to alterations in the seminal parameters.

Origin of Shukra is understood at three levels i.e., from Ahara parinamana,

consequent to Majja dhatu and derived from Soma – jala mahabhuta. Abhivyakti

of Shukra implies that despite its presence since birth in subtleness, its complete

manifestation occurs only after a specific period – puberty.

Site of Shukra is the whole body in general, as it influences each part;

Shukravaha srotas - sira-dhamani-marga in specific. Shukra pramana is Ardha

kudava 24 ml. approximately, while WHO standards say > 2ml is normal semen

volume.

Dhairya, Chyavana, Harsha and so on refer to the androgenic aspect of

Shukra karma; Apatyam, Beejartham refer to the seminal aspect of Shukra karma.

Veerya and Retas imply that Shukra is responsible for both sexual act and

procreation of offspring.

In the present study, Shukradushti is considered with respect to only the

seminal aspect, i.e., as Poor Semen Quality.

Charaka classifies Shukradushti as 8 and in relevance to physical

characteristics while Sushruta deals with Shukradushti in favour of doshic

involvement.

Nidanas are classified under Aharaja, Viharaja, Manasika, Vaidyakruta,

Vyadhikarshanajanya and Kshataja. These mainly vitiate Vata followed by Pitta

and then Kapha in the causation of disease.

The lakshanas of each type of Shukradushti are correlated with the modern

clinical conditions based on previous works done. Viewing the Samprapti, the

vitiated doshas singly or collectively results in Avarana or Gatatva pathology,

aided or unaided by Khavaigunyatva.

Chikitsa is planned in 2 levels – Samanya and Vishishta that includes

Shodhana followed by Doshanusara chikitsa, Guhya roga pratishedha adhyayokta

chikitsa. Vajikarana principles, Raktapittahara and Yonivyapat chikitsa are also

advocated.

117

Discussion

Reviewing the estimation of incidence rates of male infertility and that of

Oligozoospermia over the years, male infertility is on the rise and there is a

decline in the sperm count and the seminal quantity.

Oligozoospermia is decreased sperm count i.e., < 20 million/ml. The cause

for this is found to be idiopathic in 50% cases. In surgical and traumatic causes

there is trauma to the related blood, nerve, lymphatic structures or damage to

testicles or urogenital tract. Various drugs hinder spermatogenesis, and act as

Gonadotoxins. Alteration in the temperature as in undescended testicles, retractile

testes, thermal exposure, tight dressing, febrile illnesses reduce the production of

sperms. Addictions result in temporary reduction of spermatogenesis. Exposure to

oestrogen results in testicular degeneration, sperm count reduction, sperm

abnormalities (Uni. Of South Carolina Medical School, USA). Environmental

pollutants, contamination of food and water are endocrine disruptors (INSERM

French Research Institute). Stress, by reducing FSH production results in fewer

sperm production.

The treatment for Oligozoospermia includes removal of Gonadotoxins,

surgical interventions, psychological counselling, hormonal therapy, Intra Uterine

Insemination, IVF, ART and adoptions in conjunction with empirical therapy.

The descriptions of Alpatva, Tanutva features of Vataja shukradushti and

Ksheenashukra of Vatapittaja variety simulate Oligozoospermia. The other

features described under Shukradushti represent various other clinical conditions

of Poor Semen Quality and Male Infertility. To sum up, Oligozoospermia is one

of the various conditions dealt under the broad heading of Shukradushti.

Pharmacognostic Study

To authenticate the drugs identity and quality preliminary pharmacognostic

studies including phytochemical analysis of the three drugs Masha, Usheera,

Khanda Sharkara were designed and conducted.

Drugs were selected after morphologically confirming their identity by

macroscopic study. Under microscopic study, only Masha seeds and Usheera

roots were evaluated. Microscopical transverse section of Masha seeds presented

118

Discussion

with a multilayered thick walled tanniferous seed coat in the dry sample and

unripe seed showed a multilayered translucent thin walled membrane made of

Parenchyma cells in fusion with primary seed coat. Cotyledons had hexagonal

compact parenchyma cells abundant with starch grains, more in the periphery than

centrally. Frequent distribution of brown cell contents were found near the

periphery that could be proteinacious matter.

Usheera roots on transverse section revealed epiblemma, wide cortex and

stellar tissue on microscopy. Epiblemma with unicellular root hairs was seen.

Cortex composed of outer compactly filled rectangular paranchymal cells and an

inner wide spongy aerenchyma with many cavities for the essential oil. Centrally,

stele was made of parenchyma cells followed by exarch – polyarch vascular

bundles. Outer to these bundles sclerenchymatous cells supported the root.

