Notiziario Vol.11 n.1 Gen 2006statistics.roma2.infn.it/~notiziario/2006/pdf/vol11-n1...E-mail:...

Cover photo:Nicolas Poussin, “Armida abductsthe sleeping Rinaldo”, 1st neutronautoradiography assembled from12 image plate records: In order toinvestigate the whole picture, twoseparated irradiations were carriedout and finally recomposed.

published by CNR in collaborationwith the Faculty of Sciences and thePhysics Department of the Universityof Rome “Tor Vergata”.

Vol. 11 n. 1 Gennaio 2006Autorizzazione del Tribunale diRoma n. 124/96 del 22-03-96

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Vol. 11 n. 1 January 2006

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Rivista delConsiglio Nazionaledelle Ricerche

EDITORIAL NEWS ............................................................................................................................... 2C. Andreani, W.A. Kockelmann, P.G. Radaelli, F. Zanini

SCIENTIFIC REVIEWSINES - Italian Neutron Experimental StationFinal Installation and Preliminary Tests ....................................... 6M. Celli, D. Colognesi, F. Grazzi, M. Zoppi,C.A. Checchi, E. Schooneveld

Overview of Imaging with X-Rays and Neutrons ........ 15N. Kardjilov, F.G. Moreno

RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURESBENSC Neutron for “Cultural Heritage” Research:Neutron Autoradiography of Paintings ...................................... 24B. Schröder-Smeibidl, C. Laurenze-Landsberg,

C. Schmidt, L.A. Mertens

M & N & SR NEWSThe Swiss Spallation Neutron Source SINQ.......................... 28S. Janssen, J. Mesot, K. Clausen

ESRF Users’ Meeting 2006............................................................................. 34R. Mason

News from ILL. Welcome to Hungary! ........................................ 34G. Cicognani

SNS Nears Completion ..................................................................................... 37A.E. Ekkebus

MEETING REPORTSNew high-throughput crystallization facilityat EMBL-Hamburg ................................................................................................. 40J. Müller-Dieckmann, M. Wilmanns

CALL FOR PROPOSAL ................................................................................................................. 41

CALENDAR .............................................................................................................................................. 42

FACILITIES ............................................................................................................................................... 45

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NOTIZIARIO NEUTRONI E LUCE DI SINCROTRONE • Vol. 11 n. 1 January 2006

RICH (Research Infrastructure for Cultural Heritage),http://neutron.neutron-eu.net/n_nmi3/n_network-ing_activities/rich is the name of a new initiative tobring the worlds of multi-disciplinary research and Cul-tural Heritage closer together. The initiative is promotedat the European level by Research Infrastructures, scien-tific institutions, research councils and universities, andhas been launched by an International Workshop, thathas taken place on December 12 and 13 in Trieste (Italy),at the Abdus Salam International Centre for TheoreticalPhysics (ICTP). The meeting was co-organised by thethree European Integrated Infrastructure Initiatives (I3)that promote the development of large-scale facilities(LSFs) in the fields of neutrons (nmI3), synchrotron X-rays (IA-SFS) and lasers (Laserlab Europe) and by EU-ARTEC, an I3 consortium operating in the field of art-work conservation. The RICH workshop was sponsoredand supported by a large number of universities, centralfacilities and institutions across Europe, and generouslyhosted by ICTP. The stated aim of RICH was to surveythe established research and the most promising lines oftechnical developments, with the goal of creating a port-folio of LSFs-based techniques that could effectivelycomplement the well-established portable and laborato-ry-based tools for assignment, conservation and restora-tion of historical and artistic objects. In preparation ofthe RICH workshop of December 2005, a preliminarystudy meeting was held on October 5, 2005 in Rome,generously hosted at Istituto Sturzo, Palazzo Baldassini,Roma and organised by Andrea Granelli (FondazioneCOTEC), where working groups of invited experts in thefields of “Cultural Heritage” and “Research Infrastruc-tures” contributed to shape the structure and the con-tents of the December meeting. During the first day of the workshop, a cross-section ofthe programmes currently active at LSFs in the field ofCH, using, for example, synchrotron-based spectroscopyand diffraction, neutron activation and neutron diffrac-tion, as well as specialised laser techniques, was effec-tively compared and contrasted with the experience ma-tured over several years if not decades with the use ofion beam techniques and light spectroscopy in the as-

sessment of historical artefacts. This was also an oppor-tunity for the delegates to present some of their latest re-sults, in a vibrant, multi-disciplinary atmosphere, whereboth oral and poster presentation received plenty of con-structive feedback.Some of the characterisation methods employed at LSFshave achieved a high degree of sophistication while oth-ers are still being developed. Not surprisingly, a re-oc-curring topic throughout the day was the non-destruc-tiveness of the various techniques and probes. It is wide-ly accepted that any examination method inescapablychanges the sample in one way or another, even thoughthe sample alterations may be undetectable with pre-sent-day scientific methods. Whether one addressesproblems in archaeology and conservation with tradi-tional destructive examination methods, micro-destruc-tive techniques or “non-destructive” methods remains tobe decided on a case by case basis. However, many ob-jects of art and archaeology would never be examined ifit was not for the non-invasive examination techniques.The talks covered a wide range of established andemerging applications of synchrotron, neutron and laserradiation in Cultural Heritage and archaeological sci-ences. In his presentation on imaging methods, EberhardLehmann (Paul Scherrer Institute, Villingen, Switzer-land) focused on neutron radiography and neutron to-mography applications, although always emphasizingthe strengths of the complementary of neutron and X-ray imaging techniques. In many cases, both neutronand X-ray radiographies are required to obtain a full‘picture’ of the object. The tomographies, mostly on ob-jects from the Swiss National Museum and Swiss privatecollections, were obtained on the neutron tomographyset-up at the Paul Scherrer Institute and covered aspectsof authentication (helmet reconstruction from Gubiasco),making techniques (‘Merkur from Uster’), and conserva-tion (in-situ imaging of infiltration of resin into woodenobjects). Magnificent neutron tomographies, recently col-lected from bronze statues from the Rijksmuseum Ams-terdam, highlighted the amazing imaging capabilitieswith state-of-the-art hardware and software. Costingand safety issues related to the transport, insurance and

RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR CULTURALHERITAGE: A ROADMAP IN THE MAKINGC. AndreaniUniversità degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento diFisica, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy

W.A. Kockelmann, P.G. RadaelliISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton,Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK

F. ZaniniSincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163,5 in Area Science Park,34012 Basovizza-Trieste Italy

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Vol. 11 n. 1 January 2006 • NOTIZIARIO NEUTRONI E LUCE DI SINCROTRONE

transportation of objects were also discussed.Roberto Triolo (University of Palermo, Italy) introducedrather novel examination methods, namely small(SANS) and ultra-small (USANS) angle neutron scatter-ing, on white and polychrome marble used in ancientmonuments and works of art for the purpose of tracingtheir provenance. These methods provide informationon the ‘mesoscopic’ structure of marbles, in terms of par-ticle or pore sizes and fractal geometries, which are oftenrelated to the metamorphic changes during formation,and hence, to the site of formation. Different grades ofmetamorphism, and thus, ‘low and high’ quality marblecan be distinguished by looking at the building blocks,as demonstrated mostly on marble samples from VillaAdriana (Tivoli, Rome), also in relation with neutron to-mographic images, obtained on the same samples at theBerlin neutron centre BENSC.The next talk of the session by Birgit Schroeder-Schmeibidl (Hahn-Meitner Institute Berlin, Germany)was on neutron autoradiography, a fine technique to re-veal different pigment and paint layers piled-up duringthe creation of a painting. In many cases the individualbrushstrokes applied by the artist are revealed, as well aschanges made during the painting process (the so-calledpentimenti). Neutron autoradiographs may be used insupport of restoration interventions, as it was demon-strated for ‘The baptism of a Child’ (Jan Steen, 17th cen-tury). Many pentimenti were revealed, indicating thatSteen has painted over a picture with completely differ-ent content. In another case of authentication, ‘The Her-mit’, a work of art of an unknown artist but suspected tobe made by the hand of Rembrandt, no modern pig-ments and no contradiction to the works of Rembrandtwere found. However, the structural features are in re-markable agreement with the ‘handwriting’ of the 17th

century Dutch painter Govaert Flinck.Gianluca Valentini (Politecnico di Milano, Italy) present-ed a totally different method for pigment identification,this time on marble sculptures, exploiting the fluores-cence emission of UV laser excitation. A portable system

allows one to produce spatial maps of pigments andcontaminants such as wax, oxalates and cast residueseven for multi-component mixtures. Complementaryimages can be produced by time-gated amplitude andlife-time fluorimetry. The technique was used to surveymarble sculptures such as the Michelangelo’s ‘David’(Florence) and the Pietà Rondanini (Milan) before andafter cleaning procedures.Gerard Sliwinski (Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland)reported on the Pomeranian Laser Laboratory in Gdan-sk, which focuses on Cultural Heritage research since1998. Lasers are used for both artwork restoration andfor conservation treatments, as well as for non-destruc-tive identification and composition analysis of surfacelayers such as contaminants, substrate and pigments.The case studies presented at RICH included GodlandicSandstone from the Baltic sea, historical paper docu-ments, silver coins from Pomeranian museums, and pig-ment identification on a 15th century wooden crucifix.Berta Guzman de-la-Mata (University of Warwick, UK)presented results on corrosion studies of rough, hetero-geneous metal surfaces, as encountered in ‘real’ archaeo-logical artefacts. The results were obtained with a newelectro-chemical cell that was specifically developed(with support from COST-G8) for use on synchrotronbeamlines. In-situ studies of electrochemical processes asthey occur are important in developing and understand-ing potential conservation and stabilization treatments,and may be extended to study corrosion processes them-selves. The first results of the combined electrochemicaland SR-XRD study of copper objects exposed to sea wa-ter at the SRS at Daresbury were presented, demonstrat-ing conversion of the ‘non-passivating’ nanatokite to themore protective corrosion phase cuprite during storagein sodium sesquicarbonate.Birgit Kanngiesser (TU Berlin, Germany) presented a se-ries of applications of micro-X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF), which is able to reveal oxidation and migrationprocesses of inorganic compounds in ink-corroded man-uscripts. These non-destructive investigations are ofgreat importance for understanding complex paperdegradation processes. The latest development onportable micro-XRF, spatial mapping of Fe2+/Fe3+ ratiosby micro-XANES and of a new 3D micro-XRF mappinginstrument were presented. Examples included analysesof a manuscript of the ‘magic flute’, fragments ofGoethe’s ‘Faust’, and Dürer’s ‘sketchbook’. Trace ele-ment analyses of the gold stars on the Nebra skydiskwere also presented.Pier Andrea Mandò (University of Florence, Italy) intro-duced the LABEC Florence accelerator laboratory for ionbeam analysis (IBA) and accelerator mass spectrometry(AMS) for radiocarbon dating. The new laboratory, whichwas opened in 2004, is capitalising on previous successes

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in the solution of important problems, like the chronolog-ical reconstruction of undated Galileo’s handwrittennotes using the ink composition as a dating criterion.In the afternoon session, Salvatore Siano (CNR Florence,Italy) gave a comprehensive overview of current lasertechnologies and neutron diffraction techniques in Cul-tural Heritage. Conservation interventions by laser tech-niques on ancient artefacts such as the Minerva fromArezzo and the Treasure of Rimigliano, as well as theGate of Paradise were presented. These interventionsare complemented by both traditional and novel metal-lurgical studies to provide the basic knowledge on thedevelopment of art and fabrication techniques. The firstpioneering and systematic neutron-metallurgical inves-tigations of a number of Etruscan, Picenan and Romanobjects were presented. Time of flight neutron diffrac-tion at the ISIS facility in the UK was used to non-de-structively characterise the objects in terms of the struc-ture properties, i.e. phase distributions, crystallographictextures and macrostrains. A lively discussion after thistalk centered on the non-invasiveness of the neutronmethods. It was commented that irradiation with neu-trons compromises the thermoluminescense dating. Aproposal for an experiment to study the effects of neu-tron irradiation on dating results was made, by consid-ering both high-flux exposures typically done for neu-tron activation analyses, and low-flux irradiation onpresent-day neutron beamlines for tomography, gammaspectroscopy and diffraction.L. Cartechini (University of Perugia, Italy) followed witha talk on time-of-flight neutron diffraction applicationsat the ISIS spallation neutron source. After an overviewon the capabilities and limitations of neutron diffraction,results on three 17th to 12th BC century bronze axes fromthe Terremare settlements near Modena (Italy) were pre-sented. Neutron diffraction elegantly and non-invasivelyprovided a differentiation of the three objects in terms ofphase compositions, microstrains and texture, propertieswhich are related to the material treatment during fabri-cation or use.Roxana Bugoi (National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Bu-carest, Romania) presented a micro-XRF study of metalinclusions (e.g. platinum) in archaeological gold with adetailed description of the optimisation measures for thetrace element analysis set-up at the ANKA synchrotronsource at Karlsruhe, Germany. Results from several an-cient gold objects from the Visigothic Pietroasa treasurewere presented, along with data from natural gold sam-ples from Transylvania.Massimo Rogante (NDT, Civitanova, Italy) concluded thesession by presenting results on Iron Age bronze, iron andpottery objects from a Picenan necropolis of Centre Italystudied with prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA),an important tool for non-destructive bulk elemental

analysis. Both major and trace elements were determinedby PGAA and used for a classification of the objects.An afternoon poster session with about 30 contributionsconcluded this ‘science and techniques’ day of the work-shop. The poster session gave many participants thepossibility to report on latest accomplishments and high-lights of ongoing projects. All contributors to the Oraland Poster sessions of the meeting are invited to submittheir contribution a part of the Workshop Proceedings,which will be subject to peer review and published in aspecial issue of the Nuovo Cimento C.In spite of the obvious differences in scale (which rangedfrom the suitcase to the synchrotron) and, consequently,the mobility of the equipment described by the dele-gates, a number of common themes clearly emerged,and in particular, the need to establish an effective part-nership between art historians, materials scientists andinstrument scientist, with the museum-based researchconservators playing a pivotal role. These themes wereexpanded during the second day with two sessions on“governance” and “the broader perspective”, followedby a round-table discussion. Costas Fotakis (IESL –FORTH, Heraklion, Greece) stated quite convincinglythat the European way is the one to follow. there is aclear added value from a pan-European initiative, in thatthere is often a geographical separation between therichest collections of historical artefacts and work of arts,the university departments and research councils thathave already overcome the “language barrier” with thehumanists and possess the expertise with the appliedmaterials science and the more “conventional” tech-niques, and the large-scale, multi-disciplinary facilities.Costas concluded by illustrating the recent achievementsof a pan-European collaboration, COIST-G7, centred onlaser techniques (LIDAR mapping, spectroscopy and flu-orescence analysis and laser restoration). Jana Kolar (National and University Library of Slove-nia, Lubjana) illustrated the key ingredients that mustbe put in place if a wider initiative is to be successful.The economic arguments were particularly compelling:in Europe, CH generates and annual income of335,000M€, and 14,000 M€/years are effectively lostdue to the degradation of the artistic patrimony, in ad-dition to the irreparable loss of often unique artefacts.But what are the key elements of a future “Europeaninfrastructure”? Providing access to the LSFs was clear-ly identified as a central issue. Moreover, the manage-ment of this access will have to recognise the unique-ness of the CH field, not only in identifying appropriateancillary facilities, for example, for the handling andstorage of the artefacts, but also in providing dedicatedpeer review mechanism to assess the proposed work inthe appropriate context. Jean-Louis Boutaine (C2RMF, EU-ARTECH, Paris,

