NOTIZIARIO Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone - Issue 12 n.2, 2007

Vol. 12 n. 2 July 2007 - Aut. Trib. Roma n. 124/96 del 22-03-96 - Sped. Abb. Post. 70% Filiale di Roma - C.N.R. p.le A. Moro 7, 00185 Roma

NOTIZIARIONeutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone

Rivista delConsiglio Nazionaledelle Ricerche

ISSN 1592-7822

Cover photo:4 pictures of iron black box no. 9 (Fe 9)from the ANCIENT CHARM project.

published by CNR in collaborationwith the Faculty of Sciences and thePhysics Department of the Universityof Rome “Tor Vergata”.

Vol. 12 n. 2 Luglio 2007Autorizzazione del Tribunale diRoma n. 124/96 del 22-03-96

EDITOR:

C. Andreani

EXECUTIVE EDITORS:

M. Apice, P. Bosi, D. Catena,P. Giugni

EDITORIAL OFFICE:

L. Avaldi, F. Bruni, S. Imberti,L. Palumbo, G. Paolucci,R. Triolo, M. Zoppi

EDITORIAL SERVICE AND ADVERTISING

FOR EUROPE AND USA:

P. Casella

CORRESPONDENTS AND FACILITIES:

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ON LINE VERSION

V. Buttaro

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE:

W.C. Chen, G. Cicognani,C.D. Frost, D.J. Hughes,S. Imberti, D. Krotz,W. Paulus, T. Pirling

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Vol. 12 n. 2 July 2007


S U M M A R Y

Rivista delConsiglio Nazionaledelle Ricerche

EDITORIALCarlo Rizzuto will be the new ESFRI Chairman .............. 2B. Sabatini

2007 Walter Hälg Prize of the European Neutron Scattering Association (ENSA) ................................................................. 3ISIS Facility

A rough guide to Research Infrastructures inEU Framework Programme 7 .................................................................... 4R. McGreevy

SCIENTIFIC REVIEWSA marker-free 3D image registration for theANCIENT CHARM project. Case study withneutron and X-ray tomography datasets .................................... 6P. Kudejova et al.

Dynamic interplay between biomolecules andglassy environments – New insights fromneutron scattering .................................................................................................. 14A. Paciaroni

RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURESHiFi – A new Muon Spectrometer for ISIS ............................. 19P. King

The EMBL Integrated Facility for Structural Biologyat PETRA III ................................................................................................................... 21T.R. Schneider

M & N & SR NEWSNews from ILL ........................................................................................................... 23

News from ISIS .......................................................................................................... 29

News from NIST Center for Neutron Research ............... 32

News from SNS ......................................................................................................... 33

CALL FOR PROPOSALS .............................................................................................................. 36

CALENDAR .............................................................................................................................................. 38

FACILITIES ............................................................................................................................................... 41


www.cnr.it/neutronielucedisincrotrone

EDITORIAL

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NOTIZIARIO NEUTRONI E LUCE DI SINCROTRONE • Vol. 12 n. 2 July 2007

2


Carlo Rizzuto, President of Sincrotrone Tri-

este, will take the office of Chairman of

ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Re-

search Infrastructures), starting from the

beginning of March 2008.

The Forum was funded in 2002 to promote devel-

opment of a European Infrastructure Research

Network, merging the different countries’ shares

in a common development and innovation strate-

gy. The nomination took place in Hamburg during

the plenary meeting held for the IV European Con-

ference on Research Infrastructures.

ESFRI brings together representatives of EU Mem-

ber States and Associated States, appointed by

Ministers of Research in charge, and one represen-

tative of the European Commission.

Main objective: to develop coherent policies in

order to provide UE the most advanced research

instrumentation in every field, from Human and

Social Sciences to Environmental and Physical Sci-

ences, with a strong emphasis on Biomedical Sci-

ences. In order to respond in real terms to such a

pressing need, in 2006 ESFRI drew up the first

“roadmap”: an executive programme to assist the

laboratories’ strategic development, the mobility of

the researchers and their common access to the

great EU research infrastructures. The Board of Eu-

ropean Ministers gave a strongly favourable opin-

ion on the Forum’s activity during its last Meeting,

held in Wolfsburg. The action plan opened by ES-

FRI is the essential introduction for dynamic devel-

opment of European research, that often lacks a

proper coordination structure even though it can

boast an ancient tradition and excellent results in

science and innovation.

The new Chairman-to-be Rizzuto comments:

“There is concrete risk that teams working in dif-

ferent Countries and separate structures could de-

velop in parallel similar projects, without creating

synergy and critical mass; this is especially true for

collaborations between basic research and indus-

try, so that the economic outcome is limited”.

Rizzuto continues: “Only the harmonic combina-

tion of efforts through a connection network, can

guarantee our continent’s competitive future, stim-

ulate innovation and boost technology transfer, in

order to make Europe the most competitive and

dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world,

and to comply with the obligations undertaken by

the European countries in the Lisbon Strategy”.

Bibi PalatiniSincrotrone Trieste

Carlo Rizzuto will be the new ESFRI Chairman(European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures).Hamburg, June 7th 2007

Carlo Rizzuto

EDITORIAL

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Vol. 12 n. 2 July 2007 • NOTIZIARIO NEUTRONI E LUCE DI SINCROTRONE

It is with great pleasure that we report that Pro-

fessor Jeffrey Penfold (ISIS, Rutherford Apple-

ton Laboratory, STFC) is to be the fifth recipi-

ent of the prestigious Walter Hälg prize.

The prize recognises Professor Penfold’s ground

breaking work on neutron reflection which he de-

veloped into an invaluable tool in colloid and in-

terface science. His work has involved both instru-

ment and technique development as well as a large

volume of highly cited original research. In partic-

ular, he has played a pioneering role in the devel-

opment of neutron reflection and has exploited this

technique, combined with small-angle neutron

scattering in order to provide a complete picture,

for studies of surface chemistry, which led to the

Hayter-Penfold theory to describe the scattering

from colloidal dispersions. The quantitative as-

pects of this theory were ahead of their time and

have led to a greatly deepened understanding of

the interactions giving rise to colloidal properties.

His more recent work with R.K. Thomas, Oxford,

has extended all of this to the interactions between

biological molecules as well as between biological

molecules and surfactants, again revealing unex-

pected phenomena of both fundamental and prac-

tical interest. All these developments have stimu-

lated a huge neutron community, notably industri-

al companies, to start taking a strong interest in the

potential of neutron scattering experiments.

Jeffrey Penfold studied at Brunel University, UK,

where he obtained the degree of Bachelor in Tech-

nology in 1971 and the Ph.D. degree in 1981 with a

thesis entitled “New applications of neutron scat-

tering to problems in surface chemistry”. In 1971

he was appointed Scientific Officer in the Neutron

Beam Research Unit at the Rutherford Laboratory.

From 1977 to 1979 he was seconded to the Institut

Laue-Langevin, Grenoble. From 1980 to 2003 he

was Group Leader for Large Scale Structures at

ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, and since

1981 Group Leader for non-crystalline diffraction

at the same institute. Since 2001 he is engaged as

the Project Scientist for the target station 2 at ISIS.

In 2000 he was appointed Visiting Professor at Uni-

versity of Bristol, UK, and since 2002 he has been

Visiting Professor in Physical and Theoretical

Chemistry at Oxford University, UK.

The prize has been presented on June 28th at a spe-

cial session of the European Conference on Neu-

tron Scattering in Lund, Sweden. Jeff is the fifth re-

cipient of the Hälg Prize, which is awarded every

two years to a European scientist for outstanding,

coherent work in neutron scattering with long-

term impact on scientific and/or technical neutron

scattering applications.

ISIS Facility

2007 Walter Hälg Prizeof the European Neutron Scattering Association(ENSA)

Jeff Penfold

EDITORIAL

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The EU 7th Framework Program me (FP7) was

launched at the end of 2006. FP7 will last 7 years,

compared to 5 years for FP6. The total budget per

year has almost doubled but it is spread over more

new activities, for example the European Research

Council and (potentially) the European Institute of

Technology. Otherwise many of the familiar activi-

ties from earlier programmes remain, though the

names and other details have changed.

The bulk of the budget is assigned to the ‘Cooper-

ation’ activity, which supports research through

Networks of Excellence, or networking through

Coordination and Support Actions, directed at

eleven thematic priorities: Health; Food, Agricul-

ture, Fisheries and Biotechnology; Information

and Communication Technologies; Nanoscience

and Nanotechnologies; Energy; Environment;

Transport; Socio-economic sciences and the Hu-

manities; Space; Security. As in FP6, it can be ex-

pected that competition for this funding will be

extremely hard.

The ‘Ideas’ activity is new to FP7 and is directed to-

wards frontier research without any restrictions on

topic. It is administered through the European Re-

search Council which acts as an independent

agency of the Commission. The first call for propos-

als was focussed on young scientists, with the sec-

ond call being for more established researchers.

While surprise has been expressed at the high de-

gree of over-subscription, this was fairly predictable

since EU funding has become increasingly directed

since FP2 and this is the first significant move since

towards the support of basic research. The ‘People’

activity includes the now familiar Marie Curie ac-

tions to support training and mobility.

The two main parts of the ‘Capacities’ activity are

support for research involving Small and Medium

Enterprises (this contains some interesting new ap-

proaches) and for Research Infrastructures (RI),

which is the main subject of this article. The budget

for RI is roughly the same per year (indexed for in-

flation) as in FP6.