Pericycle encapsulated these structures. Endodermis lying without pericycle is

single layered and made of parenchyma cells. Casperian bands line these cells

radiatingly and Passage cells frequent inbetween these cells to regulate water

movement.

As designed the 3 drug powder samples were analysed by physico

chemical and chromatographic methods in addition to the samples of drug

combination of Masha-Sharkara and Masha-Usheera, Usheera phanta and Usheera

volatile oil. The details of methodology, observations and results are recorded

under the respective chapters.

The physico-chemical constants, organic and inorganic contents of a drug

play an important role in identification of the drug.

Physical constants like loss on drying, pH, bulk density, colour and clarity,

specific gravity, extractive values, ash values help in establishing the

pharmacopoeial standards of the drug samples collected from the locality of

Udupi besides enabling to identify the drug in their respective forms.

Loss on drying values provide useful information for proper storage as

moisture encourages microbial contamination. Ash values denote the presence of

inorganic matter. Presence of volatile oil is suggestive of varied therapeutic value

of the drug. Extractive value suggest the nature of the chemical; constituents

119

Discussion

w. r. t. specific solvents of a particular drug. Generally alcohol dissolves most of

the organic substances like alkaloids, tannins, phenols and so on. Polar

compounds like tannins, phenols, organic acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates,

glycosides are soluble in water while non polar substances – fats and oils are

soluble in ether, chloroform. In this study methanol, petroleum ether, water

chloroform extractions were drawn with Soxhlet apparatus.

Water extractive values of Sharkara was maximum (90%) which could be

because of presence of water content in it. Masha accounted for 21.1% w/w –

water extractive value. Usheera had least of 6.37% w/w. Methanol extractive

values was maximum in Sharkara followed by Usheera and Sharkara. Petroleum

ether and chloroform extractive values were maximum in Usheera owing to the

aromatic oil in it.

In the present study phytochemical screening was done to ascertain the

presence of proteins by Ninhydrin test, carbohydrate by Iodine test and Saponins

by foam test.

Water extracts of Masha and Masha Sharkara tested positive for Ninhydrin

test while MU tested negative. This could be probably because the volume was

small and the concentration not adequate to show the desired result or the

combination might have resulted in alterations of the chemical components of

Masha. Water extracts of M, MU, MS tested positive for starch contents and for

Saponins.

Chromatography is a laboratory analytical technique for separation,

identification and purification of different organic substances present in micro

quantity in a mixture.

In this study, the extracts of the 5 samples M, S, U, MS and MU in alcohol,

chloroform and pet. ether were subjected to TLC and run in a suitable solnet agter

which sprayed with various corrosive reagents for detection of the components.

The Rf values were calculated and recorded. TLC was done for the volatile oil

extracted from Usheera also.

Alcohol extracts of the 5 samples on TLC, in TEA solvent system

presented with 7 spots in M, 4 in U and no spots in S suggesting the number of

120

Discussion

compounds present in the extracts detectable with TEA and ASA reagent.

However, the combination of MS had only one component while MU possessed 6

constituents denoting the alteration in the components due to drug combination.

Chloroform extracts of the 5 samples exhibited 2 spots in M, 1 in S and 12 in U

while MS had only 1 spot and MU had 3 spots. Petroleum ether extracts of 5

samples had 6 spots in M, none in S, 4 in U, MS had 3 while MU had slight

constituents.

It can be seen that the number of components present in the individual drug

samples are not in accordance with that of their combination. But are either

reduced or increased. This could be because of formation of new components

extractable and detectable in the specific solvents causing the increase in number.

The existing constituents might have disintegrated or modified into other forms

that could not be extracted or detected, thus causing reduction in the number of

spots.

Presence of Red, Brown, Yellow, Green spots in M, U, MS, MU could be

because of the Bitter principles and Blue, Brown, Red sites could be because of

essential oils. The colour at the start could be because of Saponins. The

component could not be identified at this stage.

Further, the above TLC plates were sprayed with Dragedroff’s reagent to

detect Alkaloids, Ferric chloride solution to detect Phenols and Tannins and Blue

tetrazoluine to detect Phytosterols. All 5 samples showed Pinkish red spots at the

start indicating the presence of Alkaloids. With Ferric chloride, Dark brownish

black spots indicated Phenols and Tannins in M and MU. Appearance of Purplish

blue spots with Blue tetrazoluine indicted presence of Phytosterols in all samples.

TLC of volatile oil of Usheera showed 12 spots with TEA solvent and

ASA which was similar to that of TLC developed for chloroform extract of

Usheera with similar solvent system and spray.