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France) and Hannelore Römich (COST office, EuropeanScience Foundation, Brussels, Belgium) invited us toavoid the tropisms of “aristocratic physics” and “aristo-cratic art history”, and to consider the impact on thelong-term viability of the collections, rather than simplythe public relation aspect. In practical terms, this trans-lates in providing, first of all, accurate information onthe capabilities (and limitations) of each techniques, acompetent, dedicated team of experts and reliable “rou-tine” access rather than a series of “one-off” experi-ments. We must also “look in the neighbourhood”, andtake advantage of the vast capital of experiences devel-oped by existing initiatives such as COST-G7, COST-G8and EU-ARTECH. After all, CH research at LSFs is agrowing field, but it is still a small fraction of the workinvolving science and technology for the comprehensionand conservation of the European Cultural Heritage, asrecently “photographed” in a report produced by theLabs Tech initiative.An example of European involvement in this area, and auseful model for future expansion, is represented by theANCIENT CHARM initiative, presented by GiuseppeGorini (University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy). ANCIENTCHARM is the result of a collaboration between 10 uni-versities, central laboratories and museum institutionsacross Europe, and is now a EU funded ADVENTUREproject under the New and Emerging Science and Tech-nology (NEST) programme of FP6. The central goal ofANCIENT CHARM is to develop an imaging techniquebased on Neutron Resonant Capture, but complemen-tary diffraction/transmission-based imaging techniqueswill also be developed in parallel.EU-ARTECH, as presented by Antonio Sgamellotti (Uni-versity of Perugia, Italy) is another particularly relevantpiece of this complex “patchwork” of existing andemerging activities, in that it represents a successful EUinitiative to support access, networking and research re-lated to existing infrastructures in the field of ion beamanalysis and mobile laboratory technology. Antonio un-derlined the difficulty in persuading Brussels that thiscollection of techniques is indeed an “infrastructure”,but stressed, at the same time, the value of a technologythat “goes to the users”. Conversely, the unique issues associated with bringingartwork and expertise to the LSFs sites must be ad-dressed if the powerful techniques available at LSFs areto become a routine tool in CH research. Loïc Bertrand(Synchrotron SOLEIL, France) illustrated in detail theproposed scheme for a dedicated CH “interface” thatwill be activated at the SOLEIL Synchrotron facility, tobecome operational in 2007. Preparatory work for this“interface” has already commenced, with a smallamount of staff being involved in surveying the userbase and defining the science portfolio and the access

mechanisms, as well as in providing training activitiesfor the users. The “interface” issue was to become thecentrepiece of the final part of the meeting. The modelproposed by Loïc involves a relatively small amount ofdedicated staff at the LSFs, with the “institutional” CHlaboratories providing the main link with the museums.Further down the line, the gradual development of stan-dardise protocols would enable the museums to accessLSFs directly. Robert van Langh (Rijksmuseum - Amster-dam, The Netherlands) presented a different model,pointing out that a number of museums already have re-search-based conservation departments, and that re-search conservators have shown to be quite capable ofinterfacing directly with the facilities. This was illustrat-ed by drawing from Robert’s recent neutron work on abronze statuette collection from the Rijksmuseum, whichalso featured very prominently in Eberhard Lehmann’stalk on day 1 and in a poster presented by Dirk Visser.For a more effective use of the LSFs, research conserva-tors would need to interact with larger, dedicated teamsof scientists based at LSFs, rather than with liaison offi-cers or individual instrument scientists.All these points were again touched upon during theRound Table discussion, with particular emphasis onnetworking, communication, training and access. Clau-dio Tuniz (The Abdus Salam ICTP, Trieste, Italy) and We-grzynek Dariusz (The IAEA Seiberdorf, Austria) stressedthe need to look beyond Europe and towards the richcultural and technical reservoir in the developing coun-tries, emphasizing the role that institutions such as theICTP, UNESCO and IAEA could play in this context. Theworkshop was concluded by agreeing on a list of ac-tions. First of all, the organising committee pledged tocomplete the original RICH objectives, which were fo-cused on advising the LSFs and their supporting I3 onthe best provisions to support current and future CHwork. In this, the foresight study questionnaire, to becompleted by all participants, should prove an invalu-able tool. Specific recommendations will also be issuedon the courses of actions to be taken vis-à-vis the provi-sion of non-virtual LSFs-based interface/support units,the possible launch of a “horizontal” I3 initiative in FP7to provide specific access, networking and research andon the blueprint for a possible new “research infrastruc-ture” beyond FP7. In the meantime, one of the main ob-jectives of RICH has already been brilliantly achieved:four different communities working with neutrons,lasers, synchrotron and “conventional” techniques, tra-ditionally used to walk their separate ways, have startedtalking to each other and with the museum-based re-search conservators. Let us interpret this as a good omenfor a “RICH” and productive continuing cooperation forthe understanding and preservation of our common Eu-ropean heritage.

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AbstractThe installation of the diffraction instrument in the INESblockhouse has proceeded, almost continuously, fromJanuary to May 2005. The mechanical and detectionparts have been assembled and put in place, the data ac-quisition electronics, as well as the standard security in-terlocks, have been set-up and made operative. All thecontrols have been connected to the main computer inthe experimental cabin. Preliminary data acquisitionshave been carried out on standard calibrating samplesand have been processed in order to perform an instru-ment calibration and obtain a preliminary estimate of theresolving power. Further refinements on the acquisitionelectronics and more commissioning measurements arescheduled in second half of the year 2005.

Set-up of the infrastructuresThe INES blockhouseThe limited available space, behind the TOSCA instru-ment, forced us to find some compromise between theneed of room, necessary for an instrument mainlythought for testing and training, and the constraints im-posed by the other installations, already present in the

experimental hall of ISIS. At any rate, a great care wasexerted in order to maximize the available options with-out sacrificing simplicity of operations. In this context,one of the main requests for the instrument was theavailability of an access door that would allow enteringthe blockhouse and putting “hands on” the samplespace. At the same time, we planned to build an instru-ment that would respect, as much as possible, the localstandards so that young scientists under training and ex-perienced researchers would not feel in a peculiar envi-ronment with respect to other ISIS instrumentation.Therefore, a top-loading aperture was also planned,mainly for utilization of the standard sample environ-ment of ISIS (cryostats and furnaces). Fig. 1 shows theplanned layout of the blockhouse.The actual realization is shown, partially, in Fig. 2. Here,we can see the crane, the service panel, and the aperturein the floor that would accept the sample cage (now inits place, but not installed when the picture was taken).An enlarged view of the service panel is shown in Fig. 3.Here, the system lock keys are visible, as well as the in-terface box for the CAMAC and the helium lines for theCCR and the ORANGE cryostats.

INES - ITALIAN NEUTRON EXPERIMENTAL STATIONFINAL INSTALLATION AND PRELIMINARY TESTSM. Celli, D. Colognesi, F. Grazzi, and M. ZoppiConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche,Istituto Sistemi Complessi: Sezione Territoriale di Firenze,Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

C.A. ChecchiLOTO Scientific Instruments, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

E. SchooneveldISIS Neutron Facility, Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryChilton, Didcot, U.K.

Paper received September 2005

SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

Figure 1. Layout of the INES blockhouse. Standard sample environment can be introduced using the top opening in the roof. Access is also available us-ing the side door.

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SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS

Signal cables, power supply, and vacuum lineThe INES blockhouse has been equipped with electricenergy wiring, for standard experimental needs, as wellas for emergency and safety purposes. The doors (both,lateral and top aperture) were equipped with standardinterlock systems for the full safety of the users. Safetymonitors were placed, in order to detect possible radia-tion leaks.The blockhouse was equipped with 256 coaxial cablesfor signal transmission from the neutron detector banks.They are bundled in 16 groups, of 16 cables each, carry-ing also a high voltage power supply cable. As the initialconfiguration of INES includes a cluster of 9 detectorbanks (16 detectors each), this leaves enough room for 7extra banks that might be placed for future develop-ment. Two neutron beam monitors have been placed up-stream and downstream the main sample container.A vacuum line was also installed for evacuating the sam-ple container using a rotary pump placed outside theblockhouse. Vacuum monitors and safety interlocks havebeen provided.

Control CabinThe control cabin, where the main computer and the dig-ital electronics are placed, has been realized on theground floor, close to the side door of the INES block-house. The cabin is made of two distinct rooms. The firstone, visible in the Figure 4, is intended to host the re-search team and is equipped with a main computer (al-pha workstation) and several network connections.The second room, whose access door is visible in the leftpanel of Fig. 4, contains all the control electronics (DAE,CAMAC, SE control crates, etc.). Both rooms are condi-tioned (separately) for the electronics as well as for per-sonal comfort.

Instrument InstallationSample tankThe components of the INES sample container have beenset-up in the blockhouse. The centre position of the sam-ple was defined by reference points traced on the floorand on the walls of the blockhouse. The sample contain-er and its holder were assembled and oriented such as tobe correctly adapted to the direction and height of thebeam-line. The extension vacuum tubes, input and out-put for the neutron beam, were mounted and used to de-termine the correct orientation of the sample chamberwith respect to the beam trace, drawn on the floor andon the walls. To this aim, a pair of lead lines was used toproperly align the chamber and its frame.Once the correct placement was established, the threefeet (point, line and flat) of a standard kinematic mountwere fixed on the floor with screws and raw plugs. Theuse of this device will allow to reproduce the same posi-

tion of the sample container to within a fraction of 1 mm.This result should be considered fully satisfactory, takeninto account the size of the beam (≈ 4x4 cm2).It is worthwhile to spend a few extra words to describethe sample tank. Its size is 800 mm external diameter by900 mm height. On the upper side, a standard ISISflange allows using the available sample environmentequipment. In addition, the upper cover can be removedcompletely, if necessary, so that quite large samples canbe adapted inside (See Figs. 8, 10, and 11). However, forroutine measurements (at room temperature), a smallerflange of reduced size (opening 150 mm) can be usedwith fast vacuum locking elements (see Fig. 6)On the side of the chamber, a vacuum-tight inspectionwindow is available so that it could be used to adjustthe position of large samples (see Fig. 5). Four glasswindows are also available for visual inspection, director by means of a web camera. Finally, the input beamtube is equipped with a periscope, holding a diodelaser, that can be used for centring purposes of extendedirregular samples like, for example, archaeological arte-facts. Standard vacuum ports are used to connect thechamber to the vacuum pumping system and to vacu-um gauges.

Detector banksEach detector bank is composed of 16 squashed 3Hetubes (active volume: 100 mm height, 12.5 mm wide, 2.5mm thick) charged to 20 bar so as to increase the detec-tion efficiency. The tubes are placed in an aluminium boxthat also contains the preamplifiers (see Fig. 7). In thesame box, we have also mounted the secondary collima-tion, made by B4C ceramic platelets. The various stages

Figure 2. Top floor of the INES instrument showing the crane, the servicepanel and the opening in the floor that will accept the sample cage.

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of the assembling are shown in the figure, where alsosome shielding of the lower part is visible (Fig. 7, right).This is made by elastobore absorbing material, fixed tothe detector box with aluminium screws.A rotating arm, mounted on the top of the sample con-tainer flange, was used to determine the correct positionof the detector bank holders (Fig. 8).These were then fixed to the floor and the detectorbanks were mounted on the aluminium planes which,in turn can be adjusted vertically, such that the detectorcentres are placed at the same height of the neutronbeam (Fig. 9).The aluminium boxes are insulated by the metal frame,

by means of nylon spacers, in order to avoid mass loopsand reduce electronic noise. The final configuration ofthe instrument is shown in Fig. 10, as it is seen from thetop-loading aperture.

The electronic chainData acquisition electronics has been designed in orderto reach the maximum compactness. To this aim, weused, as a base, the ISIS standard gas detector discrimi-nation cards but these were redrawn in order to put twochannels on a single card, thus halving the size of thewhole electronic system. As we have mentioned before,the preamplifiers are placed inside the detector box (cf.Fig. 8), so that the long coaxial cable, on which the signalruns, is characterized by a low impedance and thereforeby a low intrinsic noise. The discriminator cards areplaced outside the blockhouse, in a rack holding theHigh Voltage power supply too. This is shown in Fig. 11.From bottom to top we see the HV power supply, someservice electronics and the five euro-crates, containingthe 80 double discriminator cards and 10 marshallingcards which convey the digital signal to the DAE.The instrument is equipped with two ISIS standard mon-itors for transmission measurements. These are placed inair, on both sides of the sample chamber, close to thewalls. The vacuum tubes, input and output of the neu-tron beam, were extended from the main sample cham-ber to very close to the position of the monitors. In orderto minimize the amount of air in the neutron path, the fi-nal portions of the tubes were designed and realized afterthe installation of the main sample chamber (cf. Fig. 12).

Figure 3. View of the service panel with the interlock system keys (A),the CAMAC serial plugs (B) and the helium lines for cryogenic applica-tions (C).

Figure 5. Sample container and frame (left). Positioning and proper orientation of the sample chamber using a plumb line and the reference pointsmarked on the walls (centre and right).

The beam monitorsAs we mentioned before, two neutron beam monitorshave been placed upstream and downstream the mainsample container.These are made of an array of 42 (7 lines x 6 columns) Li-doped glass cubes (0.25 mm side). The beads are equallyspaced and set at the corners of squares whose side is 7mm. Thus, they cover an effective area of 35x42 mm2,that should be almost totally shined by the primary neu-tron beam. The beads are made of GS20 glass, dopedwith 18% (weight) of Li2O which, in turn, was enrichedto 95% in 6Li.From these data (the density of the glass is 2.50 g/cc), wecould evaluate the overall efficiency of the monitor, thatturned out to be 3.87 x 10-4 (@ λ=1.0 Å).

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Figure 7. A detector bank is composed of 16 squashed 3He tubes (100.0 x 12.5 x 2.5 mm3). The preamplifiers are enclosed in the same box, just above thedetectors. The secondary beam collimation is made of B4C ceramic platelets.

Figure 6. A reduced vacuum flange is available for routine room temper-ature experiments.

Figure 4. View of thecontrol cabin (left panel)and DAE (data acquisitionelectronics, right panel). Amain computer (actuallyplaced on the desk andconnected to the internalISIS network) is used forcontrolling the experimentand for data collection.

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Preliminary test measurements

Beam size measurementEven though the instrument set-up is not concluded, andsome final adjustments are still needed, we decided todo some preliminary test measurements to check the in-strument performances. As a first task, we measured thesize of the beam using a photographic plate. The imageis shown in Fig. 13. The full size of the beam is close to40x40 mm2 with a penumbra region of about 3-4 mm.This result is not too different from that calculated on thebasis of the beam-line design.Silicon calibrationA preliminary calibration of the instrument was carriedusing a silicon powder sample. This was held in a vana-dium container of 8 mm diameter by 53 mm height. Sili-con powder is characterized by very sharp Bragg peaksand is usually employed for calibration purpose. Thediffraction patterns from this sample are shown in Fig.14, for two different scattering angles.

The measuring time for this sample was equivalent to1905 µAh integrated proton current, about 10 hrs. Thedata are shown in d-units, for the sake of comparison,but no can subtraction, no normalization to the monitorand no Jacobian transformation was applied to the data.The simultaneous fit of the total neutron path and thescattering angle was carried out for each detector usingthe Bragg peaks of silicon. As the secondary flight pathwas known with great accuracy (L1=1.000 m, to within 1mm), we could determine the primary flight path,which turns out to be L0=22.804 m, and the various scat-tering angles.

Resolving powerIn order to evaluate the resolving power of the instru-ment we show, in Fig. 15, a narrow region of the diffrac-tion pattern so that the full width of the single line canbe evaluated. Again, we have shown the diffraction pat-terns taken by the same detectors as in Fig. 14. The datahave been smoothed in order to allow a better evalua-

Figure 8. The rotating arm, fixed to the top central flange of the sample container, is used to adjust the frames holding the detector banks.

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Figure 9. The nine detector banks span a wide interval of scattering angles from 10° to 170°.

Figure 11. The main door of the INES blockhouse with its radiation con-trol electronics and interlocks. On the left, the electronic rack is visible,that contains the high voltage power supply and the 5 euro-crates withthe 80 discriminator cards.