Integrated Infrastructure Initiatives (I3): the I3

concept, bringing together all projects related to a

specific type of infrastructure, was started in FP6.

These were initially difficult to set up but have

generally been successful, so most would expect to

continue in FP7 including the NMI3 project for

neutron and muon facilities and IA-SFS for syn-

chrotrons and free electron lasers. But there are al-

so some new ideas. ‘Bottom up’ I3 projects will still

be the majority, but there will also be ‘top-down’

A rough guide to Research Infrastructures inEU Framework Programme 7

EDITORIAL

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I3s targeted towards the thematic priorities of the

Cooperation programme. An additional concept of

‘horizontal’ I3 has been suggested, which could

bring together different types of RI to solve a com-

mon problem, though these might prove difficult

to organise within the existing rules. Some of the

‘thematic’ I3 might be of this type.

The first call for I3 proposals will be in November

2007 with a deadline in February 2008, and first

projects starting in autumn 2008. I3 funded in this

call would be expected to last 4 years, and there

would then be a call for ‘top-up’ proposals to cover

the remaining 2 years of FP7.

Design Studies: in FP6 Design Studies were often

large projects with a significant technical content.

In FP7 the overall budget is much smaller and

more aimed at smaller organizational projects,

such as ‘virtual’ distributed RI or Social Sciences

and Humanities databases.

Construction of New Infrastructures (CNI): Sup-

port for CNI is completely different from that in

FP6, and is the 'flagship’ RI programme for FP7. In

FP6 a small amount of financial support (up to 10

%) was given to a few new RI (or major upgrades)

that were essentially already funded and under

construction. In FP7 ‘Preparatory Phase’ CNI pro-

posals are restricted to the 35 projects on the

roadmap produced by the European Strategic Fo-

rum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI), plus pro-

jects from the CERN and ESA roadmaps, and will

concern mainly financial and organizational issues,

with only a small amount of technical work. The

aim is to achieve signed agreements to construct at

least some of the roadmap facilities, and substan-

tial progress in this direction for others. The Com-

mission have also put in place up to 10 billion € of

financing (loans) through joint funding of a risk

sharing Finance Facility with the European Invest-

ment Bank. This could be useful for smoothing out

the differences between actual construction costs,

which tend to have a strong peak after the middle

of the construction phase, and the contributions of

individual countries where flat funding is more

normal. However, there is a danger of RI entering

their operation phase still with loans to be repaid.

The typical operation cost of a large RI is the same

per year as the average construction cost, so inter-

est payment or loan repayment might mean that

the RI either operates under optimal capacity or

does not have a regular investment program, i.e. it

starts deteriorating from the first day. So it remains

to be seen if the EU approach will work.

Construction of large RI typically has a major polit-

ical component and involves agreements (‘deals’)

that may involve non-scientific aspects. These are

naturally outside the scope of the EU projects.

CNI projects that are most relevant for Notiziario

readers are the ILL 20/20 upgrade, the ESRF up-

grade, XFEL, the European Spallation Source (not

to be confused with the European Social Survey,

which is also ESS) and IRUVX-FEL (a consortium

of FELs). The average project funding will be of or-

der 4M €, the maximum being 7M €, and it might

be expected that most of these projects would be

funded at some level. The first call for proposals

closed in May 2007 and these are currently being

assessed. Projects might be expected to start to-

wards the end of 2008.

Robert McGreevyISIS, Science and Technology Facilities Council

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AbstractThe aim of the ambitious ANCIENT CHARM project isthe development of new imaging methods for a non-de-structive analysis of archaeological objects using neutronbeams: Neutron Resonant Capture Imaging, PromptGamma Activation Imaging and Neutron Diffraction To-mography. Together with the well-established NeutronTomography, these methods will provide a comprehen-sive and complementary set of position dependent infor-mation for the examined objects.The information they provide includes internal struc-ture, strain, phase and elemental composition. One ofthe crucial tasks of the project is a detailed comparisonof the 3-dimensional information provided by every sin-gle method. A precise alignment of the 3D data fromeach method is an essential prerequisite.A common approach is to use external markers fixed onthe examined object and use them to align the data. Inthis article we explore the practicability of an alternativemethod that would precisely align the images withoutthe use of markers, based solely on the information con-tained in the images. A fully automated registrationmethod used in medical applications (PET and MRI dataregistration) has been adapted for the characteristic dataof the archaeological test objects. The applicability of thisregistration algorithm is demonstrated on a 3-dimen-sional registration of X-ray and Neutron Tomographydatasets of ANCIENT CHARM test objects.

Introduction“Analysis by neutron resonant capture imaging and oth-er emerging neutron techniques: new cultural heritageand archaeological research methods” – the ANCIENTCHARM Project [1] is a three years project funded by theEU to develop 3-dimensional (3D) imaging methods foranalysis of archaeological objects by using the availableneutron beams in Europe. The objects have been selectedas a result of a broad scope archaeological research. Anoverview description of the full project is given by G.

Gorini in [2]. Neutrons have the ability to penetrate thewhole volume of the object of interest and so they pro-vide various kind of information about the complex ob-ject without the need of cutting it or destroying it by oth-er means: the internal structure, the residual-strain (e. g.in metallic parts), phase and elemental composition. Theyielded information should help to answer questions ofarchaeologists about production technology, traderoutes, provenance etc.The new methods based on neutron imaging aim to givethis information sensitive to the position resulting in adataset of 3D information.

New neutron methods“Neutron Resonant Capture Imaging” combined with“Neutron Resonance Transmission” (NRCI/NRT) is be-ing developed from Neutron Resonance Capture Analy-sis [3] and uses a spectrum of epithermal neutrons,which exhibit specific resonances at different elements inthe sample. The registered signal given by the energy ofthe resonance identifies the element and its concentra-tion in the sample.“Prompt Gamma Activation Imaging” combined with“cold Neutron Tomography“ (PGAI/NT) is being devel-oped as a special type of the well-established PromptGamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) [4] with a collimat-ed cold neutron beam and a collimated detector [5].By detecting gamma-rays emitted from a sample, chemi-cal elements and their concentrations are determined fora given position. By scanning the sample, a spatial ma-trix for elements of interest is created. For good reasons,we plan to combine the PGAI method with NT. Havingthe same geometry as PGAI, neutron tomography pro-vides coordinates of interesting positions within thesample volume and in this way it helps to target thePGAI only on the regions of interest, which speeds themeasurement considerably. The neutron tomography al-so provides data for attenuation coefficients within thesamples, which can be used for the correction of thePGAI results in the next step.

A marker-free 3D image registration for theANCIENT CHARM project. Case study with neutronand X-ray tomography datasetsP. Kudejova1, J. Cizek1, R. Schulze1, J. Jolie1,B. Schillinger2, K. Lorenz2, M. Mühlbauer2,B. Masschaele3, M. Dierick3, J. Vlassenbroeck3

1Nuclear Physics Institute, University of Cologne,D–50937 Cologne, Germany

2Technische Universität München, Physics-Department E21and FRM II, D-85747 Garching, Germany3Department for Subatomic and Radiation Physics, GhentUniversity, Belgium

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“Neutron Diffraction Tomography” (NDT) is a newmethod that has evolved from the standard Neutron Dif-fraction [6]. Neutron diffraction provides structuralproperties: in the archaeological research these can be di-rectly related to the historical fabrication technique andthe material treatment. At present the most advancedmeasurements of this kind provide 2D (radiography-type) maps of strains and phases of rather simple metalobjects. NDT is being developed to give this informationas a position sensitive 3D image.

Registration of 3D datasetsOne of the important tasks of the ANCIENT CHARMproject is a detailed comparison of the 3-dimensional in-formation provided by every single method. Combiningthe new neutron-based methods with standard neutrontechniques will give archaeologists a comprehensive toolfor their research, providing a set of complementary po-sition dependent information for the objects of interest. Since the objects are scanned with different devices, the3D coordinate systems of all acquired data must be pre-cisely aligned before any point-to-point comparison canbe attempted.Thus, the final step after the data acquisition and datareconstruction is inevitably a precise matching of the re-constructed 3D images to each other. This way we obtainthe complete set of information from all imaging modali-ties for every single voxel (pixel in a 3-dimensionalspace) of the object. A common approach is to use exter-nal markers fixed on the examined object and use themto align the data. For this purpose, several markers arefixed on the object and remain there during acquisitionsin all imaging devices. Assuming that the markers arevisible in all the acquired data, the position of the mark-ers can be detected and used to realign the data into acommon coordinate system. There are several difficulties with this approach in thecontext of our project. First, putting markers on the ar-chaeological object can be a very delicate business —they must not destroy or otherwise impair the archaeo-logical objects. Next, markers must remain fixed duringthe transport from one experimental site to the other andof course, during the measurement itself.Finally, each imaging method prefers a different materialfor the markers: for example, a strongly neutron absorb-ing marker made of boron is excellent for NT, but cannotbe seen by NRCI. Moreover, if it lies in the direct linewith the scanned position for PGAI, it strongly attenu-ates the pencil neutron beam and the acquired datamight be unreliable in case the correction for the attenu-ation is not known. Thus, finding a material for markersvisible by all involved imaging methods can be veryproblematic. A possibility to use an automatic registra-tion procedure without external markers would un-

doubtedly be of great advantage for the exploration ofvaluable archaeological objects.The aim of this study is to demonstrate an automaticprocedure for the registration of two 3D datasets withdifferent information onto each other. It is important tomention, that this kind of registration uses only the in-formation contained in the 3D images themselves andneeds no external markers.Since the new imaging methods are still in the phase ofdevelopment, we have decided to use the already avail-able Neutron Tomography (NT) data and X-ray Tomog-raphy (XT) data to show the possibilities of this regis-tration method. The tomography data were acquiredand reconstructed in the frame of the ANCIENTCHARM project.