It becomes necessary to add here that, the light colouration and invisibility

could be because of the lesser concentration of the components in the extracts

which could not produce significant spots. Probably by altering the solvent system

121

Discussion

its proportion, and the spray, the detection light and the experimenting conditions

the number of spots might vary.

Clinical study

Dr. Mhaskur and Caius hold it is impossible to obtain any information

about medicinal properties of drugs by carrying on researches in chemical labs.

Utility of a drug can be conclusively proved only if the drugs are prescribed in the

human beings than subjected to chemical reactions in the laboratory.

In this study the role of Anupana was aimed to be evaluated. Shukradushti

was selected for the study considering the magnitude of the problem in the present

day. In particular, Oligozoospermia falling under Shukradushti was considered for

the study. The drugs considered were

(1) Masha – which is popular for its Vrushya properties and equated with

Atmagupta. The drug sample was directly collected from the fields to avoid

any processing and to retain its natural qualities. The seeds were used before

one year of its collection as mentioned in the texts. To retain Guruguna, the

seeds were used along with the seed coat and in the simple powder form to

avoid its samskara with agni.

(2) Khandasharkara – the red variety was considered for the study. It is an

important Shukravardhaka dravya mentioned in the classics. This was again

taken in the powder form.

(3) Usheera – its roots known for Shukrashodhaka qualities were collected from

the locality of Udupi. Usheera stored for long duration is reported to yield less

amount of oil. Hence roots were used before one year of collection. It is

evident that Usheera is a Mrudu dravya like other aromatic drugs Usheera in

Phanta form was opted.

The objective was to study the effect of the combination of Shukrajanaka-

Janaka and Shukrajanaka-Shodhaka dravyas. Accordingly, the intervention

followed.

In patients of SM group, Masha - as Pradhana dravya possessing

Shukrajanaka-Pravarthaka-Rechaka qualities and of 5 g was adjuncted with

122

Discussion

Sharkara of 5 g Anupanamatra is said to be 3 or 2 pala for Vataja or Pittaja rogas,

i.e., Oligozoospermia here. Matra of Sharkara as Anupana is suggested to be twice

that of Pradhana dravya. In this study, since Masha is palatable, equal amount of

Sharkara is considered. References regarding Anupana in churna form are

available in the classics which aids this study.

In the second group UM Masha churna 5 g was advised with 50 ml of

Usheera Phanta twice daily such that it accounts to 100 ml – approximately 2 pala

as per the texts. The role of Apana vata in Shukradushti is evident and hence the

medicines were administered before food. The treatment duration was 1 month

while the followup was for another 2 months as the Spermatogenesis needs more

than 74 days.

Totally 21 patients were registered in this study, wherein SM group had 11

patients with 1 drop out while UM group had 10 patients. Simple Semenogram

was advised.

Observations:

Age: Maximum of 35% of patients belonged to 30-35 years of age. About 20% of

patients belonged to 40-45 years of age. This shows that this problem is of great

concern to people of all ages. (CS. 1)

Religion: 95% of patients belonged to Hindu community. This only suggests the

geographical domination of this community in the locality of Udupi.

(CS. 2)

Occupation: Signifying the role of occupation, as an etiology, 15% of the patients

had thermal exposure while 25% had mental stress and 80% had physical

exertion. (CS. 3)

Socio-Economic Status: This reflects the ability of the patients to afford for the

investigations and treatment. 80% of patients belonged to middle class and hence

could make it in this private hospital. 15% were poor and only 5% of rich patients

visited this hospital. (CS. 4).

Education: Based on the distribution of patients with respect to education, no

significant conclusion can be drawn. (CS. 5)

123

Discussion

Habitat: 55% of patients were from Rural area while 45% were from Urban area.

(CS. 6).

Satva, Samhanana, Dehabala: 70% of patients had Madhyama Satva while 25%

had Avarasatva and 5% Pravarasatva; 65 % had Madhyama Samhanana and 80%

of them had Madhyama Dehabala. These incidences appear to be in paralance

with each other. However, no definite conclusions could be drawn with this data.

(CS. 7, 10 & 11).