Figure 12. The vacuum tubes enclosing the main neutron beam havebeen extended very close to the monitor in order to reduce the amount ofair in the primary beam path.

tion of the relative widths. However, this procedure doesnot affect the line-width as the dashed red line, whichrepresents the original data, clearly shows. From Fig. 16,we could evaluate the resolving power of the instrumentat two different angles. From the left picture we get a∆d/d = 0.19% while the right picture gives ∆d/d = 0.58%

(both full width), which appears an extremely good re-sult for a neutron diffractometer.Similar results are also obtained using a different sam-ple. In Fig. 17, we report a narrow interval (still 0.02 Åwide) from the diffraction pattern of Y2O3, which is alsocharacterized by sharp Bragg peaks. In this case, the

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Figure 14. Diffraction spectrum of silicon powder taken by detector A5 (2θ = 166.70°, left picture) and E7 (2θ = 92.67°, right picture). Data are presentedin TOF but the x-scale reports the d-spacing.

Figure 10. Final configuration of the instrument, as seen from the top.

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measured ∆d/d is 0.23%, for the left peak, and 0.18%, forthe peak on the right. Again, the detector is A5 (2θ =166.56°).

Vanadium sampleVanadium is a good sample for intensity calibration, dueto its totally incoherent neutron cross section. To this aim,we used a rod of 10 mm diameter by 60 mm height. Thesample was kept in the beam up to an integrated protoncurrent of 3500 µAh. The resulting TOF spectrum, mea-sured by detector A5 (2θ = 166.56°) is depicted in Fig. 17.It is important to have an idea about the overall efficien-cy of our detector banks. In other words, we would liketo compare the measured spectra, of which Fig. 17 is anexample, with a calculation based on the theoretical scat-tering power of vanadium and the intensity distributionmeasured by the input monitor. To this aim, we havetaken into account the monitor composition (see above)and, from its theoretical efficiency, we could reconstructthe real incident neutron flux. A Monte Carlo simulationwas performed in order to evaluate the (single) scatter-ing power of a vanadium rod, like the one used in the

present test. From those ingredients, the computed solidangle spanned by the 3He neutron detector, and its effi-ciency, we could evaluate the theoretical vanadium scat-tering. This is shown by the red line in Fig. 18, wherespectrum 16 is considered (2θ = 155.56°).The overall agreement is fully satisfactory, taking intoaccount that we are comparing absolute intensities andthat some approximations were used in the calculation.

Figure 13. A picture of the beam has been taken using a photographicplate.

Figure 15. Focus on a diffraction line from silicon powder taken by detec-tor A5 (2θ = 166.70°, left panel) and E7 (2θ = 92.67°, right panel).

Figure 16. A narrow interval (still 0.02 Å, as in Fig. 15) of the diffractionpattern from Y2O3 powder.

CNR FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR ITALIAN USERS OF ISISItalian scientists principal investigators in ISIS proposal and Italy-based are eligiblefor CNR financial support (up to £ 750/experiment).Non-Italy based Italian ISIS users are not eligible for support.

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At any rate, it is evident that the performances of thepresent experimental apparatus are in line with the ini-tial expectations.

AcknowledgementsWe wish to thank Z. Bowden, B. Holsman, N. Rhodesand J. Tomkinson for their invaluable help in the designand the installation phases of the instrument, U. Bafile

and F. Sacchetti for helpful discussions, P. Landi for hissupport in the mechanical workshop, and A. Solenni forhis help in the electronic workshop. A special thanksgoes to K. Gascoyne and K. Allum for their help in theset-up of the electronic chain, to K. Knowles and thecomputer support staff of ISIS, for helping in the set-upof the data acquisition electronics, and to the whole staffof ISIS, in general, for their collaborative attitude.

M.A. RicciChairman of the CNR

neutron scattering committee

ACCESS TO ISISAll access to ISIS instruments isawarded by peer review panels in acompetitive process. Each yeardeadlines for submission of pro-posals are: 16th April and 16th Oc-tober. The ISIS Facility Access Pan-els meet twice yearly, early in Juneand early in December and peer re-view the proposals.

AFTER ISIS SUBMISSION PROPOSALSItalian users of ISIS should send anelectronic copy of submitted ISISproposals to Rita Carbonetti, by30th April and 30th October eachyear at the following email ad-dress: [email protected].

AFTER APPROVAL OF ISIS PROPOSALSOnce the experiment is approved

by the ISIS selection panel, Italianusers should request a ISIS finan-cial support form to Rita Carbonet-ti ([email protected]). After theISIS experiment, this form, signedby the chairman of the CNR neu-tron scattering committee, shouldbe handed in/sent to the ISIS UserOffice ([email protected]), whichwill arrange payments up to thevalue of £ 750. Payments can bemade in person at the cash officeon site during the visit, or made touser bank account.

PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONSWhen writing papers for publica-tion based on research carried outat the ISIS neutron source Italianinvestigators should include thefollowing acknowledgement to

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche(CNR): This work was supportedwithin the CNR-CCLRC Agree-ment No. 01/9001 concerning col-laboration in scientific research atthe spallation neutron sourceISIS. The financial support of theConsiglio Nazionale delleRicerche in this research is herebyacknowledged.

For any query contactRita [email protected] the CNR central officefor International Affairs:Tel. +39 06/ 4993.2960Fax +39 06/ 4993.2905

Figure 17. ToF measured (spectrum of detector A-5) diffraction pattern ofa vanadium rod.

Figure 18. Comparison, on an absolute scale, of the measured (spectrumof detector A-16) diffraction pattern of the vanadium rod with a calcula-tion performed using the monitor measured distribution.

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AbstractThe imaging with X-rays and neutrons are powerfulnon-destructive methods for investigation of a large va-riety of objects. The radiography provides a two-dimen-sional projection of the irradiated object while the to-mography allows one to visualize the inner volume of asample three-dimensionally without destroying or dis-mantling it. The different interaction mechanisms ofneutrons and X-rays with matter make the two methodscomplementary to each other. In this contribution a de-scription of the different beam sources, beam geometries,and comparison of these two methods show the advan-tages and limitations of different analysis configurationpossibilities. Some results achieved with different meth-ods are presented and examples of their contribution aregiven.

IntroductionWithin the last decade the X-ray and neutron imagingmethods significantly gained importance. Especiallytheir application in non-destructive testing for industrialcomponents can be underlined. One of the reasons is thefast development in digital image recording and pro-cessing, which enables the computation of tomographicreconstructions from high-resolution images on a rea-sonable timescale [1,2]. The development of new detec-tors with better signal-to-noise characteristics and faster

read-out electronics allowed to overcome some of thelimits of conventional radiography and tomographyconcerning spatial and time resolution [3].

PrinciplesThe imaging methods are based on the detection of thetransmitted radiation through a defined medium (sam-ple) by position sensitive detectors. The radiation beamis attenuated differently by the composition elements ofthe sample giving contrast variations in the recorded ra-diography image, Fig. 1. The attenuation properties of materials are dependenton the specific interaction processes with the used radia-tion. Absorption and scattering are the interactions thatcontribute to beam attenuation. In conventional radiog-raphy the attenuation of the incident beam by a samplecan be described by an exponential function of two para-meters - the transmitted thickness d= ∫path dz and the dis-tribution of the linear attenuation coefficient µ(x,y,z) inthe sample (Eq. (1)).

(1)

I0(x,y) and I(x,y) are the intensities of the incident andtransmitted beam in a plane (x,y) transversal to thepropagation direction z, Fig. 1.

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡−= ∫ dzzyxyxIyxI

path

),,(exp),(),(0

µ

OVERVIEW OF IMAGING WITH X-RAYS AND NEUTRONSN. KardjilovHahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, Glienicker Str. 100, 14109Berlin, Germany

F.G. MorenoTechnical University Berlin, Berlin, Germanyand Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, Glienicker Str. 100, 14109

Figure 1. Schematic layout of a conventional radiography experiment.

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For high resolution radiography purposes two kinds ofradiation can be used: X-rays and neutrons. The charge-free neutron interacts with the core of the atom, while incontrast X-rays interact with the charge distribution ofthe electron shell. Therefore the X-ray attenuation coeffi-cients increase with the atomic number of the elements,i.e. with the number of electrons. The interaction proba-bility of neutrons with the atomic core depends on thecoherent scattering length acoh, which does not show asystematic dependence from the atomic number of theelement. As a consequence, the attenuation properties ofthe elements for neutrons show a non systematic depen-dence from the atomic number as shown in Fig. 2.

The attenuation properties besides being dependent onthe energy of the applied radiation, are different for dif-ferent isotopes. For radiography purposes the energy ofthe neutrons is typically of the order of meV (thermal orcold neutrons). X-ray energies are normally in the orderof ten to several hundred keV. Comparing the mass at-tenuation coefficients for different elements for the caseof X-rays and thermal neutrons (see Fig. 2) the followingmain conclusions can be made:- neutrons are very sensitive to some light elements like

H, Li, B, where X-rays do not provide a good contrast(low and similar atomic numbers),

- the distribution of attenuation coefficients for neutronsis independent of the atomic number which helps toachieve contrast even for neighboring elements, for X-rays one finds an approximately exponential increasewith the atomic number,

- neutrons easily penetrate thick layers of metals likePb, Fe and Cu where standard X-ray imaging facilitieswith energies of several hundred keV fail,

- neutrons can distinguish between isotopes (for in-stance 1H and 2H) which is not the case for X-rays.

In this context the two radiations appear to be compli-mentary in case of the radiography non-destructive in-vestigations. To show the difference in the provided con-trast from both radiations the following example isshown in Fig. 3. Depending on the different absorption,different structures can better be realized with X-rays orwith neutrons. The neutrons transmit easily the steelcap of the battery of the device (bottom part) and revealthe structure of the LiI electrolyte in it. The X-rays fail totransmit the battery but they succeed to provide bettercontrast for the electronic components (top part) where

the solder joints on the integral circuit contain someamount of lead.In case of tomography investigation the sample is rotat-ed around a defined axis where 2-dimensional projec-tions are recorded under different rotation angles. Themathematical reconstruction of the matrix of the attenua-tion coefficients in the sample volume can be done usingthe collected set of projections[5].

Beam sources and imaging geometriesSourcesThe sources for X-rays and neutrons determine the in-tensity of the radiation, the brilliance, if parallel or coneimaging geometry is used, if poly- or monochromaticradiation can be used, the possibility of real-time mea-surements, the detectors needed, etc., and of course alsothe beam disposability. The measurement time in a syn-chrotron or a neutrons reactor is limited, in comparisone.g. to a X-ray microfocus tube which can be used in asmall lab.

Figure 2. Comparison of the mass attenuation coefficients for thermalneutrons and X-rays (100 keV) in dependence on the atomic number[4].

Mas

s at

tenu

atio

n co

effic

ient

s 2 (

/cgm

)

Figure 3. Comparison between radiography images of pacemaker per-formed with neutrons (left) and X-rays (right).

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X-ray sourcesThere are two main X-ray sources available for ra-dioscopy and tomography, the X-ray tube with conegeometry and the X-ray synchrotron with parallel one.There are also other differences between them like thebrilliance (see Fig. 4), the energy range, the irradiationsection or the chromatism:Synchrotron X-ray “light” is generated in electron accel-erators and electron storage rings. The spectrum of thelight emitted from these sources extends from the in-frared to the vacuum ultra violet (VUV) and the X-rayregion. BESSY [6], DESY [7], ESRF [8], SSRL [9], SRC [10],etc. are some of these facilities. The most important ad-

vantage of a synchrotron in comparison with a X-raytube is their great brilliance (see Fig. 4) that is at least 10orders of magnitude higher. But this is not the only dif-ference, as we will see.X-ray tubes for radioscopy and tomography are normal-ly microfocus ones, with a higher acceleration voltage in

comparison to tubes used for diffraction. The microfocusis necessary to reach enough resolution and the highvoltage to have enough penetration depth. Their ener-gies vary from 20 keV to several hundred keV. With in-creasing energy the penetration depth also increases, butthat automatically means the reduction of spatial resolu-tion (increase of the beam spot), because the focusing e-beam in the tube cannot exceed a certain energy density,in order not to melt the target material used. For this rea-son microfocus X-ray sources usually have a Tungstentarget and the source current is limited. Due to the conegeometry relatively big samples can be irradiated andmagnification is possible. At present the evolution of themicrofocus sources is going on, e.g. transmission tubesare considered, with diamond targets and water cooling[11] to increase the brilliance and the penetration depth,but keeping a micrometer spot.

Neutron sourcesTo extract an intense neutron beam for radiography pur-poses a large scale facility like a research reactor or aspallation source is needed. In research reactors neutronsare produced by fission of Uranium. The energy of theneutrons as produced is in the order of a few MeV. Thesehigh energies are not appropriate for conventional ex-perimental purposes. Therefore, neutrons are moderatedto energies of a few meV in a moderator, usually wateror heavy water. The advantage of a steady source like afission reactor for neutron imaging is the stable and con-tinuous neutron flux which enables tomographic mea-surements with extended exposure times.The spallation sources are accelerator-driven sourceswhere the neutrons are produced by the excitation of thenuclei in a heavy-metal target (often Ta or W alloy).Again the fast neutrons are slowed down by collisions ina moderator set around the target. The accelerator has adefined repetition rate giving a corresponding timestructure of the pulsed neutron beam. This time struc-ture is very appropriate for time-of-flight experimentsand energy-selective radiography investigations, respec-tively. More information about the neutron research re-actors and splalation sources can be found elsewhere[12].For high resolution neutron radiography and tomogra-phy both sources (reactors and spallation sources) pro-vide sufficiently high neutron fluxes of app. 106 to 107

neutrons/cm2s at the sample positions. Typical exposuretimes are in the range of a few seconds, with the excep-tion of high flux facilities (~ 109 neutrons/cm2s) whereradiographic images can be taken in fractions of a sec-ond [13].An important characteristic of a neutron source is themean energy of the neutron beam provided for experi-ments. As mentioned above the neutrons are moderated

Figure 4. Comparison of the brilliance of the X-ray beams for tubes andfor different Synchrotron sources (source: ESRF [8]).

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to thermal energies, corresponding to a few meV. Addi-tional moderation by a “cold source”, i.e. a moderator atvery low temperature (e.g. Hydrogen or Deuterium at30° K) is used to obtain cold neutrons. Due to their lowenergy the attenuation coefficients of penetrated materi-als are higher for cold neutrons [14]. Other types of neutron sources for radiography purpos-es are the mobile sources based either on portable linearaccelerators or a combination of neutron emitting iso-topes [16]. This type of source is currently with a poorperformance providing a low neutron flux with no opti-mum image resolution and complicated shielding andoperation systems. So this is the reason why they are notspread among the standard radiography methods.

Imaging geometriesTwo beam imaging geometry configurations have beenconsidered: The parallel and the cone beam geometry(see Fig. 5). In both cases the acquired projections have

to be reconstructed for the tomography, in the same wayas it is known from the medical tomography. This ismade by an algorithm that applies a special inversedFourier transformation, the so-called Radon transforma-tion which is described in detail elsewhere [5].The parallel beam geometry, typical for the neutron to-mography, has the advantages that there is no distortionin the images like in the cone geometry (see Fig. 5 (right)and Fig. 6) and that the reconstruction algorithms of thepictures are more simple. Depending on the sample di-mensions and imaging arrangement the distortion canbe neglected (see Fig. 6). On the other hand the conegeometry allows magnification. This is important e.g.because the parallel synchrotron beams analysis area isnormally limited to a small windows of a few squarecentimeters. Bigger samples cannot be studied or have tobe scanned. Due to magnification in the cone geometry

the resolution can also be increased if the detector pitchis small enough.