Experimental dataBlackboxes – test objectsFor testing during the first phase of development of thenew imaging methods, metal cubes with unknown con-tent – called the “blackboxes” - were prepared for theANCIENT CHARM collaboration by the Hungarian Na-tional Museum in Budapest and by the University ofBonn. Care was taken to choose characteristic materialsand elements which are representative to the composi-tion of the real archaeological objects. On the other hand,not only suitable chemical elements but also those prob-lematic for each of the new neutron imaging methodswere included to allow their thorough testing.It was decided to first perform the X-ray and neutron ra-diography of the blackboxes to acquire a 2D projectionof their content. Then the X-ray and neutron tomogra-phy of selected boxes with more complicated contenthave been performed. Since the walls of the Hungarian

Figure 1. Picture of one iron (left) and one aluminum (right) blackbox.

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blackboxes are made of Iron (4 cm x 4 cm x 4 cm, 1.2 mmthick), they are named Fe 1 - Fe 9. The Bonn blackboxesare made of Aluminum (5 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm, 1 mm thick)and are named Al 1 – Al 11.The iron blackboxes were closed by gluing the iron cov-ers with an epoxy resin. This material contains lots ofhydrogen and is therefore not transparent for neutrons,which influences the quality of the neutron tomographyresult at those parts. An example photo of one iron andone aluminum blackbox is presented in Figure 1.

Tomography methodThe principle of the neutron as well as X-ray tomogra-phy is based on the reconstruction of a 3D image from aset of 2D projections of the measured sample. The to-mography method was many times and in thorough de-tail described elsewhere and an overview to both men-tioned methods was published by N. Kardjilov and F. G.Moreno in this Journal [7]. In short, a neutron or X-ray beam is transmitted throughthe examined object and a 2D image (projection) is regis-tered for a given position by a position sensitive detec-tor. Then, the sample is rotated around an axis perpen-dicular to the beam (usually up to 180° or 360° in 200 –800 steps, depending on the beam and the tomographyset-up characteristics).From the set of 2D images, a 3D image of the exploredsample can be reconstructed using the filtered back-pro-jection (or other reconstruction algorithms). The result-ing 3D image can be visualised and examined by various

software packages (e.g. VGStudio [8] or GEHC Mi-croview [9]).

Neutron tomographyThe neutron radiography and tomography with selectedblackboxes were performed at the ANTARES Facility[10] at the research reactor FRM II in Garching near Mu-nich [11]. The measurements by the ANTARES groupwere performed under the conditions and with the para-meters presented in Table 1.

X-ray tomographyThe X-ray radiography and tomography with selectedblackboxes were performed at the Centre for X-ray To-mography at the Ghent University (UGCT) in coopera-tion with the group of Prof. Dr. Luc Van Hoorebeke [13].Parameters presented in Table 2 summarize the condi-tions of the measurements.

MethodAutomatic matching of datasets (usually called “regis-tration” in the field of image processing) from differentimaging modalities based solely on the information con-tained in the images has already become an essentialtool in the field of medical imaging, for example, for in-dividual anatomical localization of functional processesin human brain using PET (positron emission tomogra-phy) and MR (magnetic resonance) or CT (computed to-mography) images [15]. In this paper, we make a first at-

Table 1. Parameters of the Neutron Tomography of the blackboxes

Date 13th - 14th of September 2006

Neutron beam thermal + cold neutron flux ~ 2.5 ·107 n/cm2 s

L/D ratio 800

Tomography of blackboxes Fe 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9Al 2, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10

Dimensions of 1 blackbox ~ 520 x 520 x 520 voxels(Al blackbox)

Resolution (voxel size) ~ 0.1 x 0.1 x 0.1 mm

Number of projections 400

Irradiation time / projection 7 s

CCD camera 16 bit, 2048 x 2048 pixels

Data reconstruction software “All In One”Reconstruction tool,based on IDL [IDL] software

Table 2. Parameters of the X-ray Tomography of the blackboxes

Date 1st - 3rd of August 2006

X-ray cone beam average energy ~ 80keV;+ 3 mm thick Cu filter maximum energy ~ 160keV

L/D Ratio > 10000

Tomography of blackboxes Fe 6, 8 and 9Al 8 and 10

Dimensions of 1 blackbox ~ 600 x 600 x 600 voxels(Al blackbox)

Resolution (voxel size) 0.07 x 0.07 x 0.07 mm

Number of projections 500

Irradiation time / projection 10 s

CCD Camera/Image Intensifier 12 bit , 1024 x 1280 pixels

Data reconstruction software OCTOPUS [XRAYLAB]

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tempt to apply this method to the registration of imagesfrom X-ray tomography and neutron tomography. Newsoftware was developed for this task based on MMM(“Multi-Modality Matching”), an already well estab-lished tool for registration of medical images from theMax-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research inCologne, Germany [16, 17]. The software was furtheradapted to the specific characteristics of the X-ray andneutron tomography data in the ANCIENT CHARMproject. The described method does not use any externalmarkers fixed to the objects of interest. Instead, it usesthe complete information content in the two images toestimate and optimize their alignment.

GoalGiven two 3D images of the same object acquired withdifferent imaging systems, the goal of the registrationprocedure is to find a transformation that transforms oneof the images so that it is perfectly aligned with the sec-ond image. One of the images is static during the regis-tration – we call it the reference image. The other one,called the moving image, is subjected to various transfor-mations that aim at bringing it into alignment with thereference image.

TransformationSince the images represent the same physical object, wecould theoretically just search for a rigid-body transfor-mation, i.e. a rotation and a translation, both in three di-mensions. However, only approximate values for theresolution of the X-ray and NT images were known to usa priori. To accommodate for the likely differences in thevoxel sizes of the two images we have extended thesearched transformation by isotropic scaling in all di-mensions.

Similarity measureThe registration algorithm basically consists of twomain parts. First, we define a “cost function” - a similar-ity measure - that evaluates the alignment of the refer-ence and moving image for a given transformation. It isa function of the transformation parameters and in anideal case has a global maximum for the transformationthat perfectly aligns the two images. Next, we let a suit-able optimization method search for a transformationthat maximizes this similarity measure. A similaritymeasure can only be based on the voxel values in thetwo images since there is no other information avail-able to the algorithm (like positions of markers). If thetwo images originated from the same imaging modalitythen we could estimate their “similarity” using themean of differences between values of all correspond-ing voxels and try to minimize these differences. In ourcase, such simple measure would not work because the

images come from different modalities where the samephysical objects typically exhibits substantially differ-ent intensity values in each imaging modality. This iswhere mutual information comes into play as a conve-nient measure. In the last years, mutual informationgained a lot of attention in the field of medical imagingwhere it has been proven to be an excellent measure ofsimilarity for medical images, e.g. PET and MR [18] orMR and CT [19]. Mutual information makes no as-sumption about the type of input images, which makesit a very general criterion, suitable for images from dif-ferent modalities. It does not directly compare voxelvalues but rather compares probability distributions ofvalues in the images; it measures the statistical depen-dency or information redundancy between the images,which is assumed to be maximal when the images aregeometrically aligned.Let us denote the reference image as R, the moving im-age as M and let us use M(t) for the moving image trans-formed by the currently tested transformation t. The mu-tual information of R and M(t) is then computed usingthe normalized marginal intensity histograms (HR andHM(t)) and the joint intensity histogram (HR,M(t) ) of thetwo 3D images as:

where i and j are indices of corresponding voxels in Rand M(t). The histograms HR, HM and HR, M approximate,respectively, the marginal and joint probability distribu-tions of intensity values in both images.

OptimizationMaximization of mutual information can be accom-plished by an iterative optimization algorithm that itera-tively searches the transformation space for a maximumof the function (7-dimensional in our case: 3 dimensionsfor translation, 3 for rotation and 1 for isotropic scaling).For this task we use the downhill simplex minimization al-gorithm by Nelder and Mead [20] that already provedgood performance in our previous work [16].

Multi-resolutionWe use a hierarchical multi-resolution approach to im-prove the speed and robustness of the registration [21].First, a hierarchy of images with decreasing size is com-puted for both input images by binning 8 neighbouringvoxels into one, reducing the size in each dimension bytwo. Optimization is then performed first at a low reso-lution by using the lowest resolution images. The resultof this coarse registration is then used as an initial esti-

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mate at the next higher resolution. In this work we use a3-level hierarchy for all evaluated data.DownsamplingInput images have dimensions in the order of 5003 vox-els which presents a prohibitively large amount of datato process in a reasonable time and the memory capacityof common PCs (~1GB).Therefore, the images were cropped to exclude back-ground with no usable information and then downsam-pled by binning 4 to a dimension of 160x160x144 voxels(X-ray), resp. 128x128x128 (NT, Al samples) and144x144x128 voxels (NT, Fe samples) with estimated res-olution of about 0.3 mm.After the registration, the resulting transformation canbe applied to the original image to retain the high spatialresolution. It has been demonstrated previously in stud-ies with images from Computed Tomography, MagneticResonance and Positron Emission Tomography that amutual information based registration is able to achievesubvoxel accuracy [21, 17].