Pachakagni & Koshta: 85% had Samagni and Madhyakoshta; 10% had

Mandagni and Krurakoshta followed by Vishamagni and Mrudukoshta each in 5%

of the patients. (CS. 12 & 13)

Satmya: 50% patients consumed Katu Lavana rasa while 40% consumed

Madhura rasa and Amla Madhura rasa consumption was seen in 10% of the

patients. Usage of Katu Amla Lavana rasa in excess might have led to

Shukradushti. (CS. 8)

Sara: Patients were observed to have Tvaksarata in 55% of them while 20% had

Mamsasarata; 15% Rakatsarata, 5% Astisarata and none had Medho-Majja-

Shukrasarata. No relation could be drawn between Sara and Shukradushti at this

stage. (CS. 9)

Prakruti: 45% of patients belonged to Pittakapahaja Prakruti while 40% were of

Vatapittaja type followed by 15% of Vatakaphaja type. (CS. 14)

Nidra: 55% had good sleep; 25% had sound sleep and 20% had disturbed and

delayed sleep. (CS. 15)

Diet: Majority of 55% of patients had mixed diet while 45% of them were

vegetarians. (CS. 16)

Addictions: Impairment in the Spermatogenesis in the patients registered could

be because of the addictions as observed below. Alcohol consumption was seen in

30% of the patients which is known to lower Plasma Testosterone synthesis.

Smoking was found in 40% of patients. This causes abnormality in sperm

morphology. Pan chewing, tobacco usage was seen in 55% and 30% of patients

respectively and is found to cause infertility. (CS. 17)

124

Discussion

Marital life: 10% had 10-15 years of marital life. The incidence of marital life in

the range of 5-10 years and 1-5 years accounted to 45% each. This could be

because in the initial years probably the patients felt that the problem would

resolve by itself and later on in the 5-10 year group there was reduction in hope

while the patients of 10-15 years range were still anxious to have a child.

(CS. 18)

Main complaints: 90% had Primary Infertility and the rest had Secondary

Infertility. (CS. 19)

Other Historical findings: In the patients registered for the study the following

factors formed the etiology for causing Poor Semen Quality. 5% each of Mumps,

Acid Peptic Disease, Hypertension, Small pox, Orchitis; 5% underwent testicular

biopsy; 10% had Varicocelectomy; 85% had surgical interventions; 5% had

familial history; 45% had Gonadotoxic Agents’ exposure and 25% had depressed

moods. (CS. 20, 21, 22, 23, 25)

Examinational findings: In 40% of patients, Testes was firm while 60% had soft

testicles, 90% had normal Spermatic chord, 10% had thickened chord and 20%

had Varicocele which causes increase of temperature in the Spermatogenic

environment hampering the Spermatogenesis. (CS. 26, 27, 28)

Shukradushti Nidanas:

In the patients of the present study shukradushti Nidanas were as follows:

Ativyayama in 70%, Katu Amla Lavanarasatisevana in 60%, Chinta-Shoka in

40%, Akalayonigamana in 60%, Vyadhikarshana in 20%, Agni Vibhrama in 15%,

Ayonigamana in 15%, Shastra Vibhrama in 10%. (CS. 29)

Shukradushti Lakshanas:

Ashta Shukradushti Lakshanas were correlated with the Semenogram

based on the works of Prasad ’97 and Rao ’97 and then assessed as listed below:

Tanu, Ksheena, Avasadi Lakshanas were found in all patients while 75%

had Puti, Vivarna, Anyadhatu Samsrushta Lakshanas followed by Picchilatha in

10% of the patients. (CS. 30)

125

Discussion

Seminal Findings/Parameters Shukradushti Lakshanas

Sperm Count Tanu, Ksheena

Volume Alpa, Ksheena

Liquifaction Granthibhuta, Avasadi

Viscosity Picchila, Avasadi

pH Ruksha

Motility Granthibhuta, Avasadi

Pus cells Pita, Puti-Kunapagandhi, Vivarna, Anyadhatu Samsrushta

RBC Aruna, Krishna, Vivarna, Puti, Kunapagandhi, Anyadhatu Samsrushta

WBC Vivarna, Puti, Anyadhatu Samsrushta

Results:

After one month of drug administration and a followup of two months the

following results were seen. The result of therapies were assessed based on the

seminal analysis after each month. The different parameters against which the

effect was assessed are discussed henceforth.

Spermcount: Spermcount gradually increased from 6.512 mill/ml to 14.24

mill/ml in SM group and 4.461 mill/ml to 9.27mill/ml in UM group at the end of

three months. The change in both the groups are statistically significant. Both the

combinations Shukrajanaka-Janaka and Shukrajanaka-Shodhaka increased the

count. It can be said that the average increase in the sperm count in the former

group is higher. (CS. 31A, B)

Volume: Volume increased gradually from 2.21 ml to 2.35 ml in SM group while

increase from 1.27 ml to 2 ml in UM group was observed. Both the groups resulted

in increase in volume. The increase in SM group was statistically due to chance

while in UM group, the increase was significant. The average increase in volume

was higher in Janaka-Shodhaka group than Janaka-Janaka group. (CS 32A, B)

126

Discussion

RLP Motility: A significant increase of RLP Motility was seen in both SM & UM

the groups from 7.9% to 23.9% and 15% to 25.4% respectively. The average

increase in SM group was greater than the UM group. (CS. 33A, B)

SLP Motility: There was an increase in the SLP Motility in both the groups after

3 months i.e., from 17.8% to 29.4% in SM group and 12% to 21.1% in UM group.