X-ray imaging arrangementsA single X-ray image can simply be recorded with a photoplate as we know from the medical radiographies. Seriesof analogue pictures for real-time radioscopy can berecorded with a video recorder and a video camera fo-cused on a scintillation screen. As analogue single pic-tures are not appropriate for the tomography, digitalrecording is favored at present. X-ray detectors are basedon a X-ray sensitive screen, an optical image amplifier,and a CCD camera. An alternative is the last generation offlat panel detectors where all detector components are in-tegrated on a flat screen. They have a digital output witha resolution down to 50 µm pitch size and save place.In the special case of parallel synchrotron X-ray radia-tion the typical imaging arrangement consists of asource, a beam line, a shutter, a filter, a monochromator,

a slit, the sample and a detector. As we get a wide fre-quency spectrum of the light, a monochromator, e.g. a Si<111> crystal or multilayer, is used to filter this white ra-diation to the desired wavelength. The loss of intensitycan be compensated through the high brilliance of a syn-chrotron. The beam size normally varies between somesquare millimeters to several square centimeters. Largersamples have to be scanned.For a microfocus source the cone geometry has to beconsidered with a magnification geometry (see Fig. 6).One implication is the possibility to adjust the requiredmagnification M. It is given by M = b/a (a is the distancebetween source and sample and b between source anddetector). Useful M’s can be as high as 10 for our config-uration. To find the best imaging parameters with, e.g.,the best spatial and time resolution and the desired mag-nification, other factors have to be considered such as

Figure 5. Parallel (left) and cone (right) beam geometry for X-ray andneutron radioscopy and tomography [5].

Figure 6. Typical cone imaging geometry for metallic foams radioscopy[15].

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the sample geometry, the source pitch (dsource), the detec-tor pitch (ddetector) or the divergence distortion ddiv ≈t⋅h/4⋅a for h<<a. At a given magnification a higher dis-tance between source and detector will reduce ddiv, butthe intensity will also be reduced as I ~ 1/b2 ~ 1/M2. Theresolution is determined not only by the detector pitchbut also by the magnification and the source pitch.As the absorption of X-rays increases with the atomicnumber, the dimensions of the samples are limited. Alsothe beam energy and the brilliance play a role. Typicallythey can vary from down to a millimeter to several cen-timeters. The sample dimensions that are allowed dependstrongly on the absorption properties of the material.

Neutrons imaging arrangementsOne neutron radiography facility consists of a collimationsystem which directs the neutrons to the sample, a sam-ple environment which allows to scan the samplethrough the beam and to rotate it in case of a tomography

investigation and a detector which converts the beam at-tenuation to a 2D image saved in an electronic format.The collimation system installed between the source andthe sample is of fundamental importance for the imag-ing quality that can be achieved with a specific experi-mental set-up. The collimation system consist of severalapertures manufactured from high absorbing materialslike B4C, Li or Cd which are embedded in an evacuatedbeam tube. The apertures are increasing along the beampropagation direction and are hence defining the beampath. However, the collimation is defined by the size ofthe first aperture D and the length of the beam path Lfrom the first aperture to the sample position. The ratioL/D [17] is used to characterize the collimation of a radi-ographic set-up as it is limiting the spatial radiographicimage resolution which can be achieved in the experi-ment. The higher the L/D ratio the better is the beamcollimation. Typical L/D values for standard neutron ra-diography facilities are between 200 and 500. At a de-

fined L/D ratio each point of the sample will be project-ed on the detector plane as a spot with a diameterd=l/(L/D), where l is the distance between the sampleand the detector (see Fig. 7). For example in the case ofan L/D ratio of 500 and a given sample-to-detector dis-tance l of 5 cm the corresponding spatial resolution (blurd) will be in the order of 100 µm. While for radiographycontact images are possible, for tomographic measure-ments it has to be taken into account that the minimumdistance l between sample and detector is determined bythe largest dimension of the sample perpendicular to therotation axis. Other necessary components of a radiography facilityare the sample manipulation system to scan – and fortomographic purposes – to rotate the sample and the2D image detection system. Of course the achievableimage resolution is very much dependent on the detec-tor system as well. Position-sensitive detectors for highresolution imaging are based on the detection of light

photons emitted from thin scintillation screens. How-ever, neutrons cannot be detected directly by a scintilla-tion process. Therefore an additional converter materialis needed which captures the neutrons and emits someionizing (secondary) radiation like X-rays or α-parti-cles. Two types of converter materials are mainly usedin neutron radiography detectors: 6Li converting by an(n,α) and Gd by an (n,γ) reaction. This secondary radia-tion is then converted to light by a standard scintillat-ing material such as ZnS. The mean free path of the sec-ondary radiation in the scintillation material is limitingthe spatial resolution of the detector to about 100 µm. Atypical neutron radiography detection system is thecombination of a scintillator screen and a CCD camera,which is recording the scintillation light from thescreen via a mirror and a lens system. Imaging plates,flat panels and classical X-ray films (covered with aproper neutron to X-ray converter) are used as alterna-tive 2D detectors.

Figure 7. Geometrical limitations of the resolution using a conventional radiography geometry.

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X-rays

RadioscopyReal-time imagingRecording a series of single radiographs of an expandingmetal foam (see Fig. 8) allows us to follow the dynamicprocess in real-time. The X-ray intensity of a microfocus

source is much smaller than that of a synchrotron sourceresulting in limitations with short exposure times im-posed by the signal-to-noise ratio. However, with a mea-surement configuration like in Fig. 6 the intensity isenough to get a satisfactory contrast for many applica-tions, even for real-time picture acquisition at moderateimage acquisition rates of around 1 Hz, even with thehighest spatial resolution of 5 µm. However, time andspatial resolution are limiting each other. For very fastimaging the use of synchrotron rays is mandatory due tothe higher brilliance.

TomographyTomography is a powerful non-destructive method forthe investigation of a large variety of different objects. Itallows to visualize the inner volume of a sample withoutdestroying or dismantling it. The tomography principleis based on the mathematical reconstruction of the 3-di-mensional volume from 2-dimensional projection im-ages collected while the sample is rotated around a de-fined axis. With the reconstructed data 3-dim. materialand pore analysis are possible. Using filter and differentalgorithms very informative pictures can be obtained.Mostly one or several phases are shown or hidden to an-alyze their location and distribution. Fig. 9 shows a Zn-foam with small TiH2 particles. A bimodal pore size dis-tribution can be found. Depending on the software rep-resentation method (see Fig. 10) pores, matrix or parti-cles can be visualized separately.

Neutrons

RadioscopyReal-time imagingThe brilliance of neutron sources is much smaller thanthe synchrotron sources. The maximum possible thermalneutron flux of 3x109 neutros/cm2s with a beam size ofca. 20 cm of diameter is available for radiography pur-poses at the radiography station at ILL called Neutro-graph [19]. High-flux radiography station using coldneutrons with a comparable flux is constructed recentlyat HMI, providing a rectangular beam size of 1x109 cm2.Under such experimental conditions the possible short-

Figure 8. Real-time X-ray radioscopy of an expanding Al-foam.

Figure 9. Tomography of a Zn-foam with TiH2 particles < 28 mm [18].

Figure 10. Al-foam tomography reconstruction with different softwarerepresentations. Pores, matrix or particles can be analyzed separately[18].

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est snapshot radiography times are in the order of somemilliseconds. Some gain can be achieved if the so-calledstroboscopic technique for repetitive processes is ap-plied. An example for it is the presented below experi-ment performed at the cold neutron radiography stationat HMI called CONRAD[20]. As an example, images of a

real-time radiography investigation of a small model air-craft engine using a stroboscopic method [3] are shownin Fig. 11. The exposure time was 1 ms at a rotationspeed of the engine of 6000 rpm. The number of accumu-

lated images per piston position was 500.

TomographyThe neutron tomography is analogue to the X-ray to-mography. The limitation of the image resolution to 100µm determines the number of projections used in the to-mography experiments by the simple rule M/N~π/2,where M is the number of projections and N the numberof used rays. Typical beam size in case of neutron radi-ography imaging is 10 x 10 cm2 which determines 1000 x1000 rays taking into account the resolution of 100µm/ray mentioned above. In this case for a neutron to-mography experiment the number of projections is de-termined by M = 1000 π/2 = 1570. Using a CCD chipwith 1024x1024 pixel with an integer format per pixel (2Byte/pixel) and 600 projections (in order to save measur-ing time) per standard tomography experiment the datasize for a tomography data volume could be estimatedto be 1.25 GB which is not a problem for the existingcomputer systems nowadays. The measuring time at astandard neutron tomography facility is approximately2-3 hours per experiment and the reconstruction proce-dure afterwards takes no less than 1-2 hours whichmeans that for the maximum of 5 hours the tomographyvolume could be established. The next procedures whichtake much more time are the 3D-processing and segmen-tation of the data and the data archiving.The neutron tomography is mainly used in cases wherea high sensitivity to hydrogen or hydrogen containingmaterials is required. Some examples from the new neu-tron tomography facility at HMI are presented below.

Figure 12. High resolution neutron tomography of a fossil sample (ammonite). General view (left) and tomography slice (right). The color scale repre-sents the attenuation values from low (blue) to high (red).

Figure 11. Two snapshot images of the model air-craft engine at 0 ms(left) and at 5 ms (right).

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FossilsAn example of high-resolution neutron tomography isthe fossil sample (ammonite) presented in Fig. 12. Forthis experiments 300 projections were take from thesample on an angular range of 180 degree. The expo-sure time for a projection was 25 s resulting in a totalmeasuring time for the whole tomography experimentof 2.5 hours.The shell structure is of interest to the palaeontologistsbecause of the relation between the formation speed of

the shell, determined by the shape and the size of theshell segments and the day cycle for million of years.The high attenuation values (marked in red) can be relat-ed to areas of high hydrogenous content where some or-ganically fossil remains are assumed.

Geological samplesIn a further experiment, the density variation and the dis-tribution of different minerals in a granite-sample wereinvestigated (Fig. 13). This information helps to makeconclusions about the formation of granite. In this casethe presence of Kaolinit mineral (marked with orange) inthe sample is an evidence that the granite material hasunderwent a hydrothermal alteration probably due to theflow of hot water through it. In this case the big Feldsparcrystals frequently presented in granite have been trans-formed to Kaolinit by the following chemical reaction:KAlSi3O8 + H2O ? Al2Si2O5(OH)4. This kind of experimentmay help to find a precise quantitative classification ofdifferent types of geological materials.

ConclusionsNon-destructive radioscopic and tomographic analysismethods are a powerful tool for material science devel-opment. Several configurations are possible: neutrons orX-ray, large source or lab source, parallel or cone beam,attenuation or phase contrast, etc.The neutron tomography appears as a complimentarytechnique to the X-ray imaging methods. It allows ahigher sensitivity to hydrogenous materials and somelight elements like Li and B which is very useful for in-

vestigations of glued joints of metallic parts, observationof diffusion processes of gasses and liquids in closed sys-tems, water uptake and distribution in plants and build-ing materials.Some further developments in the X-ray and neutron de-tectors, sources and optics will help to improve the timeresolution and the image resolution. Real-time ra-dioscopy and tomography are very attractive techniquesamong the non-destructive material analytical methods.

References1. Koch A., Peyrin F., Heurtier P., Chambaz B., Ferrand B., Ludwig W.,

Couchaud M., An X-ray camera for computed microtomography ofbiological samples with micrometer resolution using Lu3Al5O12 andY3Al5O12 scintillators SPIE 3659, 170-179 (1999)

2. Estermann M, Frei G, Lehmann E, Vontobel P, The performance of anamorphous silicon flat panel for neutron imaging at the PSI NEUTRAfacility Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research SectionA Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors And Associated Equipment542 (1-3): 253-257 A PR 21 2005

3. B. Schillinger, H. Abele, J. Brunner, G. Frei, R. Gähler, A. Gildemeister,A. Hillenbach, E. Lehmann and P. Vontobel, Detection systems for

Figure 13. The tomographical reconstruction of the granite cylinder shows the spatial distribution of the mineral Kaolinit (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) marked withorange in the sample. The presence of four hydroxyl groups in the chemical composition leads to a strong contras for Kaolinit crystals in the tomogra-phy reconstruction due to high scattering properties of hydrogen.

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Armida abducts the sleeping Rinaldo by Nicolas Poussinand The Baptism of a Child by Jan Steen

AbstractNeutron autoradiography (NAR) is used for non-destructiveanalysis of materials and techniques of paintings. X-ray-radi-ography indicates the distribution of heavy elements. In con-trast, NAR is capable of revealing different paint layers piled-up during the creation of the painting. In many cases the indi-vidual brushstrokes applied by the artist are made visible, aswell as changes made during the painting process. When in-vestigating paintings that have been reliably authenticated, itis possible to identify the particular style of an artist. By twoexamples the efficiency of neutron autoradiography is demon-strated as a non-destructive method for the examination ofpaintings.

IntroductionIn close collaboration, the Berlin Picture Gallery(Gemäldegalerie Berlin, Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbe-sitz) and the Hahn-Meitner Institute Berlin investigateold masters paintings by means of neutron autoradiog-raphy. Neutron autoradiography is a very effective,non-destructive, but rather exceptional method ap-plied in the examination and analysis of materials andtechniques used in painting. It allows the visualizationof structures and layers under the visible surface and,in addition, enables one to identify in detail the ele-ments contained in the pigments. The instrument B8 atthe Berlin Neutron Scattering Center BENSC is dedi-cated to these investigations. In this article the proce-dure of investigation is explained and two examplesare given which demonstrate the success of thismethod.

Neutron autoradiography - the method and the instrumentUsually, when examining paintings, museums applymethods based upon the use of photon radiation. How-ever, the information provided by these methods is lim-ited. Infrared reflectography reveals black carbon-basedmedia, whilst X-ray transmission records only indicate

dense matter or the distribution of heavy elements suchas lead, e.g. in the pigment lead-white. Neutrons have ahigh penetration depth and interact also with light ele-ments. Neutron autoradiography is capable of revealingdifferent paint layers piled-up during the creation of thepainting. In many cases, the individual brushstroke ap-plied by the artist is made visible, as well as changes andcorrections introduced during the painting process. Byusing paintings that have been reliably authenticated,one can identify the unique style or “hand” of a particu-lar artist.

The experimental principleThe experimental principle is simple: In the first step,the painting is exposed to a flux of cold neutrons(Φn=1·109 cm-2s-1) at the instrument B8 at the research re-actor BER II. Some of the atomic nuclei within thepainting capture one of the neutrons, thus becoming ra-dioactive and then, this neutron-induced radioactivitydecays with time.The probability of capture depends on the activationcross-section specific for every isotope. During the irra-diation, the painting is adjusted under a small angle (<5º) with respect to the axis of the neutron guide. By thisgrazing incidence the main free path of the neutronswithin the paint layer becomes much longer than in thecase of perpendicular transmission.Due to the short irradiation time only 4 of 1012 atoms be-came radioactive on average, insofar the method is con-sidered as a non-destructive investigation. Approxi-mately a dozen different light and heavy isotopes –emitting β- (electrons) and γ-radiation – are created. Themost important isotopes and their half-lives are present-ed in table 1.The induced‚ β-decay blackens highly sensitive films orimaging plates (Fuji BAS 2000, 20x40 cm2), thus unveil-ing the spatial distribution of the pigments.The large advantage of this method lies in the fact thatdifferent pigments can be represented on separate films.This is due to a contrast variation created by the differ-ences in the half-life times of the isotopes.The imaging plate technique allows for direct digital

BENSC NEUTRONS FOR “CULTURAL HERITAGE”RESEARCH: NEUTRON AUTORADIOGRAPHY OFPAINTINGSC. Laurenze-Landsberg and C. SchmidtBerlin Picture Gallery, Stauffenbergstr. 40, 10785 Berlin,Germany

B. Schröder-Smeibidl and L.A. MertensHahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, Glienicker Str. 100, 14109Berlin, Germany

Paper received

RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES

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analysis and processing. In addition, a Ge-detector is usedto analyse the radiation from specific locations on thepainting. The γ-spectroscopy provides information aboutthe element composition in the pigments.