It means that even the downsampled images could pro-vide a sufficient accuracy for our purposes - all the morethat the resolution of the other imaging methods in theANCIENT CHARM project is by orders of magnitudeworse than that of X-ray and Neutron Tomography.

Figure 2. 3D rendered X-ray tomography (a) and Neutron Tomography(b) data of the blackbox Fe9.

a b

Figure 3. X-ray tomography slice of the blackbox Fe9 (a) and the corresponding neutron tomography slice in the initial position (b) and after the auto-matic registration (c). The upper row shows corresponding horizontal slices of the blackbox (looking “from above”); the bottom row shows verticalslices (looking “from the side”).

a b c

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Initial pre-alignmentThe described registration procedure is in its nature local- meaning that it can only find the correct global maxi-mum when the initial estimation lies within a certaincapture range.By experience, the capture range is in the order of about± 20° for rotation and about ± 30 mm for translation.More global optimization methods like simulated an-nealing are not feasible for this task due to the over-whelming computational complexity.The initial rotational misalignment of Fe samples ex-ceeded these limits: ~90° by Fe6 and ~45° by Fe 9. There-fore the registration of these samples was started by pro-viding it with an initial rotational estimate of 90° and 45°respectively.

Results and discussionWe have tested the registration procedure with 4 pairs ofreconstructed images from neutron and X-ray tomogra-phy. In all cases the procedure succeeded in providingvisually precise results. The computation of each pair ofimages took approx. 3 minutes on a common notebook(Intel Pentium M, 1.7 GHz). In the following, we present the results on an example ofthe blackboxes Fe 9 and Al 8.

Blackbox Fe9 Figure 2 shows a 3D visualization of the reconstructed X-ray data (a) and the corresponding neutron data (b) ofthe blackbox Fe 9.Figure 3 shows a horizontal and a vertical slice of theblackbox Fe 9 from the X-ray tomography (a) and fromthe corresponding Neutron Tomography in the initialposition (b) and in the final position after registration (c).Iso-contours from the X-ray slice have been overlaidover the NT-slices to allow for an easier visual validationof the final alignment in comparison with the initialstate. The color tables have been chosen so that areas ab-

sorbing less X-rays (resp. neutrons) are darker then themore absorbing areas.After the volumes have been co-registered, it is possibleto perform a point-to-point comparison of voxel valuesin both volumes.Neither X-ray nor Neutron Tomography allow to deducematerials or the elementary composition of the scannedobject solely from the image content but they often allowto distinguish and separate areas of differing materialsand their shapes. However, there might be cases wheretwo materials absorb (for example) X-rays in a similarway which means that they are indistinguishable in anX-ray image only.Here a comparison with the corresponding NT imagecan often help providing that these two materials absorbneutrons differently. For example, the NT slices (Fig. 3c)shows several areas in the blackbox that absorb neu-trons in a similar way (dark areas), suggesting that theseareas might be of the same material.After a comparison with the corresponding areas in theX-ray image (Fig. 3a) we can see that in reality these ob-jects are of at least two different types (white shining ob-ject in the middle, “gray” objects around).To determine precisely the elemental composition ofthese objects, PGAI analysis will later be performed di-rectly at their coordinates, provided by the NT image.Blackbox Al8Figure 4 shows a 3D volume visualization of the X-rayTomography (a) and the corresponding Neutron Tomog-raphy (b) of the blackbox Al 8. One can visually distin-guish three separate layers of materials. Figure 5 showsslices of the blackbox Al 8 from the X-ray Tomography(a) and from the corresponding NT data in the initial po-sition (b) and the final position after the registration (c).The upper row shows horizontal slices and the bottomrow vertical slices through the 3D data set. As in the caseof Fe 9, a suitable iso-contour of the X-ray slice helps vi-sualize the initial misalignment of the NT image and itscorrect alignment after the registration. This example demonstrates in various ways the valueadded from the registration and the subsequent point-to-point comparison.Looking at the vertical slice of the X-ray Tomographyimage (Fig. 5a), the upper and bottom layer seem to bemade of the same homogeneous material. A subsequentcomparison with the corresponding slice of the NT im-age reveals that in reality the two layers are made of dif-ferent materials. Moreover, the bottom layer is not ho-mogeneous at all, as the X-ray view would suggest, butrather granular. Further we can find areas in the black-box that absorb more X-rays but fewer neutrons than thesurrounding areas (Fig. 5, yellow arrows). More impor-tantly, with the help of the NT slice we can separate ar-eas of differing materials, which are not clearly separable

Figure 4. 3D rendered X-ray Tomography (a) and Neutron Tomography(b) data of the blackbox Al8.

a b

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in the X-ray tomography slice (Fig. 5, red arrows).All image analysis was performed using VINCI [22](Figures 3 and 5) and VGStudio [8] (Figures 2 and 4).During the evaluation of the registration procedure onthe blackboxes we have identified several rules that needto be followed in the future studies in order to increaseprecision and reduce the complexity of the task.The objects should be placed in the scanning devices insuch way that the principal orientation of the output im-ages roughly corresponds (e.g. if the scanned object is“standing” in the first scanner then it should not be “ly-ing” in the other). If this is not possible then at least theorientation of all examined samples should be kept simi-lar in one scanner so that the principal orientation needsto be estimated only once for one sample and thenreused for the remaining samples.The knowledge of the exact resolution (or voxel size) ofthe images would allow using just the rigid-body trans-formation, resulting in a reduction of computationaltime and increased accuracy.

The used transformation model assumes that thescanned object in the reconstructed image reflects thephysical object geometrically exact (except for scaling).To fulfill this requirement, geometrical corrections musttypically be applied during the reconstruction process. It is implicitly assumed that the scanned objects are rigid.If a part of the object were movable then it cannot beguaranteed that the object does not change its geometri-cal structure between two scans (e.g. a box partiallyfilled with sand). In such case, an unambiguous registra-tion is impossible.

Conclusion and outlookIn this article, we have demonstrated the feasibility of anautomated registration of X-ray and Neutron Tomogra-phy images without the use of external markers. Themethod makes use of the complete information con-tained in both images and could present a convenientway of aligning 3D images of archaeological samples for

Figure 5. X-ray Tomography of the blackbox Al8 (a) and the corresponding Neutron Tomography data sets in the initial position (b) and after the auto-matic registration (c). The upper row shows corresponding horizontal slices of the blackbox (looking “from above”); the bottom row shows verticalslices (looking “from the side”).

a b c

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the ANCIENT CHARM project. A possibility to automat-ically align images without the necessity to use markerswould result in a substantial simplification of the experi-mental analysis of the samples.In the next steps, we intend to extend the registrationmethod to the other imaging methods in the project.First, the practicability of an automated registration ofPGAI and NT images should be examined. The low spa-tial resolution of PGAI presents a considerable challengehere. Next, the applicability to the remaining imagingmethods should be explored. The first PGAI data is expected to become available in afew months as a result of the planned experiments at thePGAA facility in Budapest [23]. Before these images be-come available, simulation of low-resolution imagesfrom the existing NT data is planned in order to adaptthe method for this type of data. For this task, a selectedpart of an NT image - corresponding to a possible regionof interest for PGAI - will be extracted and the voxel val-ues will be modified by a suitable function to simulatedifferent absorption properties. The resolution will be re-duced down to the expected dimension of PGAI images(~10 x 10 x 10 voxels) and the applicability of the regis-tration method will be evaluated.

Acknowledgements

Financial support of the Ancient Charm project by theEuropean Community “New and Emerging Science andTechnology” Contract No 15311 is acknowledged.Our thanks belong to the Max-Planck Institute for neuro-logical Research in Cologne, Germany, for providing thevisualization software VINCI.