There was a greater and a significant increase in SLP Motility in the UM group

while the increase in SM group was not found to be statistically significant.

(CS. 34A, B)

NP Motility: NP Motility decreased in both the groups i.e., from 36.4% to 35.3%

in SM group and a greater reduction from 72.9% to 55.5% in the UM group. The

changes were non significant in SM group while in UM group, the reduction was

statistically significant. (CS. 35A, B)

Morphology: Total abnormal forms reduced in both the groups i.e., from 57.4%

to 44% in SM group while in UM group the change was greater and statistically

significant from 44.8% to 8.6%. (CS. 36 A, B)

Debris Particulate: Significant reduction of Debris Particulate was seen in SM

group and the reduction in UM group was highly significant after 3 months of

treatment. (CS. 37A, B)

Liquifaction time: Non significant reduction in Liquifaction time was seen in

both the groups i.e., from 26 to 25 min. in SM group and 24 to 22 min. in UM

group. (CS. 38A, B)

Viscosity: In both the groups, one in each possessed abnormal viscosity which

was corrected at the end of the treatment. However the correction is not proved

statistically significant with this small sample. (CS. 39A, B)

Overall Effect:

In the Shukrajanaka- Janaka combination of drugs in SM group, produced

marked and significant results with respect to parameters: Sperm count, RLP

Motility, Debris particulate and the results with respect to Volume, SLP Motility,

NP motility, Morphology, Liquifaction time, Viscosity were non significant.

127

Discussion

In the Shukrajanaka-Shodhaka combination of drugs in UM group

significant results were seen with respect to seminal parameters: Sperm count,

Volume, RLP Motility, SLP Motility, NP motility, Morphology, Debris

Particulate while the effect on Liquifaction time and Viscosity were not

significant. The results of SM group had an edge over UM group with respect to

Sperm count and RLP Motility while the UM group produced better results with

respect to Volume, SLP Motility, NP Motility, Morphology and Debris

Particulate.

Considering increase in the Sperm count as Shukrajanana effect and the

alterations in other parameters as Shukra Shodhaka effect we can say that the

combination of Shukrajanaka-Janaka (SM Group) had significant results with

respect to Shukrajanana while the Shukrajanaka-Shodhaka combination of drugs

(UM Group) had marked results in the remaining parameters.

Probable Mode of Action:

In modern pharmacology mode of action is dealt in terms of chemical

constituents. But Ayurveda considers the drug in its entirety. Charaka in 4th sthana

says it is difficult to infer total effect by effect of constituents alone. In the present

study, the effect is considered to be the total effect of the combination of Pradhana

dravya and Anupana rather than of the individual components.

However at this level the qualities of each drug in relation to Shukradushti

is first dealt here, upon which the effect of combination can be derived.

Pharmacology of Ayurveda is based on the theory of Rasa Panchaka, the simplest

parameters of those days to ascertain the action of drug and diet. (Su. Su. 46/3)

Masha: Use of plants was based on observations and by Doctrine of Signature.

Masha was being used in Pumsavana Karma because it was phallus shaped in

vedic times. Masha is appraised as a Shukrasrutikara – Vruddhikara-Vahaka-

Janaka-Pravarthaka-Rechaka, Beejakara, Veeryakara, Vrushyakara dravya which

indicates its effect on Shukravaha srotas and Shukra. This is suggestive of the

efficacy of Masha to bring about Shukrajanaka effect.

128

Discussion

Oligozoospermia falls under Vataja –Vatapittaja Shukradusti. Vataharatva,

a prime quality in Masha counteracts Vata aided by its Guru, Snigdha, Madhura

qualities. The qualities of Shukra and Masha – Guru, Singdha, Picchilatva by

Samanya Siddhanta causes Vardhana of Shukra.

Sharkara: Sharkara has qualities of Shukrakari, Vrushyatva aid in Shukrajanana.

Sharkara by its Vatahartva and Pittahara qualities alleviate Vatapitta a prime

culprit in Shukradushti – Oligozoospermia. Madhura rasa, Sheeta veerya, Guru,

Singdha gunas support in Vatapittaharana. Actions of Madhura rasa as Snehana,

Preenana, Ahladhana, Tarpana, Jeevana aid in Vataharana and Shukrajanana.