Representative Results for two Picturesa) Investigation of “Armida abducts the sleeping Rinal-do” (c. ~ 1637) by Nicolas Poussin, Picture GalleryBerlin, 120 x 150 cm2, Cat No. 486The French painter Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665) wasone of the main representatives of pictorial classicism inthe Baroque period, but he spent his entire career inRome with the exception of two years as court painterto Louis XIII.The illustrations in his paintings address scenes from thebible and from classical antiquity. Already in 1625, the

legend of the sorceress Armida and the crusader Rinaldohad inspired Poussin to a painting named “Armida andRinaldo”, now owned by the Dulwich Picture Gallery inLondon, that is accepted as being an original. In contrast,the painting at the Berlin Picture Gallery “Armidaabducts the sleeping Rinaldo” (Fig. 1) showing a differ-ent but similar scene, is until now listed in the BerlinGallery’s catalogue as a copy. To clarify the open ques-tion of the ascription, an investigation by means of neu-tron radiography was carried out at the Berlin NeutronScattering Center BENSC. The record of an X-ray radiography (Fig. 2) applied as acomplementary method did not contribute to the solu-tion of the problem, it primarily revealed the image ofthe wooden frame. In figure 3, one of the autoradi-ographs is depicted. The different sets of image plates

Figure 1. Nicolas Poussin, Replica, “Armida abducts the sleeping Rinaldo”, (c. 1637), Picture Gallery Berlin, 120 x 150 cm2, Cat No. 486

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were processed digitally and assembled afterwards. Al-ready this first record, showing the distribution of theshort-lived isotope 56Mn contained in the brown pig-ment umber, revealed surprising pentimenti as concep-tual changes: additional trees (highlighted in Fig. 3) notpresent in the final painting. These trees fit in the com-position of the painting and contain the same pigmentsas the other structures. Obviously, these pentimenti arecorrections made by the artist himself. A copyist wouldnot have been aware of these changes. Therefore, thesepentimenti are strong and important hints that thispainting can possibly be ascribed to Nicolas Poussinhimself. b) Investigation of the painting “The Baptism of aChild”, by Jan Steen, Berlin Picture Gallery, 85 x 100cm2, Cat. No. 795D.The Dutch painter Jan Steen (1625/26 – 1679), a contem-porary of Rembrandt, is best known for his humorousgenre scenes, animated works in which he treats life asvast comedy of manners. Many of his pictures representtaverns and festive gatherings such as in the painting fo-cused in this experiment. The presented scene shows agenre which demonstrates human misdemeanour ac-cording to a saying “The young people twitter as the oldpeople sing” (Fig. 4).In the course of the restoration of this picture in 2003 di-verse structures in the composition of colours were de-tected by X-rays which disagree with the visible paint-ing. The neutron autoradiography promised a better anddeeper understanding of this issue by visualizing penti-mentis and other changes. In the neutron radiography (Fig 5) a lot of pentimentiwere revealed which do not display corrections of thevisible scene. Originally the platform with the cradle

was not provided. At this place a chair was located.Especially one thematic modification on the right side ofthe picture is very enlightening: Behind the originallylarger archway the view is open to a palace surroundedby a garden and sculptures, which should establish themanorial reference of the content of the picture. Thelarge painting in the middle of Steen’s picture changedduring the creation shows two struggling cavaliers andindicates a manorial military context.


Figure 3. Nicolas Poussin, “Armida abducts the sleeping Rinaldo”, 1st

neutron autoradiography assembled from 12 image plate records: In or-der to investigate the whole picture, two separated irradiations were car-ried out and finally recomposed.

Table 1 Main Isotopes and pigments used in neutron radiography andtheir half lives

Figure 2. Nicolas Poussin, “Armida abducts the sleeping Rinaldo”, X-Ray transmission record, Picture Gallery Berlin

Isotope Half life Pigment

56Mn 2.6 h Brown colours,

Umber, Ocre

64Cu 13 h Azurite, Malachite

76As 1.1 d Smalt, Realgar,

Auripigmente

122Sb 2.7 d

124Sb 60 dNaples-Yellow

32P 14 d Bone-black

203Hg 47 d Vermilion

60Co 5.3 a Smalt


27


With these paintings within the picture the artist wantedto strengthen the thematic statement of this presentation.In the visible composition the pictures hanging at thewalls on the left and right hand side strengthen now themoral didactic statement of the painting.In conclusion by analogy the presentation of strugglingcavaliers has to refer to the content of the painting, too.The observed pentimenti indicate that Steen has paint-ed over a picture with completely different content. Es-pecially, he has not made changes within the presentcomposition.Further image editing is intended to carry out in order tomap and to understand the entire content of this under-lying picture.

Figure 5. Jan Steen, “The Baptism of a Child”, 1st autoradiography

Figure 4. Jan Steen, “The Baptism of a Child”, Gemäldegalerie zu Berlin,85 x 100 cm2 Cat No. 795D

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M & N & SR NEWS

AbstractThe continuous spallation neutronsource SINQ is located at the PaulScherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzer-land. It delivers a thermal neutronflux of approximately 1.1·1014

n/cm2/s and is equipped with acold source, supermirror coated neu-tron guides and a full suite of state-of-the-art instruments for neutronscattering and imaging experiments.SINQ is an open user facility and re-ceives about 200 new proposals peryear from the international usercommunity. The facility is part of theEU NMI3 programme ‘Access tolarge scale infrastructures’ underFramework Programme 6 and henceis able to support its users from EUmember countries and associatedstates with travel and subsistencefunds. Apart from SINQ the PaulScherrer institute also hosts a thirdgeneration synchrotron source (SLS)and the world’s most powerful con-tinuous muon source (SµS). More in-formation on the PSI user facilitiescan be obtained from the Web:http://user.web.psi.ch

GeneralThe Swiss spallation neutron sourceSINQ [1] is one out of three user fa-cilities for condensed matter re-search at the Paul Scherrer Institute(PSI), which is located approximate-ly 35 km northwest of Zurich. Nextto SINQ PSI operates a third genera-tion synchrotron source (SLS) and acontinuous muon source (SµS). Sofar PSI is the only place worldwideto offer neutrons, synchrotron X-raysand muons on one campus.The continuous spallation neutronsource SINQ - the first of its kind

worldwide - began commissioningin December 1996. Regular user op-eration started in summer 1998. It ispowered by a 590 MeV isochronousproton cyclotron with a current of1850 µA. SINQ delivers a thermalneutron flux of approximately1.1·1014 n/cm2/s and hence is a com-petitive medium flux source. SINQwas consequently designed for andequipped with supermirror coatedneutron guides. This together withthe fact that the cold D2-source(equipped with a re-entrant hole de-sign) contrary to reactors is placed inthe flux maximum, results in a coldneutron flux at the instruments be-yond that of neutron sources with acomparable thermal flux. SINQ typi-cally runs six days a week (mainte-nance shut-downs of the acceleratoron Wednesdays) and 8-9 months peryear (maintenance shut-downs ofthe accelerator typically from end ofDecember to middle of April).

Instrumental capabilitiesSINQ offers a complete suite ofstate-of-the-art neutron instrumenta-tion to its users. The facility isequipped with 6 thermal beamports, 2 cold beam tubes, and 7 neu-tron guides which - except for theSANS-I-guide - are fully coated bysupermirrors. Presently 10 instru-ments dedicated to neutron scatter-ing are scheduled for user operation.These instruments are run by theLaboratory for Neutron Scattering(LNS), a joint venture between ETHZurich and PSI. In addition, PSI op-erates non-diffractive instrumentssuch as irradiadion facilities andboth cold and thermal radiographyinstruments. In particular the follow-

ing instrument specifics are uniqueat SINQ:a) Diffractometers: DMC, funded by ETHZ, is one ofthe very few powder diffractometersworldwide using cold neutrons.Hence especially in combinationwith a dilution cryostat it is verywell suited for solving magneticstructures with its 400 detectors. Anupgrade programme of the sec-ondary instrument and the detectoris presently on its way. The secondpowder diffractometer HRPT usesthermal neutrons and is a high reso-lution instrument competitive toworld class instruments at the ILL. Itmakes use of 1600 detectors covering160º of scattering angle simultane-ously. Furthermore, its high (30cm)vertically focusing Germanium-monochromator allows for the use ofdifferent hkk-reflections. Both pow-der diffractometers are equippedwith radial collimators. TriCS is theonly thermal neutron single crystaldiffractometer that uses three 2-di-mensional area detectors. The strainscanner POLDI operated on a ther-mal beam port is designed as a mul-tiple pulse overlap TOF diffractome-ter. It is dedicated to measurementsof internal strain and stress in engi-neering components. Special fea-tures are the capability of highly ac-tive and heavy weight samples.b) Spectrometers:FOCUS, partially funded by Ger-man BMBF, through University ofSaarbrücken, is the only crystal time-of-flight spectrometer worldwidewhere the range of incident energiescan be continuously tuned between0.3 and 30meV. It can be used in timeand monochromatic focusing mode

The Swiss Spallation Neutron Source SINQS. Janssen and K. ClausenDepartment for Condensed Matter Research with Neutronsand Muons, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI,Switzerland

J. MesotLaboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETH Zurich & PSI,5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland


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and its intensity is comparable to theworld’s top-instrument IN6/ILL. Inthe framework of the cooperationwith Risø National Laboratory thecold triple-axis spectrometer RITA-II was installed at a guide end posi-tion. Its area sensitive detector en-ables the use of several analyser re-flections simultaneously, whichcauses a significant intensity gain.TASP is a highly versatile triple-axisspectrometer (also at an end positionof a cold guide) equipped for polar-ization analysis. Presently the ther-mal triple-axis spectrometer EIGERis being constructed in the neutrontarget hall (available for user opera-tion in 2007) to extend the dynamicrange of the SINQ spectrometers tothe thermal range of about 100 meV.Furthermore the inverted geometrytime-of-flight backscattering spec-trometer MARS will be commis-sioned early 2006. With its mobileMICA analyzer banks MARS will al-low for monitoring energy transfersin the µeV range.c) SANS/Reflectometry:The SANS-I facility (2x20m) is me-chanically a twin instrument ofD22/ILL. Beside its unique non-magnetic sample surrounding thatallows for magnetic fields of 11T theinstrument offers the option to po-larize the incident beam and to per-form time resolved experiments.Furthermore, an in-situ add-on forsimultanoeus light scattering is be-ing implemented. SANS-II – as RI-TA-II - has been acquired from Risøand was upgraded with a new (As-trium-type of) velocity selector. Theinstrument (2x6m) that ran success-fully with a very active user commu-nity at Risø for more than 10 years ishighly flexible and can adapt the fullSINQ and Risø sample environment.Since its installation the extremeoverload (>3) of the SANS-I facilitycould be reduced using SANS-II forless demanding experiments. The re-flectometer AMOR can be operatedeither in time-of-flight or in θ/2θ-mode. Special features are polariza-

tion analysis, vertical scatteringplane, multi-detector, and special vi-bration damping units for the sam-ple table. MORPHEUS is a highlyflexible two-axis diffractometer,which is mainly used for instrumentdevelopment such as testing of neu-tron optical components or for crys-tal alignment. A special feature onMORPHEUS is the ultra small anglescattering option called ECHO.d) Non-diffractive instruments:The most prominent representativeof the non-diffractive use of SINQ isthe Neutron Radiography and To-mography Station NEUTRA forthermal neutrons, which recentlyhas been complimented by a secondstation at a cold neutron beam(ICON) [15].

SINQ has a dedicated sample envi-ronment group on site that is re-sponsible for operating the respec-tive devices like cryostats, furnaces,magnets, etc during the experiments.Presently, temperatures between50mK and 1800K, magnetic fields upto 15T vertical and 1.8T horizontalfor large scattering angles, 11T hori-zontal for SANS, as well as hydro-static pressures up to 15kbars can berealized. Almost all devices are com-pletely computer controlled and areintegrated into the instrument con-trol software such that the parame-ters can be easily changed in a userfriendly manner. A full documenta-tion of all available devices can befound on the SINQ webpages [2]. Recently, a new chemistry laboratoryfor sample preparation has been in-stalled in the extension of the SINQguide hall next to the neutron instru-ments. The lab is especiallyequipped for the preparation, han-dling and storage of soft condensedmatter and biological samples, sincethe share of soft matter beam time aswell as the users’ request for such fa-cilities rose significantly during thelast years. Due to this location thehandling of active and irradiatedsamples is also possible.

In-house researchThe in-house research activitieswithin the neutron scattering groupare mainly focused on the followingsubjects: quantum spin systems,CMR manganates and cobaltates, in-termetallic compounds with d- andf-elements, multilayers, high-tem-perature superconductors, largescale objects and materials science.Although most experiments are per-formed at SINQ, when necessary,other European facilities (ILL, ISIS,BENSC, Saclay…) are used as well.A large effort of our activities is re-lated to the investigation of materi-als with novel electronic properties.Amongst the best candidates are the3d-metal complexes, which, as illus-trated by their complex phase dia-grams, posses remarkable physicalproperties. It is not rare to observe ametal-insulator phase transition ac-companied by orbital, magnetic,structural and/or charge instabili-ties. Since many years, this class ofmaterials has attracted much atten-tion from scientists working at theresearch front on both basic and ap-plied topics (Spintronics, Quantumcommunication, Superconductingdevices, Random Access Memories,vibration damping, …). However,due to the intrinsic complexity ofthese compounds, large combinedexperimental and theoretical effortsare still required to get a deeper un-derstanding of the relevant interac-tions controlling their macroscopicproperties. Scientists at the Labora-tory for Neutron Scattering in collab-oration with partners at various re-search institutes worldwide, are cur-rently working on a variety of 3d-transition metal complexes, whosemost prominent examples are proba-bly given by the high-Tc cuprate-per-ovskite superconductors, colossalmagneto-resistive manganites of fer-ro-electrics. In the following a fewselected recent examples are given.In a pioneering work at LNS, the ex-istence of a magnetic field-inducedphase transition of the vortex-lattice

M & N & SR NEWS

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M & N & SR NEWS

Figure 1.Instruments forneutron scatteringand imaging atSINQ with therespective contactaddresses. The rightpart of the figureshows the extendedguide hall with thechemistrylaboratory and themechanical andelectrical shops.


31

M & N & SR NEWS

M & N & SR NEWS

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could be demonstrated by means ofsmall angle neutron scattering, thusproviding important informationabout the underlying electronicstructure of these materials [3]. Itwas furthermore shown that the Cu-spin dynamics in La2-xSrxCuO4 cou-ples in a highly unusual and unex-pected manner to the vortex-dynam-ics [4]. Relaxor ferroelectrics form anothersub-group of complex perovskites,which possess a remarkable dielec-tric anomaly over a broad range oftemperatures and frequencies. In or-der to shine light on the microscopicmechanism controlling the uniquephysical properties of these impor-tant materials for technological ap-plications, high-resolution neutronexperiments have been recently initi-ated [5].Further studied oxides materials arethe magneto-resistive manganitesand related compounds [6] andCo–based oxides showing complex

spin-state transitions [7].Neutron scattering studies of quan-tum spin systems allow for a deep-er understanding of the microscop-ic mechanisms controlling the mag-netic properties of systems relevantfor future applications in the fieldof quantum computing. While inNH4CuCl3 quantized magnetizationplateaus could be understood onthe basis of high-resolution neutrondiffraction experiments [8], the ex-istence of Bose-Einstein condensa-tion of spin-triplets was recentlydemonstrated using inelastic neu-tron scattering [9]. Furthermore,neutron diffraction investigationson the recently discovered Cu-tellu-rate, a system possibly lying on theverge of a quantum phase transi-tion, indicate the existence of high-ly frustrated and degenerate mag-netic ground-states [10]. In LiHoFit was shown that the coupling be-tween the electronic- and nuclear-spins prevents the system to reach,

under the application of a magneticfield, the predicted quantum criti-cal point [11].Very promising candidates in thefield of spintronics include materialswith strongly correlated charge car-riers, whose mobility is linked to theexchange coupling between magnet-ic ions and spin degree of freedom.Recent neutron reflectrometry datataken on multilayers of high-Tc

cuprates and ferromagnetic man-ganites show evidences for strongmutual interaction of the supercon-ducting and ferromagnetic order pa-rameters [12].Beside the traditional fields of mag-netism and strongly correlated elec-trons, it was recently decided to de-velop, in the future, as well the soft-matter research at LNS. Specificallythis effort will aim on subjects as hy-brid biomembrane structures [13],nanostructured polymer films [14],surfactant systems, aggregation andgelation in colloidal suspensions.