References1. Official web-page of the ANCIENT CHARM Project, 2007

http://ancient-charm.neutron-eu.net/ach2. G. Gorini for the Ancient Charm Collaboration, Ancient Charm: A

research project for neutron-based investigation of cultural-heritageobjects, from "Il Nuovo Cimento", Gen.- Feb. 2007, pp. 1-12

3. H. Postma and P. Schillebeeckx, Neutron-resonance capture as a toolto analyse the internal compositions of objects non-destructively,NOTIZIARIO NEUTRONI E LUCE DI SINCROTRONE, Vol. 11 n. 2,July 2006, pp. 14-18

4. Zs. Révay and T Belgya, "Principles of the PGAA method", in Hand-book of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis with Neutron Beams,

edited by G.L.Molnár (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004), pp. 1-305. Z. Kastovszky, T. Belgya and the Ancient Charm Collaboration,

From PGAA to PGAI: from bulk analysis to elemental mapping ,from "Archeometriai Mùhely III.2", Budapest 2006, pp. 16-21

6. W. Kockelmann, A. Kirfel and the Ancient Charm Collaboration,Neutron Diffraction Imaging of Cultural Heritage Objects , from"Archeometriai Mùhely III.2", Budapest 2006, pp. 1-15

7. N. Kardjilov and F.G. Moreno, Overview of imaging with X-raysand neutrons, NOTIZIARIO NEUTRONI E LUCE DI SINCRO-TRONE, Vol. 11 n. 1 January 2006, pp. 15-23

8. VGStudio Max 1.2, Application Software, 2007http://www.volumegraphics.com/products/vgstudiomax/index.html

9. Micro CT Software – MicroView, GE Healthcare, 2006http://www.gehealthcare.com/usen/fun_img/pcimaging/products/microview.html

10. ANTARES Facility at the research reactor II (FRM-II), TechnischeUniversität München, 2007 http://www.physik.tu-muenchen.de/antares/

11. Research reactor II (FRM-II), Technische Universität München, 2007http://www.frm2.tum.de/en/index.html

12. IDL, The Data Visualization & Analysis Platform, 2007http://www.ittvis.com/idl/

13. X-ray Radiography and Tomography Facility at the Ghent Universi-ty (UGCT), 2007 http://www.ugct.ugent.be

14. Octopus, a client server tomography reconstruction software, 2007http://www.xraylab.com

15. J. P. W. Pluim, J. B. A. Maintz, and M. A. Viergever, Mutual informa-tion-based registration of medical images: A survey. IEEE Transac-tions on Medical Imaging, 22(8):986–1004, 2003

16. J. Cizek, K. Herholz, S. Vollmar, R. Schrader, J. Klein, and W.-D.Heiss, Fast and robust registration of PET and MR images of humanbrain. NeuroImage, 22:434–442, 2004

17. J. Cizek, Robust Algorithms for Registration of 3D Images of HumanBrain. PhD Thesis, Center for Applied Computer Science, Universityof Cologne and Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research,Cologne, Germany, 2004

18. J. P. W. Pluim, J. B. A. Maintz and M. A. Viergever, Mutual informa-tion matching in multiresolution contexts. Image and Vision Com-puting 19 (1– 2), 45– 52, 2001

19. F. Maes, A. Collignon, D. Vandermeulen, G. Marchal, P. Suetens,Multimodality image registration by maximization of mutual infor-mation. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 16 (2), 187– 198, 1997

20. J. A. Nelder, R. Mead, A simplex method for function minimization.Computer Journal 7, 308– 313, 1965

21. F. Maes, D. Vandermeulen, P. Suetens, Comparative evaluation ofmultiresolution optimization strategies for multimodality image reg-istration by maximization of mutual information. Medical ImageAnalysis 3 (4), 373–386, 1999

22. VINCI, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne,Germany, 2007. http://www.mpifnf.de/vinci

23. Z. Révay, T. Belgya, Z. Kasztovszky et al., Cold neutron PGAA facilityat Budapest, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 213, 385-388, 2004

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Proteins perform a plethora of essential functions in liv-ing systems. They serve as enzymatic catalysts, are usedas transport molecules (hemoglobin transports oxygen)and storage molecules (iron is stored in the liver as acomplex with the protein ferritin); they are used inmovement (proteins are the major component of mus-cles); they are needed for mechanical support (skin andbone contain collagen-a fibrous protein); they mediatecell responses (rhodopsin is a protein in the eye which isused for vision); antibody proteins are needed for im-mune protection; control of growth and cell differentia-tion uses proteins (hormones).These are just a few examples of the many, many taskscarried out by proteins. The key to appreciating how dif-ferent proteins function in a number of different wayslies in an understanding of both their structure and dy-namics. In fact the early view of proteins as relativelyrigid structures has been gradually replaced by a dy-namic model by which the internal motions play an es-sential role in their function [1].The most mentioned evidence of that comes from myo-globin, the first protein whose structure has been solvedever since 1958 by X-ray crystallography and that givesmuscles their red colour.As far as we know, in Mb’s role as an oxygen-repositoryprotein, O2 enters the protein, stays some time in a cavitycalled Xe1, then binds at the iron of the heme group,which is the red active centre where the O2 is stored [2]. This is an apparently quite simple picture, but there is anot negligible problem: the structure of Mb shows nopermanent channel that leads from the outside to eitherXe1 or the heme pocket or from Xe1 to the heme pocket.Thus, structural fluctuations are necessary for function[3]. The internal dynamics of proteins is a real puzzle, asinternal motions occur over a wide time window, rang-ing from the picosecond window of rapid librations andvibrations, up to the microsecond and millisecond slow-er motions of protein subunits and subdomains [4].Such an outstanding dynamical variety results from thestructural complexity of these biomolecules.In fact, proteins may assume a huge number of differentconformations, also called conformational substates [5],which are points of the 3N-dimensional protein potentialenergy hypersurface, where N is the number of atoms ofprotein and hydration shell. Within this picture, structur-

al fluctuations are depicted as jumps between conforma-tional substates.Fast relaxations in the picosecond time scale at ambienttemperature seem to be crucial for biological activity[1,6], as they guarantee a prompt response of side chainsto biological events such as, for instance, the approach-ing of a substrate molecule through the milieu towardthe protein surface.The complex scenario of protein internal motions can ap-pear, if possible, even more tangled if one considers thata massive body of experimental [1,7] and theoretical [8]evidences show that there is an intimate and not yetcompletely understood dynamical coupling between theprotein and the molecular environment surrounding itssurface. With this respect, incoherent neutron scattering(INS) technique, which makes use of the large incoherentcross section of hydrogen nuclei (much larger than thecross section of other elements), provides invaluable in-formation on all internal molecular motions on the pi-cosecond time scale.As hydrogen atoms are abundantly and almost uniform-ly distributed through the protein, this method allowsone probing the average protein dynamics.In addition, if the molecular environment around theprotein is deuterated, its contribution to the measuredsignal can be neglected and one can directly investigatethe dynamical behaviour of proteins as affected by dif-ferent environments.The INS signal from the investigated samples is extreme-ly rich of detailed information on the protein dynamics.In a very concise scheme the elastic, inelastic and quasi-elastic intensities allow us to quantify respectively theamplitude of atomic thermal fluctuations, their vibra-tional density of states and the characteristic times,geometry and populations of diffusive motions.In this paper we will show only some results obtainedthrough the inspection of the INS elastic intensity mea-sured at the backscattering spectrometer IN13 (ILL,Grenoble), however there is plenty of data also on the vi-brational and relaxational behaviour of proteins as af-fected by the environment [9-12].The first step in this kind of study is to quantify the am-plitude of protein structural fluctuations when the envi-ronment surrounding the protein surface consists of wa-ter molecules, which is the usual physiological milieu.

Dynamic interplay between biomolecules and glassyenvironments – New insights from neutron scatteringA. PaciaroniDipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Perugia, INFM-CRSSOFT Unità di Perugia, Via A. Pascoli, I-06123 Perugia, Italy,

CEMIN (Centro di Eccellenza per i Materiali Innovativi eNanostrutturati), c/o Dipartimento di Chimica dell’Universitàdi Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy

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Lysozyme, a very well known model enzyme, is the sys-tem we chose. The elastic neutron scattering intensityfrom samples of lysozyme hydrated with heavy water isdescribed in terms of the double-well model by whichthe protein hydrogen atoms, that are supposed to be dy-namically equivalent, may jump between two distinctsites of different free energy [9]. Within this approxima-tion the total hydrogen mean square displacements

<u2>tot are quite easily evaluated, and decomposed intwo components coming from, respectively, vibrations atthe bottom of the well <u2>vib and jumps between thetwo sites <u2>2w [13].In Fig. 1 we show <u2>tot of lysozyme at different hydra-tion degree h (h = g water/g dry lysozyme).The <u2>tot of dry lysozyme exhibit a quite regular trendin the whole investigated temperature range, while inthe case of hydrated samples the <u2>tot display a signifi-cant anharmonic deviation from the dry behaviour at acertain temperature Td .This phenomenon, which is called protein dynamicaltransition in analogy with the glass transition, is due tothe onset of large-amplitude anharmonic motions thatplay a key role on increasing the intrinsic protein flexi-bility to achieve functional configurations [9].As the dynamical transition is not visible in the dry sys-tem and Td shifts to lower values when the water contentincreases, one can infer that the water environmentaround the surface of the biomolecule acts as a plasticiz-er by activating the protein thermal fluctuations.In fact, the solvent could alter the free energy of the pro-tein to create an effective potential energy surface, or itcould have more direct dynamic effects as a result of col-

lisions between solvent molecules and the protein atoms. What is the biological consequence of this hydration-in-duced dynamical activation? An interesting suggestionto this key question comes from Fig. 2, where it is re-ported the protein rigidity b vs. h.The protein rigidity quantifies the linear response ofprotein fluctuations and is proportional to the inverse ofthe configurational mean square displacements [6, 13].

Quite strikingly b steeply decreases in the hydrationrange from 0h to 0.2h and then attains an almost con-stant value.Directly from the inset of Fig. 2 we can observe that theenzyme is biologically inactive [7] at low hydration lev-els where the macromolecular rigidity is large, while theenzymatic activity starts just above the threshold value0.2h where the protein rigidity becomes quite low.This evidence suggests that the increased flexibility in-duced by hydration is related to biological activity. Inother words enzymes need flexibility to properly work. One may now wonder how the protein internal dynam-ics evolves when the molecular wrapping changes, al-ways providing indeed that the biomolecule retains itsnative structure.To answer this question we performed a detailed investi-gation on the molecular mobility of lysozyme embeddedin glycerol or glucose, at different water contents, as afunction of temperature.In Fig. 3 we show how the investigated sample shouldappear at an atomic level. Glycerol and glucose belongto the family of polyols and are part of the so-called sta-bilizers or bioprotectant substances. These substancesmake glassy matrices which show an outstanding ability

Figure 1. Hydrogen total mean square displacements as a function oftemperature for lysozyme hydrated with D2O samples at 0h, cross; 0.1h,open squares; 0.2h, full squares; 0.3h, open circles; 0.4h, full circles.