Raktapittahara chikitsa is advocated in Shukradushti and Sharkara is one of the

drug used in Raktapitta.

Usheera: Charakacharya includes Usheera among the Shukra Shodaka dravyas. It

is an important Pittahara and Raktapittahara dravyas which aids in counteracting

the Vatapittaja Shukradushti. Its Sheeta veerya, Ruksha guna helps in Pitta

shamana. In Pittaja rogas, Tikta rasa and Madhura rasa are advocated wherein

Tikta rasa achieves Ama Pitta Pachana (Kas. Sam. Khil, 6th ). Tikta rasa aids in

sroto shodhana and alleviation of the vitiated Pitta dosha.

It is relevant to quote Charaka’s opinion that two or more drugs together

exhibit some special properties which can never be produced by individual

components. In a combination apart from main drugs others act as synergistic and

potentiate the action or broaden their spectrum or antagonise some undesirable

effects. (Cha. Vi. 1/21-23)

Though an attempt is made to explain the production of the effect of the

combination of drugs in the two groups, it is very far from arriving at any

satisfactory solution as to the real nature of the highly selective action of them.

129

Summary

SUMMARY

The Dissertation entitled “A comprehensive clinical study of Anupana in

the management of Shukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia” comprises of 5

sections namely Literary review, Pharmacognostic study, Clinical study,

Discussion, Summary and Conclusion.

Section I – Literary review deals with 3 chapters namely Conceptual study

dealing about the concept Anupana; Drug review deals with 3 parts – Masha,

Sharkara, Usheera; Disease review dealing with 2 parts – Shukradushti and

Oligozoospermia.

Conceptual study of Anupana is studied under: Vyutpatti, Nirukti,

Paribhasha, Itihasa, Swaroopa, Bheda, Dravyas, Matra, Kala, Avacharana vidhi,

Anukte Anupana yojana, Uktanupana based on Rasa – Guna – Dravya – Dravya

varga – Kalpana – Yoga – Vayah – Dosha – Roga – Avastha – Swasthya,

Anupana ayogyah, Nishiddhanupana, Anupananantaram nishiddha karma,

Anupana guna – karma – karmukata and Anupana pradhanyata.

Drug review on the drugs Masha, Sharkara, Usheera are based on their

Vyutpatti, Nirukti, Paryaya, Vernacular names, Historical review, previous works

done, Ayurvediya classification, Taxonomical classification, habit, varieties,

distribution, Rasa panchaka, chemical composition, Karma, Rogaghnata, other

uses and pharmacological studies.

The disease Shukradushti is detailed in Chapter 3. Brief history of

Vajikarana and Shukradushti, Shukra Vyutpatti – Paryaya – Swaroopam –

Bbhoutika sanghatanam – Utpatti – Sthana – Srotas – Abhivyakti – Pramana –

Karma – Sarata have been discussed here. Shukra and its correlation with Semen

and Androgens is mentioned followed by description of Shukradushti, its Bheda,

Nidana, Roopa, Samprapti, Sadhyasadhyata, Upadrava, Chikitsa and Pathya.

Information regarding Oligozoospermia and its correlations with Shukradushti are

derived in this context.

Section II comprises of 2 parts Pharmacognostic study and

Physicochemical study of the three drugs. Under the Pharmacognostic study the 3

130

Summary

drugs Masha, Usheera and Sharkara were collected from the locality of Udupi and

their identity authenticated macroscopically by Organoleptic studies. The

microscopical structure of the seeds of Masha and the roots of Usheera are

elaborated here.

In the second part of Physicochemical studies, the above samples were

analysed to derive the following values: loss on drying, pH, bulk density, total ash

value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value, water soluble extractive

value, extractive values in methanol – chloroform – petroleum ether. Preliminary

Phytochemical screening was done for the water and alcohol extracts to detect

protein, carbohydrate and saponin contents. Colour and clarity of Usheera phanta

and Usheera phanta mixed with Masha were assessed. Usheera was subjected to

distillation in Clevenger’s apparatus to assess the volatile oil content. TLC

analysis of the extracts of the samples of Masha, Usheera, Sharkara, Masha –

Usheera and Masha – Sharkara were done and reported in this part.

Section III encompasses the Clinical studies which was aimed to evaluate

the effect of Masha with Anupana Sharkara and Masha with Anupana Usheera

phanta inShukradushti vis-à-vis Oligozoospermia. This is detailed under Materials

and Methods, Observations and Results.