Figure 2. Evolution of key numbers for the user programme at SINQ since 1999. Some users make multiple visits to the facility over a year, hence thenumber of visits exceeds the number of individual users. The huge impact of the start of the EU access programmes in 2002 is clearly visible.


M & N & SR NEWS

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Investigations of the residual strainsand stresses in large specimens canbe performed with the strain scannerPOLDI, a high-resolution time-of-flight diffractometer. The two mainprojects of the last year were the in-vestigation of the development ofresidual strains in railway wheelsduring their lifetime and the deter-mination of the stresses close to aweld in a reactor vessel in depen-dence of the level of irradiation.Neutron imaging and neutron radi-ography serves a variety of pro-grammes from different disciplinesin science and technology, partlystrongly supported by industrialpartners. Actual research projects arethe in-situ investigation of electricfuel cells, the investigation of aerosolfilters for diesel engines, moisturedistribution and exchange processesin wood-based materials and soil as-semblies, fuel injection investigationin combustion engines and manymore [15].

International User facilitySINQ is not only the home base forthe very active Swiss neutron scat-tering community but moreover aninternational user facility embeddedinto various international network-ing activities. SINQ is a full partnerof the NMI3 access activity withinthe 6th Framework Programme of theEuropean Commission and hence isable to support its users from EUmember countries and associatedstates by the reimbursement of trav-el and subsistence funds. Over thelast years SINQ received between160 and 210 new proposals per year.Approximately 600 annual visitsfrom 300 different users are counted.The number of experiments is in theorder of 350 per year (Figure 2).Every year a users’ meeting is orga-nized. The 2005 meeting was attend-ed by more than 100 participantsfrom all over the world. The nextmeeting will be organized at PSI onMay 10, 2006.Proposals can be submitted at two

deadlines per year (May 15 and No-vember 15) either as short term orlong term proposals. Short termproposals ask for beam time just forthe next SINQ cycle, whereas a longterm proposal defines a coherent re-search programme for a typical du-ration of two years. Long term pro-posals are frequently used for Ph.D.theses or postdoctoral works andhave the major advantage thatbeam time once allocated is guaran-teed over the full duration of theproject. The proposals are evaluatedby an external scientific committeebefore beam time is allocated. Thethird option to request for beamtime at SINQ is the ‘fast access’ or‘director’s discretion time’. That op-tion should be used if a project isvery urgent or important sampleswith a restricted lifetime should beinvestigated. Those requests can besubmitted all over the year directlyto the SINQ management. A certainshare of urgent beam time is heldback on all instruments such thataccess within a few weeks time oreven less is enabled. All contact ad-dresses and access possibilities aresummarized on the SINQ Webpages [16]. Recently an online tool for the pro-posal submission and the manage-ment of the experiments was in-stalled. This project is part of thegeneral PSI User Office, which is inoperation since mid 2004. The UserOffice serves as a central contactpoint [17] not only for the SINQusers but also for the other PSI userfacilities SLS, SµS and the particlephysics. The goal is to synchronizeand unify the user operation at thevarious facilities as far as possibleand also to trigger the use of com-plementary techniques over the PSIcampus. Finally it should be mentioned thatthe Paul Scherrer Institute is fullyequipped to serve as a user laborato-ry. A guesthouse, a restaurant andvarious catering facilities are avail-able on site. The PSI library and the

various mechanic and electric shopsare open to be used by the visitors aswell. But the most attractive featurePSI can offer to its user communityis the high quality of the instrumentsand the know-how and enthusiasmof the PSI staff members, who willhelp make experiments at SINQ asuccess.

References[1] http://sinq.web.psi.ch[2] http://lns00.psi.ch/sinqwiki/

Wiki.jsp?page=SampleEnvironment[3] R. Gilardi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 217003

(2002); Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 217001 (2004).[4] R. Gilardi et al., Euro. Phys. Lett. 66, 840

(2004).[5] S. N. Gvasaliya et al., Phys. Rev. B 69,

092105 (2004); Eur. Phys. J. B 40, 235(2004); JETP Letters 80, 355 (2004).

[6] V. Pomjakushin et al., Phys. Rev. B 66,184412 (2002).

[7] A. Podlesnyak et al., submitted to Phys.Rev. Lett.

[8] Ch. Rüegg et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93,037207 (2004).

[9] Ch. Rüegg et al., Nature 423, 62-65 (2003);Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 257201 (2004).

[10] O. Zaharko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93,217206 (2004)

[11] H. Ronnow et al., Science 308, 389 (2005)[12] J. Stahn et al., Phys. Rev. B 71, 140509

(2005)[13] T. Gutberlet et al., Appl. Phys. A 74, 1262

(2002) [14] T. M. Geue et al, J. Appl. Physics 93, 3161

(2003)[15] http://neutra.web.psi.ch[16] http://sinq.web.psi.ch/sinq/access.html[17] http://user.web.psi.ch

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On 30 August 2005, a Scientific Co-operation Agreement and a Memo-randum of Intent were signed be-tween the Research Institute for Sol-id State Physics and Optics (RISP) inBudapest - acting on behalf of theHungarian Academy of Sciences -and the ILL. Under the terms of theMemorandum of Intent, Hungaryundertakes to accede to full scientificmembership of ILL by not later thanOctober 2007, probably as partner ofa consortium with other Central Eu-ropean countries.As of September 2005, Hungary hasalready obtained the status of inter-

im scientific member, which con-veys, in particular, the right to accessscheduled beamtime in return forpayment of a temporarily reducedcontribution. A similar arrangementwas concluded with Sweden in April2005 and other countries have alsoexpressed interest in joining the ILLthrough interim membership.Hungary is particularly interested incooperating on the construction of anext generation Neutron Spin Echoinstrument.The ILL management is organisingour second ILL MILLENNIUMSYMPOSIUM and European Users

Meeting (26-29 April 2006). Since thefirst ILL Millennium Symposiumheld in 2001, our Millennium Pro-gramme not only has started, but hasbeen moving on at high speed, deliv-ering much improved instrumenta-tion and infrastructure to the benefitof ILL’s users. We therefore feel thatit is timely to review what has beenachieved, but also to look towardsthe future. The Refit Programme ofsecuring our high-flux reactor iscoming to a close in 2006/07 and fol-lowing the public instrument reviewnew projects have emerged with theneed of having more cold and ultra-

News from ILLWelcome to Hungary !!

ESRF Users’ Meeting 2006The ESRF will hold is annualUSERS’ MEETING on 7 and 8 Febru-ary 2006. The meeting will largely bededicated to a discussion of optionsfor a Long Term Strategy for the fa-cility. Users are warmly encouragedto contribute with their views onnew and emerging areas, techniquesand instrumentation. A Long TermStrategy paper will then be preparedand submitted to ESRF’s fundingpartners for approval during Spring2006. The Users’ Meeting will be fol-lowed by two topical workshops, tobe held in parallel on 8 and 9 Febru-ary: “High Pressure and Synchro-tron Radiation”, and “DynamicalPhenomena in Soft Matter”. Furtherdetails can be found at:www.esrf.fr/NewsAndEventsConferences/UsersMeeting2006/ESRF also invites prospective Usersto submit proposals for beamtime.

The deadlines for these applicationsare 1 March and 1 September 2006.ESRF recently increased the numberof Review Committees that evaluateproposals for their scientific excel-lence or technical relevance. This hashelped to cater to the increasing in-

terest from scientists working in theareas of materials research and cul-tural heritage issues. Details of the number of proposalssubmitted in September 2005 and ac-cepted, per Review Committee, areshown in the table below.

R. Mason

REVIEW COMMITTEES Proposals Proposalssubmitted accepted

Chemistry 96 36Chemistry 96 36Hard Condensed Matter: Electronic & Magnetic Properties 125 56Crystals and Ordered Structures 118 52Disordered Systems 57 19Applied Materials and Engineering 124 45Environmental & Cultural Heritage Matters 68 24Macromolecular Crystallography 64 55Medicine 39 14Methods and Instrumentation 29 10Soft Condensed Matter 102 46Surfaces and Interfaces 72 30Totals 894 387

M & N & SR NEWS


35

cold neutrons. These projects includethe site development plans togetherwith ESRF and EMBL, a high mag-netic field laboratory, and new facili-ties for material science and soft con-densed matter. A new ILL Roadmapis on the way and will be available atthe Symposium. We would like to invite you there-fore to attend the meeting and to jointhe discussion and to give your in-put and advice on such matters asthe past and future directions inneutron science, and the future sci-entific and instrumental choices forneutron science at ILL.

Next standard proposal roundThe deadline for proposal submis-sion is Tuesday, 14 February 2006,midnight (European time).Proposal submission is only possi-ble electronically. Electronic Pro-posal Submission (EPS) is possiblevia our Visitors’ Club (www.ill.fr,Users & Science, Visitors’ Club, ordirectly at http://vitraill.ill.fr/cv/),once you have logged in with yourpersonal username and password.

The detailed guide-lines for the sub-mission of a proposal at the ILL canbe found on the ILL web site:www.ill.fr, Users & Science, User In-formation, Proposal Submission,Standard Submission. The web system will be operationalfrom 1 January 2006, and it will beclosed on 14 February, at midnight(European time). You will get fullsupport in case of computing hitch-es. If you have any difficulties at all,please contact our web-support([email protected]). For any further queries,please contact the Scientific Co-ordi-nation Office:ILL-SCO, 6 rue Jules HorowitzBP 156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9phone: +33 4 76 20 70 82,fax: +33 4 76 48 39 06email: [email protected], http://www.ill.fr

Instruments availableThe following instruments will beavailable for the forthcoming round:• powder diffractometers: D1A,

D1B*, D2B, D20, SALSA• liquids diffractometer: D4• polarised neutron diffractometers:

D3, D23*• single-crystal diffractometers: D9,

D10, D15*, VIVALDI • large scale structure

diffractometers: D19, DB21, LADI• small-angle scattering: D11, D22• reflectometers: ADAM*, D17 • small momentum-transfer

diffractometer: D16• diffuse-scattering spectrometer: D7• three-axis spectrometers: IN1, IN3,

IN8, IN12*, IN14, IN20, IN22*• time-of-flight spectrometers: IN4,

IN5, IN6• backscattering and spin-echo

spectrometers: IN10, IN11, IN13*,IN15, IN16

• nuclear-physics instruments: PN1,PN3

• fundamental-physics instruments:PF1B, PF2

* Instruments marked with an asteriskare CRG instruments, where a smalleramount of beam time is available than onILL-funded instruments, but we encour-age such applications. You will find de-tails of the instruments on the web:www.ill.fr/index_sc.html.

Scheduling periodThose proposals accepted at the nextround, will be scheduled during theTHREE CYCLES foreseen in 2006(150 days).

REACTOR CYCLES FOR 2006*:

Cycle n° 143 From 14/06/2006

To 03/08/2006

Cycle n° 144 From 31/08/2006

To 20/10/2006

Cycle n° 145 From 31/10/2006

To 20/12/2006

* Please note that these dates mightchange. We therefore encourage you toconsult the ILL website, where possiblechanges will be indicated.

Report from the ILL Scientific CouncilThe 73rd meeting of the ScientificCouncil was chaired by DieterRichter, the new Chairman, and itwas fully devoted to looking to thefuture of the ILL. In his introduction,Dieter Richter referred to the new in-struments being developed at ILLand the scientific partnerships beingshaped while insisting upon grow-ing competition from new MW spal-Colin Carlile welcomes His Excellency André Erdös

(Ambassador of Hungary to France) to the ILL.

M & N & SR NEWS

Table 1. The ILL reactor cycles in 2006. Start-ups and shut downs are planned at 8:30 am

668 pp

ISBN 981-256-013-0

Pub. date: Jun 2005

US$98 / £60

36


lation sources in Europe and in otherparts of the world. He agreed thatthe ILL has taken the right strategywhich is to build on its ownstrengths. Partnerships for scienceare vital in that they enable laborato-ries/institutes to expand to other ac-tivities.

The subcommittee meetings – initial-ly planned in November 2005 – andrelated proposal deadline were can-celled because, after the 2005-2006winter shutdown, the reactor willnot restart before June 2006, whichwould have caused a 9-10 monthsdelay between the submission of a

proposal and the schedule of the al-located beam time.The next Scientific Council will beon 30-31 March 2006. The subcom-mittee meetings will be held on 28-29 March.

G. Cicognani

The personal view of the reviewer

The book provide a very good account of principles and applications of Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS)as a vibrational spectroscopic technique, without assuming a high level of background knowledge. It is apiece of work factually novel and done properly, which meets needs of graduate students as well as bothusers and potential users of inelastic neutron spectroscopy, belonging to academic and research institu-tions. On the whole the book is quite clearly written, the subject matter rather well developed and theapplications of the INS well described in a wide range of materials and problems.

Carla AndreaniUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata, I

M & N & SR NEWS

www.worldscibooks.com/chemistry/5628.html

VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPYWITH NEUTRONSWith Applications in Chemistry, Biology,Materials Science and Catalysis

by Philip C.H. Mitchell (University of Reading, UK), Stewart F. Parker,Anibal J. Ramirez-Cuesta & John Tomkinson (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK)

Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) is a spectroscopic technique in which neutrons areused to probe the dynamics of atoms and molecules in solids and liquids. This book isthe first, since the late 1960s, to cover the principles and applications of INS as a vibra-tional-spectroscopic technique. It provides a hands-on account of the use of INS, con-centrating on how neutron vibrational spectroscopy can be employed to obtain chemi-cal information on a range of materials that are of interest to chemists, biologists, mate-rials scientists, surface scientists and catalyst researchers. This is an accessible and com-prehensive single-volume primary text and reference source.

Contents:• The Theory of Inelastic Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy • Instrumentation and Ex-perimental Methods • Interpretation and Analysis of Spectra Using Molecular Model-ling • Analysis of INS Spectra • Dihydrogen and Hydrides • Surface Chemistry andCatalysis • Organic and Organometallic Compounds • Hydrogen Bonding • Soft Con-densed Matter - Polymers and Biomaterials • Non-Hydrogenous Materials and Carbon• Vibrational Spectroscopy with Neutrons - The Future

Readership: Users and potential users of neutron scattering spectroscopy (academics,staff of neutron scattering institutes, researchers and graduate students); solid state vi-brational spectroscopists.


37

The Spallation Neutron Source(SNS), is a 1.4 MW pulsed neutronspallation source under constructionat Oak Ridge National Laboratory(ORNL) for the U.S. Department ofEnergy.The SNS will deliver a 60 Hz, 1.4 mAaverage current, 1GeV proton beamto a liquid mercury target for short-pulse neutron scattering experi-ments. The SNS has been planned asdedicated user facility for neutronscattering research. As such, it is ex-pected eventually to accommodate1000 to 2000 national and interna-tional users per year, carrying out re-search in diverse fields such as con-

densed matter physics, materials sci-ence, chemistry, biology, and miner-alogy and geology.To achieve this goal, a collaborationof six Department of Energy national

laboratories is responsible for designand construction of the various sub-systems: ion source (LawrenceBerkeley), room temperature linearaccelerator (Linac) (Los Alamos), su-perconducting Linac (Thomas Jeffer-son), accumulator ring (Brookhaven),target (Oak Ridge), and instruments(Argonne and Oak Ridge).The project is in the seventh year ofa seven-year construction phase,with facility operations scheduled tobegin in 2006. Following a two-yearperiod of commissioning and ramp-ing up of power level, we anticipatebeing able to operate in user mode(defined at >90% availability) in the

megawatt-level power range. As ex-perience with operation is gained,we plan to approach the ultimategoal of 5000 full power hours peryear at 95% reliability.