Figure 2. Protein rigidity b. Inset: enzymatic activity of lysozyme [7].Lines are guide to the eye.

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in preserving structure and functionality of biomole-cules, which has been often largely exploited in food,pharmaceutical and biotechnology sciences to opti-mize lyophilization and long-term storage of biologicalsamples [14].Glassy matrices of simple carbohydrate are of capital im-portance in protecting biological molecules and cellsagainst stresses induced by potentially detrimentalfreezing, drying and heating processes.Despite this importance, the nanoscopic mechanismsthrough which such matrices act as stabilizers are stillunclear. Bioprotectant glassy matrices were proven notonly to induce a noticeable retardation of protein molec-ular movements [15], but also to reduce their extent [16].The degree of fragility of the glassy matrices where theprotein is embedded has been suggested to be a key pa-rameter to quantify their bioprotectant aptitude [17].In Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 we show the total mean square dis-placements of lysozyme when the molecular environ-ment is respectively a glycerol-water and a glucose-wa-ter glassy matrix. These figures, taken together with Fig. 1,confirm that the amplitude of <u2>tot, i.e. the internal mo-

bility of lysozyme, progressively grows when the watercontent increases, even in presence of glycerol and glu-cose. Actually, when lysozyme is embedded in polyol-water glassy matrices, the plasticizing action of water issomehow counterbalanced by the stabilizing character ofthe polyol molecular network.As a consequence, the internal mobility of lysozyme ismore and more reduced when we pass from pure water(Fig. 1), to glycerol-water (Fig. 4) and then to glucose-water (Fig. 5) molecular environments.We may speculate that this constraining action of biopro-tectant substances is one of the key ingredients to pre-serve life in extreme and adverse conditions.Another striking feature is that the dynamical transitiontemperature Td of lysozyme in all the environments dis-plays a remarkable decrease when hydration increases,as it can be clearly seen in Fig. 6. In this figure we reportas well the estimated critical temperatures Tc of the glyc-erol-water and glucose-water environments [18,19], i.e.the temperature predicted by the idealized Mode Cou-pling Theory below which relaxations in glass-formingsystems are arrested.

Figure 3.Lysozyme molecule embeddedin a glucose-water mixture(by courtesy of Dr. J.E. Curtis, NIST).

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Quite interestingly there is a nice superposition of Td andTc, thus suggesting that the molecular network aroundthe protein, despite its high viscosity, is nevertheless ableto support the protein structural relaxations, but onlywhen the network itself may sustain density relaxations(Td > Tc). In other words, the environment would drivethe protein dynamics that can be modulated by properlychoosing the plasticizing or stabilizing degree of the en-closing matrix.

This result is crucial in view of the practical conse-quences it may have on the biological and pharmaceuti-cal fields [20,21].We notice that similar findings have been reported aswell for other biomolecules very different fromlysozyme, such as DNA [22], thus suggesting that theconditioning action of the environment on biomoleculesis a quite general hallmark.Despite the evidences that support this strong condition-ing action, the precise mechanisms by which internalmotions of biomolecules are affected by the surroundingmolecular network remain a mystery.Very little is known on the relationship between the pro-tein dynamics and a key macroscopic solvent propertysuch as the viscosity, that plays a pivotal role in affectingfunctional, i.e. reaction rates, features of biomolecules[7]. We recently proved the existence of a simple rela-tionship between the picosecond-timescale thermal fluc-tuations of lysozyme and the viscosity of the glassy ma-trix where it is embedded [23].In Fig. 7 we represent the logarithm of the bulk viscosityof water, glycerol-water and glucose-water mixtures vs.

the inverse of <u2>2w (the configurational mean squaredisplacements, see above) of lysozyme in the corre-sponding matrices.Quite surprisingly we observe that a linear relationshipexists in the whole investigated temperature range in allthe systems we studied.It should be remarked that the linear relationship be-tween the logarithm of the viscosity vs. the inverse of therelaxational mean square displacements is satisfied also

in some glass formers, such as selenium, poly-butadiene,glycerol and sugar-water mixtures [23]. Anyway, in thesematerials it is the bulk viscosity and the fast dynamics ofthe same system that are correlated.What’s the meaning of the relationship we found in acomplicated system such as protein in glassy environ-ments? The existence of a linear dependence tells us thatprotein relaxational mean square displacements show atemperature critical behaviour that is tightly linked withthat of bulk solvent viscosity, with crucial changes just inproximity of the glass transition.Indeed, the internal dynamics of proteins is strongly de-termined by the ability of the surface protein side-chainsto move. If we describe the picosecond timescale mo-tions of a particle (a solvent molecule or a protein side-chain exposed to solvent) in terms of Brownian diffu-sion, then the Stokes-Einstein law leads to an inverse re-lationship between the relevant MSD and bulk viscosity<u2>~η-1, for a fixed experimental temporal window.Actually, from our results it follows that <u2>~(logh)-1.This weaker dependence by the solvent viscosity couldbe due to the fact that it is the microviscosity sensed by

Figure 5. Hydrogen total mean square displacements as a function oftemperature for the samples at for lysozyme in glucose-water mixtures atthe hydration degree 0h, full circles; 0.15h, empty rhomb; 0.4h, full trian-gles; 0.6h, stars and 0.7h, empty triangles.

Figure 4. Hydrogen total mean square displacements as a function oftemperature for lysozyme in glycerol-water mixtures at the hydrationdegree 0h, star; 0.1h, open triangles; 0.2h, closed squares; 0.35h, open cir-cles; 0.42h, closed circles; 0.83h, closed triangles.

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the particle, possibly different from bulk viscosity, whichis related to the corresponding dynamics.Moreover, in the case of protein side-chains such a mi-croviscosity is also strongly affected by preferential hy-dration effects, by which cosolvents like glucose andglycerol are preferentially excluded from the protein do-main, thus giving rise to a surface viscosity with a muchweaker increase than bulk viscosity.Besides the quite entangled physical relationship be-tween the protein dynamics and solvent bulk viscosity,

the evidence that both solvent and protein MSD are re-lated to bulk solvent viscosity by the same functional de-pendence indicates that the protein local dynamics isclosely coupled with that of the host.This finding supports the hypothesis that it is just themolecular network immediately around the protein sur-face to drive protein fast fluctuations.

AcknowledgementsI would like to acknowledge all the collaborators whoparticipated actively in this research line, in particularDr. E. Cornicchi, Dr. A. De Francesco, Dr. M. Marconiand Prof. G. Onori.

References1. P.W. Fenimore et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 14408 (2004).2. R.H. Austin et al. Biochemistry 14 5355 (1975).3. D.A. Case, M. Karplus. J. Mol. Biol. 132 343 (1979).4. J.A. McCammon and S.C. Harvey, Dynamics of proteins and nucleic

acids, Cambridge University Press, New York 1987.5. H. Frauenfelder, S.G. Sligar, P.G. Wolynes. Science 254 1598 (1991).6. J. Zaccai. Science 288 1604 (2000).7. R.B. Gregory, Protein-solvent interactions, Marcel Dekker, New York 1995.

8. D. Vitkup et al. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7 34 (2000); M. Tarek, D.J. Tobias.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 138101 (2002).9. W. Doster, S. Cusack, and W. Petry. Nature 337 754 (1989).10. Tsai, A.M., T.J. Udovic, D.A. Neumann. Biophys. J. 81 2339 (2001).11. J.H. Roh, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 038101 (2005).12. A. Paciaroni, et al. Eur. Biophys. J. 28 447 (1999); A. Paciaroni, et al.

Chem. Phys. 292 397 (2003); A. De Francesco et al. Biophys. J. 86 480(2004) ; M. Marconi et al. Chem. Phys. 317 274 (2005).

13. A. Paciaroni, et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 410 400 (2005).14. J.J. Hill, E.Y. Shalaev, G. Zografi. J. Pharm. Sci. 94 1636 (2005).15. A. Ansari, et al. Science 256 1796 (1992).16. L. Cordone, et al. Biophys. J. 76 1043 (1999).17. S. Magazu, et al. Biophys. J. 86 3241 (2004).18. A. Paciaroni, S. Cinelli, G. Onori. Biophys. J. 83 1157 (2002).19. E. Cornicchi, et al. Biophys. J. 91 289 (2006).20. H. Frauenfelder, B. McMahon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 9995 4795

(1998).21. A.M. Klibanov. Nature. 409 241 (2001).22. E. Cornicchi et al., Phil. Mag. 87 509 (2007); E. Cornicchi et al., submitted.23. E. Cornicchi, G. Onori, A. Paciaroni. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 158104 (2005).

Figure 7. Linear relationship between the logarithm of the solvent bulkviscosity and the inverse of <u2>2w for the investigated systems.For details see Ref. [23].