131

MASHA - TABLES Table ‘a’ Masha Paryaya

Mas

ha

Har

ibija

Var

a

Sati

Vru

shya

Vru

shak

ari

Jeer

naka

ri

Dha

ri D

hava

la

Raj

amas

haka

Vee

ryak

ara

Bee

jaka

ra

Cha

lavo

K

uruv

inda

D

hany

avee

ra

Vru

shan

kura

Mam

sala

Bal

adhy

a

Pitry

a

Pitru

bhoj

hana

Bee

jara

tna

Bal

i

Pitru

jota

ma

Pitta

pa

Kai. Ni. + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Ma. Pa. Ni.

+ - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Ma. Vi. Ni.

+ - - - - - - + - + - + + - - - - - - - - - - -

Sal. Ni. + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - -

Ra. Ni. + - - - - + - - - - - - - + + - + + - - - - + +

Table ‘c’ Masha Rasa Panchaka

Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Madhura Amla Snigdha Guru Sara Picchila Ushna Sheeta Madhura Amla

Dra. Gu. Sa.

+ - + + - - + - - -

Kai. Ni. + - + + + - + - - +

Ma. Dr. Vi.

+ - + + - - + - - -

Ma. Pa. Ni.

- - + + - - + - + -

Bha. Pr. - - + + - - + - + -

Sal. Ni. + - + + - - + - - -

Ra. Ni. + - + + - - + - - -

Cha. Sa. + - + + - - + - - -

Ash. Hr. - - + + + - + - + -

Ash Sa. + + + + + - + - + -

Su. Su. + - + + - - + - + -

Ra. Va. + - + + - - + - - -

Kal. Ka. + - - - - + - + -

Table ‘b’ Characteristics of the important urd types selected in India

State Selection Botonical charcters Remarks Andhra pradesh B.G. 369 Seeds bold, black -

VZM-1 - Strain evolved in vizianagaram and recommended for the coastal distrcts of Andhra pradesh

Bihar B.R 10 Seeds medium-sized ,dark black -

B.R. 61 Seeds small, shining with black mottling -

B.R. 68 Seeds fairly bold, dirty black -

N.P 4 - Evolved at the I. A. R. I., New Delhi

S.T.8 Seeds medium sized, brown -

Delhi Pusa selection-1 - Virus-ressistant strain, Evloved at the I.A.R.I., New Delhi

Madhya pradesh E.B.18 - - Gwalior-2 Seeds small, black Selection from Morena district Gwalior-18 Seeds, bold, black Selection from Khachrod tehsil Khargone-3 Seeds bold, black Selection from Nimar Sheopur 17 - Grows well at Gwalior Ujjain-4 Seeds bold, dull black Selection from Jora tehsil

Ujjain green-15 Seeds bold, dull green, attractive

Selection from Bhilsa

Maha rashtra Nagar2-8 - Selection from Jalgoan, gave promising results in Khandesh

Sindhkeda1-1 Seeds medium-sized Selection from Sindkheda

Orrisa S 95, S 144, S 1601 - -

Punjab Kulu Mash No.4 Seeds bold, dirty-black -

Mash 1-1 Seeds fairly bold, black, attractive -

Mash-48 - - S.I-1 - Evolved in Punjab S.8-2 - - Tamil Nadu No.189 - Selected at Vizianagaram

No.212, No.216 - Selected at Coimbatore

Uttar pradesh Type 9 Seeds black Selection from Bareilly Type 27 &49 Seeds black Selection from Sakrand, Sind T.65 Seeds bold Evolved at Kanpur T.77 Seeds green Selection from Farrukhabad

Table ‘e’ Masha Samanya Karma

Bah

umal

akar

a V

rush

ya

Bru

mha

na

Bal

ya

Med

o m

amsa

prad

a Sh

ukra

vru

ddhi

kara

T

arpa

na

Abh

ishy

andi

St

anya

B

hinn

amut

ra

Shos

hana

R

ocha

na

Sram

sana

Pu

msa

tvad

ayi

Bhi

nnap

uree

sha

Sant

arpa

na

Hru

dya

Jhat

itika

roti

Dra. Gu. Sa. + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - Kai. Ni. - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - Ma. Dr. Vi. + + + + + - - + - - - - - - - - - - Ma. Pa. Ni. - + + + + - + - + + - - - - - - - - Ra. Ni. + - - + - - - - - - + + - - - - - - Bha. Pr. + - + + + + + - + + - + + - - - - - Cha. Sa. + + - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - Ash. Sa. - - - - - - - - + + - - - - + + - - Ash. Hr. - + - + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - Su. Su. - + - + - - - - + - - - - - + + - - Sal. Ni. + + + + - - - - + - + + - - - + + +Kal. Ka. - + + - - - - - - + - - - - + - - - Table ‘d’ Masha Doshakarma