Key to the performance of SNS is itsaccelerator which has the followingcomponents. An H- ion source pro-vides a 65 keV beam of 50 mA peakcurrent to the Linac.This beam is accelerated in four sep-arate accelerating structures, andeach is optimized for a particular en-ergy range. First, a RadiofrequencyQuadrupole accelerates the beam to2.5 MeV. Second, a Drift-Tube-Linacaccelerates the beam to 87 MeV.Third, a Coupled-Cavity-Linac accel-erates the beam to 186 MeV. Fourth aSuperconducting Linac acceleratesthe beam to 1GeV.An RF pulse is applied to the Linac

accelerating structures to provide a 1msec long beam pulse. The 1 msecbeam pulse is continuously injectedinto the accumulator ring (after theelectrons are removed) and the re-

SNS Nears Completion

Photo 1. The site aerial of the Spallation Neutron Source and the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Photo credit: ORNL

M & N & SR NEWS

38


sulting proton beam pulse length iscompressed to 700 nsec. Once accumulation is complete, thisbeam of high-energy protons is ex-tracted and hits mercury nuclei in atarget of 20 tons of flowing liquidmercury.Neutrons are the spallation productof these collisions and are slowed byone ambient water and three liquidhydrogen moderators. The neutronsare guided to the instrument hallwhere up to 24 instruments can be

accommodated. The acceleration, ac-cumulation and delivery cycle oper-ates at 60 Hz. To date, 17 instruments have beenassigned beamlines, including onefor fundamental physics research,two reflectometers, seven diffrac-tometers and seven spectrometers.The general user program is expect-ed to begin in 2008 for a smallgroup of these instruments and willbe preceded by a period for initialusers to assist SNS instrument sci-

entists in the commissioning ofthese instruments during the ramp-up of power, predictability, and reli-ability.With the SNS construction phaseending, SNS, the Joint Institute ofNeutron Sciences (JINS) and othermembers of the U.S. neutron com-munity are working with the Euro-pean Community to chart new re-search opportunities through NMI3(EU Framework Programme 6 - In-tegrated Infrastructure Initiative for

Photo 2. In this image of the Target building, protons enter from the top. SNS will have room for 24 instruments. Five instruments are part of the initialconstruction project and others will be added at a rate 1-2 per year.

M & N & SR NEWS


39

Neutron Scattering and MuonSpectroscopy). The BioMaN- Biomaterials & Neutrons

session at the American Vacuum So-ciety Meeting introduced neutronscattering to the biomaterials com-

munity. This followed JINS-NMI3supported collaborations of fore-sight studies on Neutrons and Energyfor the Future, June 2004, and Sympo-sium on Neutrons at the Frontier ofEarth Sciences and Environment –NESE, April 2005.These collaborations continue with asmall group meeting in February2006 to identify research that willsupport advances in neutron instru-mentation needed over the next sev-eral decades.Research at the SNS will be comple-mented by opportunities availableelsewhere at Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory.Together with the expanded capabil-ities of the High Flux Isotope Reac-tor, the synthesis and characteriza-tion facilities in the new Center forNanophase Materials Science, bio-deuteration capabilities of the Centerfor Structural Molecular Biology,and the resources of the Center forComputational Sciences, we believe

these are unparalleled opportunitiesfor the study of structure and prop-erties of materials. For more infor-mation on the SNS, please visit ourwebsite at www.sns.gov.

A.E. Ekkebus

Photo 3. The Backscattering Spectrometer is a near-backscattering, crystal-analyzer spectrometerdesigned to provide extremely high energy resolution. The design requires a long initial guide sec-tion of 84 m from moderator to sample in order to achieve the timing resolution necessary toachieve the desired energy resolution. The tank is 7 m in diameter and 4 m high.

Photo 4. Waynette Dawkins is attaching one of 1500 analyzer crystals to aluminum plates prior tomounting in the evacuated tank.

Photo 5. This curved portion of the 84 m ofneutron guides directs low energy neutronsfrom the target to the sample.Photo credits: ORNL

M & N & SR NEWS

40


MEETING REPORTS

AbstractThe European Molecular BiologyLaboratory (EMBL) has established anew high-throughput crystallizationfacility at its Outstation located onthe campus of the German Synchro-tron Radiation Facility (DESY) inHamburg, Germany, with majorfunds from the German Ministry forScience and Education (BMBF). Thisis Europe’s largest facility of its kindwith access to the general user com-munity. The facility combines tech-nological advances in new ways toautomate every step along the crys-tallization process. Progress in life science has been ex-traordinary over the past years. Theamount of data deposited in Gen-Bank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank) for example has increased al-most 10-fold since 1999 for a total ofmore than 46 Million entries. As aconsequence, researchers worldwidenow have access to the complete in-ventories of cells from multiple or-ganisms. While bioinformatics hasbrought classification and systemati-zation to this plethora of informa-tion, scientists still have to translatethe genetic information into knowl-edge about the cell’s inner workings.One almost immediate response toclose the gap between informationand knowledge was Structural Ge-nomics [1]. It is founded on the real-ization that the three-dimensionalstructure of biological macromole-cules is the fundamental principlebehind function. X-ray crystallogra-phy is the natural choice for struc-ture determination by virtue of itsaccuracy, speed, potential for furtherspeed gains and absence of limits on

the sample size. Bio-crystallographycontributes 85% of all structures de-posited in the Protein Data Bank(PDB, www.rcsb.org/pdb).Despite numerous improvements inX-ray crystallography (e.g. the use ofpowerful synchrotrons and betterdetectors) it is still a slow method incomparison to DNA sequencing, forexample. There are currently twomajor bottlenecks in crystallogra-phy: the production of sufficientamounts of soluble sample and itssubsequent crystallization. The rea-son crystallization is a bottleneck liesin the inability to predict successfulconditions or construct designs thatlead to the formation of well formedcrystals. Therefore one is forced toset up a very large number of crys-tallization experiments (~500 at 2temperatures) for a large number ofconstructs. Fortunately, crystalliza-tion is very suitable for automation[2,3].We have established Europe’s largesthigh-throughput crystallization fa-cility at the EMBL-Hamburg Outsta-tion, which will be open to the gen-eral user community. The facility hasthe capacity to generate 10,000 crys-tallization experiments in an 8 hourworking day and it can store and im-age a total of 1,000,000 such experi-ments. With this facility, the EMBLhas added a critical component to itsalready existing services for struc-tural biologists. Users of the EMBL-Hamburg outstation now have thepossibility to take advantage of ahighly automated crystallographypipeline that comprises sample crys-tallization, data collection at a syn-chrotron and model building.

In the future, the high-throughputcrystallization facility will becomepart of the Integrated Center for LifeScience at the new 3rd generationsynchrotron beamline of PETRA III(http://petra3.desy.de). This centerwill accommodate state of the artsample purification and characteri-zation facilities (e.g. MS, ITC,DLS/SLS etc.) as well as the world’smost advanced PX and SAXS beam-lines under one roof. Brining togeth-er all of these facilities will give re-searchers a unique tool to tackle thescientific challenges ahead.

References[1] Montelione GT & Anderson S.(1999). Structural genomics: key-stone for a Human Proteome Project.Nat Struct Biol. 6, 11-12.[2] Walter, TS et al. (2005). A proce-dure for setting up high-throughputnanolitre crystallization experi-ments. Crystallization workflow forinitial screening, automated storage,imaging and optimization. ActaCrys-tallogr. D 61, 651-657.[3] Wang, BC et al. (2005). ProteinProduction and Crystallization atSECSG - An Overview. J Struct FunctGenomics. 6, 233-243

Jochen Müller-DieckmannMatthias Wilmanns

EMBL Outstation Hamburg,c/o DESY

Notkestr. 85, Bldg. 25AD-22603 Hamburg, Germany

Email:[email protected]@embl-hamburg.de

New high-throughput crystallization facilityat EMBL-Hamburg

41


Call for proposals forNeutron SourcesBENSCDeadlines for proposal submission are:15th March 2006www.hmi.de/bensc

BNCDeadlines for proposal submission are:15th June 2006www.bnc.hu

FZ JuelichDeadline for proposal submission is:1st February 2006www.fz-juelich.de

GeNFDeadline for proposal submission is:Anytime during 2006www.gkss.de/index

ILLDeadlines for proposal submission are:14th February 2006www.ill.fr

ISISDeadlines for proposal submission are:16th April and 16th October 2006www.isis.rl.ac.uk

LLB-ORPHEE-SACLAYDeadlines for proposal submission are:1st April 2006www-llb.cea.fr

NFLDeadlines for proposal submission are:15th May and 15th September, 2006www.studsvik.uu.se

NPI-RezDeadline for proposal submission is:15th May and 15th September 2006www.ujf.cas.cz

SINQDeadlines for proposal submission are:15th May and 15th November 2006sinq.web.psi.ch/

Call for proposals forSynchrotron Radiation SourcesALSDeadlines for proposal submission are:1st June 2006www-als.lbl.gov/als/quickguide/independinvest.html

BESSYDeadlines for proposal submission are:15th February 2006www.bessy.de/boat/

DARESBURYDeadlines for proposal submission are:1st May and 1st November 2006www.srs.ac.uk/srs/userSR/user_access2.html

ELETTRADeadlines for proposal submission are:28th February and 31st August 2006www.elettra.trieste.it/UserOffice/index.php?n=Main.ApplicationForBeamtime

ESRFDeadlines for proposal submission are:1st March 2006 and 1st September 2006www.esrf.fr/UsersAndScience/UserGuide/GeneralGuidelines

GILDADeadlines for proposal submission are:1st May and 1st November 2006www.lnf.infn.it/esperimenti/puls/gilda.html

HASYLABDeadlines for proposal submission are:1st March and 1st September 2006www-hasylab.desy.de/user_infos/projects/3_deadlines.htm

LUREDeadline for proposal submission is:30th October 2006www.lure.u-psud.fr

MAX-LABDeadline for proposal submission is:February 2006www.maxlab.lu.se

NSLSDeadlines for proposal submission are:31st May and 31st September, 2006www.nls.bnl.gov/

CALL FOR PROPOSALS

CALENDAR

42


February 8-9, 2006 GRENOBLE, FRANCE

Dynamic Phenomena in Soft MatterESRF, Auditoriume-mail: [email protected]://www.esrf.fr/NewsAndEvents/Conferences/UsersMeeting2006/SoftCondensedMatterWS/

February 8-10, 2006 GRENOBLE, FRANCE

Workshop on High Pressure and SynchrotronRadiationCNRS Grenoble Auditoriumhttp://www.esrf.fr/NewsAndEvents/Conferences/UsersMeeting2006/HiPressureWorkshop/

February 13-14, 2006 VILLIGEN, SWITZERLAND

International Workshop on Present Status and Futureof Very Cold Neutron ApplicationsPaul Scherrer Instituthttp://sinq.web.psi.ch/sinq/instr/psts/vcn-workshop.html

February 16-17, 2006 JÜLICH, GERMANY

Symposium for the Inauguration of the ‘Juelich Centrefor Neutron Science JCNS’ and European UsersMeetingForschungszentrumhttp://www.jcns.info/

February 20-21, 2006 CAMPINAS, SP, BRAZIL

LNLS 16th Annuak Users MeetingLNLS Campushttp://www.lnls.br/formularios/eventos/DetalhesEvento.asp?idEvento=51&idioma=2

February 20-21, 2006 VILLIGEN PSI, SWITZERLAND

Workshop on X-ray absorption spectroscopy andmicro-spectroscopic techniquesPaul Scherrer Instituthttp://xas06.web.psi.ch/

February 20-26, 2006 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, USA

AAAS Annual Meetinghttp://www.aaas.org/meetings/Annual_Meeting/

February 21-23, 2006 TOKYO, JAPAN

Nano Tech 2006 - “International NanotechnologyExhibition & Conference”Tokyo Big Sight (Tokyo International Exhibition Center)e-mail: [email protected]://www.ics-inc.co.jp/nanotech/index_e.html

March 1-4, 2006 VILLIGEN, SWITZERLAND

Swiss-Russian Workshop on ‘Quantum Magnetismand Polarised Neutrons’PSIhttp://lns00.psi.ch/sinqwiki/Wiki.jsp?page=WorkshopQM

March 7-8, 2006 HARIMA, JAPAN

The Fourth International Workshop on X-ray Damageto Biological Crystalline SamplesSpring8http://www.spring8.or.jp/e/conference/rd4/

March 12-16, 2006 SAPPORO, JAPAN

The 8th International Conference on the Physics of X-Ray Mutlilayer Structurese-mail: [email protected]://www.esrf.fr/NewsAndEvents/Conferences/pxrms06/

March 13-17, 2006 BALTIMORE, MD, USA

American Physical Society MeetingConvention Centerhttp://www.aps.org/meet/MAR06/

March 16-18, 2006 GRENOBLE, FRANCE

AP.G.RA.D(E) 2006 Applications of Gamma-RayDiffractionInstitut Laue Langevin,http://www.ill.fr/apgrade/First-Announce.htm

March 23-26, 2006 GRENOBLE, FRANCE

3rd International Workshop on Dynamics inConinementInstitut Laue Langevinhttp://www.ill.fr/YellowBook/IN6/confit2006/confit_2006.html

43


CALENDAR

March 26-30, 2006 ATLANTA, GA, USA

231st American Chemical Society Meetinghttp://acswebcontent.acs.org/nationalmeeting/atlanta2006/home.html

March 30-31, 2006 DARESBURY, CHESHIRE, UK

3rd Network Meeting - ESF Future Advanced LightSources(FALS)Daresbury Laboratoryemail: [email protected]://www.srs.ac.uk/meetings/esf_fals/

April 17-21, 2006 SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA

MRS Spring Meeting - Materials Research SocietySpring MeetingMoscone Westhttp://www.mrs.org/s_mrs/sec_mtgdetail.asp?CID=2072&DID=92004

April 22-25, 2006 DALLAS, TX, USA

American Physical Society MeetingHyatt Regency Hotelhttp://www.aps.org/meet/APR06/

April 27-29, 2006 GRENOBLE, FRANCE

ILL Millenium Symposium and European UsersMeetingInstitut Laue Langevin,http://vitraill.ill.fr/symposium/welcome.jsp

May 5-10, 2006 VAALBEEK (BELGIUM)

Neutron scattering - an introductory course for thebiosciences and materials sciencesLa Foresta

May 10, 2006 VILLIGEN, SWITZERLAND

8th SINQ Users’ MeetingPSI http://sinq.web.psi.ch/sinq/usmeet_8/meet8.html

May 13-19, 2006 MUROL, PUY-DE-DOME

14th Journées de la Diffusion Neutroniquehttp://www.sfn.asso.fr/JDN/JDN14

May 15-19, 2006 HAMBURG, GERMANY

FLS 2006 - 37th ICFA Advanced Beam DynamicsWorkshop on Future Light Sourceshttp://fls2006.desy.de/

May 16-19, 2006 KYOTO, JAPAN

LPM 2006 - 7th International Symposium on LaserPrecision Microfabrication 2006Kyoto Research Parkhttp://www.jlps.gr.jp/lamp/lamp2006/

May 21-26, 2006 GRENOBLE, FRANCE

HSC1: Synchrotron Radiation X-ray ImagingESRFe-mail: [email protected]://www.esrf.fr/NewsAndEvents/Conferences/HSC/HSC1/

May 28 - June 3, 2006 DAEGU, KOREA

SRI2006 - Ninth International Conference onSynchrotron Radiation InstrumentationExco Centerhttp://www.sri2006.org/about/info.php

June 10-17, 2006 GIRONDE, FRANCE

8th Bombannes School - European School onScattering Methods Applied to Soft Condensed MatterRelaiSoleil Aquitaine , “Les Bruyères” Bombanneshttp://whisky.ill.fr/Events/bombannes/

June 13-14, 2006 ITHACA, NY, USA

CHESS Users Meetinghttp://meetings.chess.cornell.edu/Usermeeting2006

44


CALENDAR

June 14-17, 2006 BLOOMINGTON, IN, USA

The Eighth International Quasi-Elastic NeutronScattering Conference (QENS2006)Bloomington Convention Centerhttp://www.iucf.indiana.edu/events/qens2006

June 16-18, 2006 SASKATOON, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA

Saskatchewan, CanadaCLS 9th Annual Users MeetingUniversity of Saskatchewanhttp://www.lightsource.ca/uac/meeting2006

June 18-22, 2006 ST. CHARLES, IL, USA

2006 American Conference on Neutron Scatteringe-mail: [email protected]://acns2006.anl.gov

June 18-22, 2006 SAN DIEGO, CA, USA

AAAS Pacific Division 87th Annual MeetingSan Diego University Campushttp://www.sou.edu/aaaspd/SanDiego2006/Index.html