Figure 6. Dynamical transition temperatures of D2O-hydrated lysozymepowders (stars), lysozyme embedded in glycerol-water mixtures (closedcircles) and lysozyme embedded in glucose-water mixtures (empty cir-cles). In the latter two samples the continuous line is an estimate of thesolvent Tc [18,19].

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This year, the ISIS Pulsed Muon Facility celebrates its20th birthday. Since first muons were produced in March1987, over 800 separate muon experiments have beenperformed at the facility, resulting in about the samenumber of publications. The ISIS Muon Facility isunique in Europe, providing complementary facilities tothe only other European muon source, the continuousfacility at PSI in Switzerland. It is used by over sixty re-search groups from eighteen countries, often in combina-tion with neutron and other techniques which providecomplementary information. It is appropriate that, as theISIS Muon Facility celebrates 20 years of successfulmuon experiments, it is also looking to develop its capa-bilities by provision of a new muon spectrometer to fur-ther extend its range of science applications.

The Muon Technique and ApplicationsThe muon method involves following the behaviour of100% spin-polarised muons once they have been im-planted into a sample. Muons live on average for 2.2 µs,after which they decay to produce a positron and twoneutrinos. Detection of the decay positrons provides in-formation on the direction of the muons’ spins at time ofdecay – allowing the behaviour of the muon polarisation

in the sample to be followed as a function of time afterimplantation. This in turn tells us about the muons’ localmagnetic environment and behaviour. The technique isknown as µSR, which stands for muon spin rotation, re-laxation and resonance (for an introductory review, seeS.J. Blundell, Contemporary Physics, 40 (1999) 175). Muon studies include a wide variety of magnetic sys-tems, with muons being used to explore magnetic transi-tions, ordering and spin dynamics, and with the tech-nique being sensitive to very small magnetic fields(down to 10-5 T) and appropriate for investigationswhere the magnetism is short-range, random, or dilute.In superconducting systems, muons can be used to ex-plore the flux-line lattice generated when a field is ap-plied to a type-II material, and can be used to determinefundamental superconducting parameters. Muons arealso used for investigation of ion mobility in ionic con-ductors, charge carrier motion in conducting polymersand molecular dynamics. Muons have a mass of oneninth that of the proton, and in some systems it is usefulto think of the muon as a light proton isotope. Observa-tion of muon behaviour then enables models to be builtup of analogous hydrogen behaviour, and this is particu-larly useful in semiconducting systems, as well as in pro-ton conductors and hydrogen storage materials.

A New Muon SpectrometerThe existing ISIS muon instruments allow applied fieldsof up on 0.45 T to be generated at the sample position.This is insufficient for many studies, and a new instru-ment being constructed at present – called HiFi – seeksto provide an order of magnitude increase in this, gener-ating up to 5 T. This new instrument is being funded bythe CCLRC Facility Development Board through a grantto the ISIS Muon Group and Prof. Stephen Blundell ofOxford University.From a neutron point of view 5 T may sound like only amoderate applied field. However, muon experimentsdeal with charged particles – both the incoming muonbeam and the outgoing decay positrons are profoundlyaffected by applied fields in the Tesla region. For exam-ple, the radius of curvature of a typical positron emittedin a muon experiment in 5 T is only 2 cm. This meansthat designing a detector array for the decay positronsthat will work in these fields is a significant challenge.Muon experiments also require a very homogeneous

HiFi – A new Muon Spectrometer for ISISP. KingSTFC Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryChilton – Oxfordshire OX11 0QX – UKTel: +44 1235 446117 – email: [email protected]

Figure 1. The ISIS muon beamlines

RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES

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field at the sample position – for some measurements, asgood as 20 ppm. This, together with the requirement fora very low stray field (2 G at only a few metres from themagnet, so as not to interfere with the other muon in-struments and beamlines) means that the design of themain applied field magnet is also not a simple exercise.However, at time of writing, a suitable magnet system isbeing designed and built by Cryogenic Ltd, and proto-type detectors are also being constructed prior to manu-facture of the full detector array.

New Science with ISIS MuonsSo what new scientific opportunities will HiFi provide?An order of magnitude increase in applied field will pro-duce a step-change in facility capabilities for many sys-tems. Benefits will be found in four primary areas:

Correlations, fluctuations, diffusion and dynamics For investigations of magnetic and superconducting ma-terials (including organic systems), charge carrier motionin conducting polymers and ionic materials, moleculardynamics and modelling the electrical activity of hydro-gen in semiconductors, it is the ability to characteriseatomic-level fluctuations of the magnetic environmentthat is important. Here, the field dependence of themuon spin relaxation rate is essentially a one-to-onemap of the power spectrum of the fluctuations and, inthe simplest cases, the average correlation time can bemeasured directly. Extending the applied field range upto 5 T will give an order of magnitude increase in capa-bility in this area.

Spectroscopy and molecular dynamicsHigher fields are needed for observation of resonancesbetween muon energy levels and those of the muons’surroundings. Such ‘level crossing resonances’ areknown in a large variety of systems including organicdonors and acceptors, liquid crystals and biologically-relevant molecules, and can be used, for example, tostudy co-surfactant partitioning within surfactant lamel-la phases. However, most lie in a band of fields between1 T – 3 T which is presently inaccessible at ISIS. Their ob-servation will allow the extraction of detailed spectro-scopic data and molecular dynamics information andwill be widely applicable to a variety of areas of Physics,Chemistry and Biochemistry.

State preparationHigher fields will also enable specific regions of a mag-netic phase diagram to be accessed. Here, field is a con-trolling parameter, breaking symmetries, lifting degen-eracies, closing spin gaps or inducing new phases. Re-entrant phase diagrams, frustrated magnetic systems,field-induced orbital or quadrupole ordering, and multi-ferroics (coexistent ferro-electricity and ferromagnetism)are all topical examples requiring fields of several Tesla.

Pulsed environment developmentOne of the specialities of a pulsed source such as ISIS isthe ability to use external sample (or muon) stimulationtimed to the arrival of the muon pulses. Analysis ofsome systems, for example proton and ionic conductorsor superconductors, can benefit from radio-frequencystimulation of both sample atom nuclei and implantedmuons. However, a field range up to around 1.5 T is re-quired to make most nuclei of interest available for thismethod.

As can be seen, studies of a wide variety of systems willbenefit from the new instrument and the order of magni-tude increase in applied field that it will provide. HiFiwill be ready for operation by Autumn 2008, and we arelooking forward to new science from ISIS Muons.

Figure 2. The ISIS muon beamlines and spectrometers

Figure 3. Part of the ISIS muon beamlines where an electrostatic kickerdivides the beam, feeding it to three different muon spectrometers


21


Starting in July 2007, the PETRA storage ring at DESY inHamburg will be converted into a dedicated low-emit-tance source for synchrotron radiation.The new storage ring, PETRA III, will have a circumfer-ence of 2.304 km and will be run at a particle-energy of 6GeV. The emittance will be 1 nmrad, a value so far unri-valed by storage rings run at comparable particle ener-gies. On one octant of the new storage ring, an experi-mental hall will be constructed (Figure 1). In this hall, atotal of nine straight sections will be available for plac-ing insertion devices.Four of the straight sections will contain single undula-tors, while the remaining five straight sections will beequipped with pairs of canted undulators resulting in atotal of 14 independent beams of synchrotron radiation.

EMBL Hamburg is in charge of building three beamlineson PETRA III, two for macromolecular crystallography(MX) and one for small angle X-ray scattering on biolog-ical samples (SAXS).The beamlines will be embedded in an integrated facilityfor structural biology uniting sample preparation andcharacterization, data collection using synchrotron radi-ation, and data processing and structure determination.The construction of the three beamlines has been fundedby the German Ministry for education and research(BMBF) with a total of 8.8 million EURO for a period offour years.These funds are complemented by contributions fromEMBL. In the operational phase, access to the beamlineswill be based on scientific criteria only.

The EMBL Integrated Facility for Structural Biologyat PETRA IIIT.R. SchneiderCoordinator of the EMBL@PETRA-III projectEMBL Hamburg c/o DESY, Notkestraße 85,22603 Hamburg, Germany

Figure 1. Artists impression of the new PETRA III hall. The approximate locations of the SAXS and MX beamlines are indicated in red; sample prepa-ration facilities will be located in the area marked in green; data evaluation will take place in the parts of the PETRA III hall shown in blue.