Table ‘f’ Masha Rogaghnata

Parinama

Shula Aradita Shwasa Arshas Shrama

Dr. Gu. Sa. + + - - -

Ka. Ni. - - - + -

Ma. Dr. Vi. + + + - -

Ma. Pa. Ni. + + + + -

Ra. Ni. - - - - +

Bha. Pr. + + + + -

Vata Pitta Kapha Dra. Gu. Sam. - - +

Kai. Ni. - + + Ma. Pa. Ni. - + +

Bha. Pr. - + +

Sal. Ni - + +

Ra. Ni. - + + Ash. Hru. - + +

Su. Su. - - +

Kal. Ka. - + +

Anupana References

1. Monnier Williams pp: 31, 613, 618, 1193.

2. Stedman’s Med. Dictionary pp: 26

3. Kal. Ka. 4 Pa .56, 57.

4. Ash. Hru. Su. 8/50 Hem

5. Sha. Ma. Kha. 6/4, 5 Ada

6. Su. Su.46/419 Dal

7. Su. Su.46/438 Dal

8. Dra.Gu. Sa. 14/16 Shi. Se.

9. Vai. Sha. Si. pp: 33

10a. Chandogyopanishad 1/10/3 Commentary.

10b. Ayurveda Brihat Itihasa pp: 115

11. Cha. Su. 27/319-330

12. Su. Su. 46/419-442

13. Ash. Hru. Su. 8/47-54

14. Ash. San. Su. 10/11-12 Hem

15. Kas. Sa. Su. 22/11-14

16. Bhe. Sa. Su. 27/29-38

17. Ma. Dra. Gu.28/1-18

18. Dra. Gu. Sa. 14/1-20

19. Kai. Ni. Vihara Varga/39, 291-297

20. Ma. Pa. Ni. Mishraka Varga/2-8

21. Kal. Ka. 41/18-205 Pa/38-42

22. Sha. Sa. Ma. Kha. 6/3-5

23. Bha. Pra. I Vol. II part 17, 18

24. Ra. Ni. Roga Varga/43

25. Ayu. Pra. 1/404

26. Ra. Ja. Ni.4/5

27. Stedman’s Med. Dictionary pp: 26

28. T. B. of Pharmacology –Seth pp: 786-787

29. Su. Su. 46/420-421

30. Su. Su. 46/438

31. Cha. Su. 27/329 – 330

32. Cha. Su. 27/320

33. Cha. Su. 27/319, Su. Su. 46, Ash. Hr. Su. 8/51, Ash. Sa. Su. 10/53

34 (a) Su. Su. 46/421, 434

34 (b) Ash. San. Su. 10/42

35. Su. Su. 46/419 – Dal.

36. Cha. Su. 27/321 – 323; Ash. Hr. Su. 8/48 – 52; As. Sa. Su. 10/46;

Dr. Gu. San. 14/5 – 11; Yo. Ra. An/1 – 5; Vaid. Jee. – Anupana

37. Su. Su. 46/421; Dra. Gu. Sa. 14/10; Cha. Su. 27 Gang.

38. Cha. Su. 27/327 – Cha. Pa.; Ash. Sa. Su. 10/55 – 58; Dra. Gu. Sa. 14/18;

Kai. Ni. Vi./298

39 (a) Ash. Sa. Su. 10/56, (b). Indu tika

40. Dra. Gu. Sa. 14/18 – Shi. Se.

41. Su. Su. 46/423

42. Kas. Sa. Sneha Adhyaya, 14

43. Cha. Su. 28/86 – 87

44. T. B. of Pharmacology – Seth – (a) 57, 58 (b) 56, 57 (c) 43, 57

(d) 53, 54, 62 (e) 42, 56, 57 (f) 9 – 11 (g) 58 – 62

45. Kai. Ni. Vi./292

46. Cha. Vi. 1/21 – (3)

47 (a). Ash. Sa. Su. 10/54; (b) Cha. Su. 27/325, 326; (c) Ash. Hr. Su. 8/52;

(d) Dr. Gu. Sa. 14; (e) Bhe. Sa. Su. 27/38; (f) Sha. Ma. 6/5;

(g) Ra. Tar. 1/559 – 561; (h) Kai. Ni. Vi. Var.;

(i) Su. Su. 46/435 – 437 – Dal.; (j) Ras. Jal. Ni. 4/5

48. Cha. Sha. 1/10 – 11

49. Cha. Vi. 8/13

50. Dra. Gu. Sa. 14/17 Shi. Se.; Kal. Ka. 4 Pa/19; Su. Su. 46/439

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