July 9-13, 2006 KYOTO, JAPAN

13th International Conference on Small-AngleScattering (SAS2006)Kyoto International Conference Hallhttp://sas2006.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp

July 9-13, 2006 KYOTO, JAPAN

SAS2006 Kyoto - XIII International Conference onSmall-Angle ScatteringKyoto International Conference Hallhttp://sas2006.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp

July 9-14, 2006 STANFORD, CA, USA

XAFS13 - 13th International Conference on X-rayAbsorption Fine StructureStanford University campus.http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/xafs13

July 12-18, 2006 MANCHESTER, UK

EPS-HEP2007European Physical Society Conference on High EnergyPhysicshttp://www.hep.man.ac.uk/HEP2007

July 16-20, 2006 TAIPEI, TAIWAN

9SXNS - Ninth International Conference on SurfaceX-Ray and Neutron ScatteringAcademia Sinicahttp://web11.nsrrc.org.tw/9sxns

July 23-28, 2006 KOBE, JAPAN

19th General Meeting of the InternationalMineralogical Association - “New Frontiers in MineralSciences”e-mail: [email protected]://www.congre.co.jp/ima2006/index_e.html

July 30 - August 2, 2006 CHICAGO, IL, USA

SRMS-5 - Fifth International Conference onSynchrotron Radiation in Materials ScienceDrake Hotelhttp://www.aps.anl.gov/News/Conferences/2006/SRMS/index.html

45


FACILITIES

Atominstitut Vienna (A)Facility: TRIGA MARK IIType: Reactor. Thermal power 250 kW.Flux: 1.0 x 1013 n/cm2/s (Thermal);1.7 x 1013 n/cm2/s (Fast)Address for information:1020 Wien, Stadionallee 2 - Prof. H. RauchTel: +43 1 58801 14111; Fax: +43 1 58801 14199E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.ati.ac.atWap: wap.ati.ac.at

NRU Chalk River LaboratoriesThe peak thermal flux 3x1014 cm-2 sec-1Neutron Program for Materials Research National Research Council Canada Building 459, Station 18 Chalk River Laboratories Chalk River, Ontario - Canada K0J 1J0Phone: 1 - (888) 243-2634 (toll free)Phone: 1 - (613) 584-8811 ext. 3973Fax: 1- (613) 584-4040http://neutron.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/home.html

Budapest Neutron Centre BRR (H)Type: Reactor. Flux: 2.0 x 1014 n/cm2/sAddress for application forms:Dr. Borbely Sándor, KFKI Building 10,1525 Budapest - Pf 49, HungaryE-mail: [email protected]://www.iki.kfki.hu/nuclear

FRJ-2 Research Reactor in Jüelich (D)Type: Dido reactor. Flux: 2 x 1014 n/cm2/sProf. D. Richter, Forschungszentrums Jüelich GmbH,Institut für Festkörperforschung,Postfach 19 13, 52425 Jüelich, GermanyTel: +49 2461161 2499; Fax: +49 2461161 2610E-mail: [email protected]://www.neutronscattering.de

FRG-1 Geesthacht (D)Type: Swimming Pool Cold Neutron Source.Flux: 8.7 x 1013 n/cm2/sAddress for application forms and informations:Reinhard Kampmann, Institute for Materials Science,Div. Wfn-Neutronscattering, GKSS, Research Centre,21502 Geesthacht, GermanyTel: +49 (0)4152 87 1316/2503; Fax: +49 (0)4152 87 1338E-mail: [email protected]://www.gkss.de

HMI Berlin BER-II (D)Facility: BER II, BENSCType: Swimming Pool Reactor. Flux: 2 x 1014 n/cm2/sAddress for application forms:Dr. Rainer Michaelsen, BENSC,Scientific Secretary, Hahn-Meitner-Insitut,Glienicker Str 100, 14109 Berlin, GermanyTel: +49 30 8062 2304/3043; Fax: +49 30 8062 2523/2181E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.hmi.de/bensc

IBR2 Fast Pulsed Reactor Dubna (RU)Type: Pulsed Reactor.Flux: 3 x 1016 (thermal n in core)Address for application forms:Dr. Vadim Sikolenko,Frank Laboratory of Neutron PhysicsJoint Institute for Nuclear Research141980 Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia.Tel: +7 09621 65096; Fax: +7 09621 65882E-mail: [email protected]://nfdfn.jinr.ru/flnph/ibr2.html

ILL Grenoble (F)Type: 58MW High Flux Reactor.Flux: 1.5 x 1015 n/cm2/sScientific CoordinatorDr. G. Cicognani, ILL, BP 156,38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, FranceTel: +33 4 7620 7179; Fax: +33 4 76483906E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]; http://www.ill.fr

IPNS Intense Pulsed Neutron at Argonne (USA)for proposal submission by e-mailsend to [email protected] or mail/fax to:IPNS Scientific Secretary, Building 360Argonne National Laboratory,9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne,IL 60439-4814, USAPhone: 630/252-7820; Fax: 630/252-7722 http://www.pns.anl.gov/

IRI Interfaculty Reactor Institute in Delft (NL)Type: 2MW light water swimming pool.Flux: 1.5 x 1013 n/cm2/sAddress for application forms:Dr. A.A. van Well, Interfacultair Reactor Institut,Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15,2629 JB Delft, The NetherlandsTel: +31 15 2784738; Fax: +31 15 2786422E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.iri.tudelft.nl

N E U T R O N S O U R C E SNEUTRON SCATTERING WWW SERVERS IN THE WORLD(http://neutron.neutron-eu.net/n_news/n_calendar_of_events)

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FACILITIES

ISIS Didcot (UK)Type: Pulsed Spallation Source.Flux: 2.5 x 1016 n fast/sAddress for application forms:ISIS Users Liaison Office, Building R3,Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton,Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QXTel: +44 (0) 1235 445592; Fax: +44 (0) 1235 445103E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.isis.rl.ac.uk

JAERI (J)Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute,Tokai-mura, Naka-gun,Ibaraki-ken 319-11, Japan.Jun-ichi Suzuki (JAERI);Yuji Ito (ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo);Fax: +81 292 82 59227; Telex: JAERIJ24596http://www.ndc.tokai.jaeri.go.jp/

JEEP-II Kjeller (N)Type: D2O moderated 3.5%enriched UO2 fuel.Flux: 2 x 1013 n/cm2/sAddress for application forms:Institutt for EnergiteknikkK.H. Bendiksen, Managing DirectorBox 40, 2007 Kjeller, NorwayTel: +47 63 806000, 806275; Fax: +47 63 816356E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.ife.no

LLB Orphée Saclay (F)Type: Reactor. Flux: 3.0 x 1014 n/cm2/sLaboratoire Léon Brillouin (CEA-CNRS)Submissio by email at the following address :[email protected]://www-llb.cea.fr/index_e.html

NFL Studsvik (S)Type: 50 MW reactor. Flux: > 1014 n/cm2/sAddress for application forms:Dr. A. Rennie, NFL StudsvikS-611 82 Nyköping, SwedenTel: +46 155 221000; Fax: +46 155 263070/263001E-mail: [email protected]://www.studsvik.uu.se

NIST Research Reactor, Washington, USANational Institute of Standardsand Technology-Gaithersburg,Maryland 20899 USACenter Office:J. Michael Rowe, 6210, DirectorNIST Center for Neutron ResearchE-mail: [email protected]://www.ncnr.nist.gov/

NRI Rez (CZ)Type: 10 MW research reactor.Address for informations:Zdenek Kriz, Scientif SecretaryNuclear Research Institute Rez plc, 250 68 Rez - Czech RepublicTel: +420 2 20941177 / 66173428; Fax: +420 2 20941155E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]; http://www.nri.cz

PSI-SINQ Villigen (CH)Type: Steady spallation source.Flux: 2.0 x 1014 n/cm2/sContact address: Paul Scherrer InstitutUser Office, CH-5232 Villigen PSI - SwitzerlandTel: +41 56 310 4666; Fax: +41 56 310 3294E-mail: [email protected]; http://sinq.web.psi.ch

SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE, ORNL (USA)http://www.sns.gov/

TU Munich FRM, FRM-2 (D)Type: Compact 20 MW reactor.Flux: 8 x 1014 n/cm2/sAddress for information:Prof. Winfried Petry,FRM-II Lichtenbergstrasse 1 - 85747 GarchingTel: 089 289 14701; Fax: 089 289 14666E-mail: [email protected]://www.frm2.tu-muenchen.de

FACILITIES

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ALS Advanced Light SourceBerkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, MS6R2100, Berkeley,CA 94720tel: +1 510.486.7745 - fax: +1 510.486.4773http://www-als.lbl.gov/

ANKAForschungszentrum Karlsruhe Institut fürSynchrotronstrahlung Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germanytel: +49 (0)7247 / 82-6071 - fax: +49-(0)7247 / 82-6172http://hikwww1.fzk.de/iss/

APS Advanced Photon SourceBldg 360, Argonne Nat. Lab. 9700 S. Cass Avenue,Argonne, Il 60439, USAtel:+1 708 252 5089 - fax: +1 708 252 3222http://epics.aps.anl.gov/welcome.html

ASTRIDISA, Univ. of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus,Denmarktel: +45 61 28899 - fax: +45 61 20740http://www.aau.dk/uk/nat/isa

BESSY Berliner Elektronen-speicherring Gessell.fürSynchrotron-strahlung mbHBESSY GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str.15, 12489 Berlin,Germanytel +49 (0)30 6392-2999 - fax: +49 (0)30 6392-2990http://www.bessy.de

BSRL Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Lab.Inst. of High Energy Physics, 19 Yucuan Rd.PO Box 918,Beijing 100039, PR Chinatel: +86 1 8213344 - fax: +86 1 8213374http://solar.rtd.utk.edu/~china/ins/IHEP/bsrf/bsrf.html

CAMD Center Advanced Microstructures & DevicesLouisiana State University, Center for AdvancedMicrostructures & Devices, 6980 Jefferson Hwy., Baton Rouge, LA 70806tel: (225) 578-8887 - fax: (225) 578-6954 Faxhttp://www.camd.lsu.edu/

CHESS Cornell High Energy Synchr. Radiation SourceWilson Lab., Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853, USAtel: +1 607 255 7163 - fax: +1 607 255 9001http://www.tn.cornell.edu/

CLSCanadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, 101Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, SK., Canada. S7N 0X4http://www.cls.usask.ca/

DAFNEINFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, P.O. Box 13,I-00044 Frascati (Rome), Italytel: +39 6 9403 1 - fax: +39 6 9403304http://www.lnf.infn.it/

DELTAUniversität Dortmund,Emil Figge Str 74b,44221 Dortmund, Germanytel: +49 231 7555383 - fax: +49 231 7555398http://prian.physik.uni-dortmund.de/

DIAMONDDiamond Light Source Ltd, Rutherford AppletonLaboratory, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0QXhttp://www.diamond.ac.uk/

ELETTRASincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - Km 163,5in AREA Science Park, 34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italytel: +39 40 37581 - fax: +39 40 226338http://www.elettra.trieste.it

ELSA Electron Stretcher and AcceleratorNußalle 12, D-5300 Bonn-1, Germanytel:+49 288 732796 - fax: +49 288 737869http://elsar1.physik.uni-bonn.de/elsahome.html

ESRF European Synchrotron Radiation Lab.BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, Francetel: +33 476 882000 - fax: +33 476 882020http://www.esrf.fr/

EUTERPECyclotron Lab.,Eindhoven Univ. of Technol, P.O.Box 513,5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlandstel: +31 40 474048 - fax: +31 40 438060

HASYLABNotkestrasse 85, D-2000, Hamburg 52, Germanytel: +49 40 89982304 - fax: +49 40 89982787http://www-hasylab.desy.de/

S Y N C H R OT R O N R A D I AT I O N S O U R C E SSYNCHROTRON SOURCES WWW SERVERS IN THE WORLD(http://www.esrf.fr/navigate/synchrotrons.html)

FACILITIES

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INDUS Center for Advanced Technology, Rajendra Nagar,Indore 452012, Indiatel: +91 731 64626http://www.ee.ualberta.ca/~naik/accind1.html

KEK Photon FactoryNat. Lab. for High Energy Physics, 1-1, Oho,Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken, 305 Japantel: +81 298 641171 - fax: +81 298 642801http://www.kek.jp/

KurchatovKurchatov Inst. of Atomic Energy, SR Center,Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russiatel: +7 95 1964546

LNLS Laboratorio Nacional Luz SincrotronCP 6192, 13081 Campinas, SP Braziltel.: (+55) 0xx19 3287.4520 - fax: (+55) 0xx19 3287.4632http://www.lnls.br/

LUREBât 209-D, 91405 Orsay ,Francetel: +33 1 64468014 - fax: +33 1 64464148http://www.lure.u-psud.fr

MAX-LabBox 118, University of Lund, S-22100 Lund, Swedentel: +46 46 109697 - fax: +46 46 104710http://www.maxlab.lu.se/

NSLS National Synchrotron Light SourceBldg. 725, Brookhaven Nat. Lab., Upton, NY 11973, USAtel: +1 516 282 2297 - fax: +1 516 282 4745http://www.nsls.bnl.gov/

NSRL National Synchrotron Radiation Lab.USTC, Hefei, Anhui 230029, PR Chinatel +86-551-5132231,3602034 - fax: +86-551-5141078http://www.nsrl.ustc.edu.cn/en/enhome.html

PohangPohang Inst. for Science & Technol., P.O. Box 125Pohang, Korea 790600tel: +82 562 792696 - fax: +82 562 794499http://pal.postech.ac.kr/english.html

Siberian SR CenterLavrentyev Ave 11, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russiatel: +7 383 2 356031 - fax: +7 383 2 352163http://ssrc.inp.nsk.su/english/load.pl?right=general.html

SLSSwiss Light SourcePaul Scherrer Institut, User Office, CH-5232 Villigen PSI,Switzerlandtel: +41 56 310 4666 - fax: +41 56 310 3294E-mail [email protected] - http://sls.web.psi.ch

SPring-82-28-8 Hon-komagome, Bunkyo-ku ,Tokyo 113, Japantel: +81 03 9411140 - fax: +81 03 9413169http://www.spring8.or.jp/top.html

SOLEILCentre Universitaire - B.P. 34 - 91898 Orsay Cedexhttp://www.soleil.u-psud.fr/

SOR-RING Inst. Solid State PhysicsS.R. Lab, Univ. of Tokyo, 3-2-1 Midori-cho Tanashi-shi,Tokyo 188, Japantel: +81 424614131 ext 346 - fax: +81 424615401

SRC Synchrotron Rad. CenterUniv.of Wisconsin at Madison, 3731 SchneiderDriveStoughton, WI 53589-3097 USAtel: +1 608 8737722 - fax: +1 608 8737192http://www.src.wisc.edu

SRRC SR Research Center1, R&D Road VI, Hsinchu Science, Industrial Parc,Hsinchu 30077 Taiwan, Republic of Chinatel: +886 35 780281 - fax: +886 35 781881http://www.srrc.gov.tw/

SSRL Stanford SR Laboratory2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USAtel: +1 650-926-4000 - fax: +1 650-926-3600http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/welcome.html

SRS Daresbury SR SourceSERC, Daresbury Lab, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K.tel: +44 925 603000 - fax: +44 925 603174E-mail: [email protected]://www.dl.ac.uk/home.html

SURF IIIB119, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20859, USAtel: +1 301 9753726 - fax: +1 301 8697628http://physics.nist.gov/MajResFac/surf/surf.html

TERAS ElectroTechnical Lab.1-1-4 Umezono, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305, Japantel: 81 298 54 5541 - fax: 81 298 55 6608

UVSORInst. for Molecular ScienceMyodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japantel: +81 564 526101 - fax: +81 564 547079

Notiziario Vol.11 n.1 Gen 2006statistics.roma2.infn.it/~notiziario/2006/pdf/vol11-n1...E-mail:...

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