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While the basic parameters of the beamlines have been de-scribed in the Technical Design Report on the PETRA IIIproject (http://petra3.desy.de/general/tdrindex_eng.html),we are now refining and finalizing both the scientificcase and the design of the beamlines. Towards this, twobeamline design workshops were held (SAXS: October31 to Nobember 1, 2006, MX: April 23 to April 25, 2007).These workshops brought together experts of the fieldsand provided guidance and a number of new ideas.For small angle X-ray scattering, the very low emittanceof PETRA III will allow to produce a high-intensity beamthat at the same time has a small divergence and a smallfocal size. While the small divergence will improve themeasurable signal, the small focal size can be exploitedto drastically reduce the amount of sample required forindividual measurements.Given that the experiments will also be accelerated bythe high intensities, novel systems for moving smallamounts of liquids in and out of the beam quickly andautomatically are currently being developed.For achieving very high X-ray fluxes, the SAXS beamlinewill have a large bandpass (several percent) monochro-mator; the projected intensities will be sufficiently highto push the duration of a measurement into the milli-sec-ond time regime enabling time-resolved measurementsof structural transitions accompanying biochemical reac-tions. The two beamlines for macromolecular crystallog-raphy will fulfill different roles.While one will be geared towards collecting diffractiondata from µm-sized crystals, the other will provide ex-tended wavelength-tunability, in particular towards longwavelengths.Given the importance of accurate measurement of weakanomalous signals from macromolecular crystals bothfor phasing and the unambiguous interpretation of elec-tron densities, we plan to implement a wide wavelengthrange from 0.35 to 3.0 Å (36 to 4 keV) covering most ofthe absorption edges of interest in biology.To reduce the technical complications in building a sin-gle beamline with a very large wavelength range, the ac-cessible energies will be divided between the two MXbeamlines. The low emittance of PETRA III will enableus to produce very small (10-50 µm) low-divergence(0.1-0.2 mrad) beams at the sample position allowing toperform diffraction experiments on small crystals, ormultiple experiments on single crystals to circumventthe effects of radiation damage.By using focusing optics on one of the beamlines, wewill be able to reduce the beam size to 1-5 µm enablingexperiments on micro-crystals.To improve sample-handling in crystallographic applica-tions, we are continuing the development of a roboticsample changer already available at EMBL Hamburg.Our goal is to construct an instrument that will be able

to not only pick up cryogenic sample mounts followingthe present standard but will also allow massive in situscreening (hundreds of samples) exploiting novel mi-crofluidic technologies in crystal growth and crystal han-dling. Both SAXS and MX beamlines will be supportedby upstream-facilities for sample preparation.In particular, the existing high-throughput crystalliza-tion facility at EMBL Hamburg will be moved to a newlocation very close to the beamlines allowing a directcoupling of crystallization and diffraction-based screen-ing. Other biophysical methods for sample characteriza-tion such as isothermal calorimetry, mass-spectrometry,analytical ultra-centrifugation, dynamic light scatteringetc. will be available in the direct vicinity of the beam-lines (Figure 1).Building on the traditional strength of EMBL Hamburgin developing new methods for structure determinationfrom both SAXS and MX data, we will provide a state-of-the-art computing environment together with power-ful software for immediate interpretation of the collecteddata. We are very excited about building the new facili-ties and plan to offer first access to the experimental sta-tions in 2010.

More information about the EMBL@PETRA-III project isavailable at: www.embl-hamburg.de/services/petra3

INFORMATION ON:

Conference Announcements and Advertising forEurope and US, rates and inserts can be found at:

www.cnr.it/neutronielucedisincrotrone

Pina CasellaTel. +39 06 72594117e-mail: [email protected]

MUON & NEUTRON &SYNCHROTRON RADIATION NEWS

23


News from ILLEngineering Oxygen TransportThe requirements for new and cleanenergy sources, such as solid-oxidefuel cells (SOFC), have stimulatedconsiderable research activities inthe last decade on solid oxygen ionconductors operating at moderatetemperatures.

SOFCs would offer enormous eco-logical benefit, provided that suit-able materials with high oxygen per-meability can be developed to oper-ate at moderate temperatures.In order to better understand low-temperature oxygen diffusion mech-anisms, the oxygen intercalation intoSrCoO2.5 was investigated by in situneutron diffraction and X-ray ab-sorption spectroscopy at ambienttemperature.

In particular, three-dimensional oxy-gen ordering and evidence of theformation of O- species during theintercalation were observed for thefirst time. Ion conduction in solids isnormally described in terms of athermally activated hopping process

with ions jumping from occupied in-to vacant sites. Oxygen ions are dou-bly charged and have a rather largeradius of about 1.4 Å.The energy barriers to overcomeduring jumping are therefore high,requiring elevated temperatures fordiffusion to set in, even in structurespossessing rather large vacancysites. In this context, it is rather sur-prising that there exist compoundsinto which oxygen ions can be inter-

calated reversibly at ambient tem-perature using ‘gentle’ electrochemi-cal methods or other soft chemistrysynthesis. At present two structuretypes are known to show such be-haviour: the first one is the La2MO4+x

(M=Cu,Ni,Co) system with K2NiF4

structure type and the second oneconcerns the deficient perovskitesSrMO2.5 (M=Fe,Co), with Brownmil-lerite structure type [1-3].In particular, SrMO2.5 must be con-sidered as a key system for the un-derstanding of low-temperature re-action mechanisms involving oxy-gen diffusion, as it exhibits a particu-lar high charge transfer of one elec-tron per formula unit. Perovskite ox-ides are networks of corner-sharing

Figure 1. Right: neutron powder diffraction patterns obtained in situ on D20 during the electrochemical oxidation of SrCoO2.5 vs. charge transfer. Thediffractogram of the brownmillerite SrCoO2.5 is represented at the bottom, whereas the one of the perovskite SrCoO3.00 is at the top. The outlined ellip-soids indicate the positions of the superstructure reflection corresponding to SrCoO2.82±0.07; left: schematical transformation of the brownmillerite to theperovskite structure.


24


oxygen octahedra. Extracting rowsof oxygen ions (see figure 1, left) insuch a way as to create channels ofparallel vacancies would lead to theBrownmillerite structure type.In the case of SrCoO2.5 these channelscan be electrochemically re-oxidisedat room temperature, thus comingback to the ordered SrCoO3 mothercompound. In a first step to under-stand what makes SrCoO2.5 so spe-cial, the structural and magnetic

changes were monitored duringelectrochemical oxidation. Electro-chemistry is in this context a veryuseful tool, as it allows controllingdirectly the charge transfer, i.e. theoxygen stoichiometry and also thereaction kinetics.In situ neutron diffraction, using aspecially adapted electrochemicalcell on the instrument D20, turnedout to be the method of choice forthis experiment.Neutrons are simply more suitablethan X-rays when it comes to deter-mine the oxygen ordering and stoi-chiometry. In the first stage of the

oxidation the original SrCoO2.5 phasecoexists with SrCoO2.75, a cubic defi-cient perovskite structure (see figure1, right). Further oxygen uptakedoes, however, not proceed continu-ously to the cubic SrCoO3 but yieldsin an additional intermediate phase,SrCoO2.82±0.07, establishing 3D oxygenordering [4].The latter phase is isostructural tothe homologous SrFeO2.875 phasewith tetragonal symmetry, which isrelated to the perovskite unit cell bya = b ≈ 2a√2 and c ≈ 2a. This is thefirst time that oxygen ordering hasbeen detected during controlled in-tercalation at ambient temperature,i.e. far away from thermodynamicequilibrium. This implies the important messagethat solid oxides can indeed relax to-wards new ordered structures al-ready at ambient temperature.The general assumption that goodionic conduction is always accompa-nied by structural disorder and that,reciprocally, structural disorder al-ways favours ionic conduction, isthus a questionable concept. Complementary studies by X-rayabsorption spectroscopy carried outin situ on the beamline BM29 at theESRF have evidenced the formationof O- species during the intercala-tion reaction [4]. This indicates thatthe oxygen sub-band is energeticallyhigher than the cobalt band and fur-ther underlines the importance ofpossible valence fluctuations to sup-port oxygen ion conduction following Co4+ + O2- ↔ î Co3+ + O- whichhas in this sense more than only aca-demic impact.The fact that CaFeO2.5 is unable to in-tercalate oxygen by electrochemicaloxidation while SrFeO2.5 does,demonstrates that the simple exis-tence of vacancy channels solely isunable to explain the conductionmechanism. It becomes evident thatalso the lattice motion must play adecisive role.Inelastic neutron scattering (IN6)shows significant differences in the

density-of-states for the homologouscompounds SrFeO2.5 and CaFeO2.5

(figure 2). Using these neutron datato validate numerical simulations,we obtain first evidence for a deli-cate interplay of structure and latticedynamics.In particular, very small changes inthe cell parameters may trigger in-stabilities, i.e. soft-going modes lead-ing to dynamic disorder. Accordingto our numerical simulations, theconduction channels in SrFeO2.5,even at room temperature, are any-thing but rigid tubes. The tetrahedra,constituting the walls of these chan-nels, display a very complex motionin a way to promote dynamicallytransport of oxygen ions along thechannels.The equivalent motions do not existin CaFeO2.5 thus offering an explana-tion why oxygen cannot be interca-lated at ambient conditions.

References1. J.C. Grenier, A. Wattiaux, J.-P. Doumerc, L.

Fournes, J.-P. Cheminade and M. Pouchard,J. Solid State Chem. 96 (1992) 20

2. A. Nemudry, P. Rudolf and R. Schöllhorn,Chem. Mater. 8 (1996) 2232

3. W. Paulus, A. Cousson, G. Dhalenne,J. Berthon, A. Revcolevschi, S. Hosoya,W. Treutmann and G. Heger, R. Le Toquin,Solid State Sci. 4 (2002) 565

4. R. Le Toquin, W. Paulus, A. Cousson,C. Prestipino and C. Lamberti, J. Am. Chem.Soc., 128 (2006) 13161

W. Paulus, R. Le Toquin,T. Berthier, O. Hernandez,

M. CerettiUniversity of Rennes 1

A. CoussonLLB, CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette

C. Prestipino, C. LambertiUniversity of Torino

S. Eibl, H. Schober,M. Johnson, T.Hansen

ILL

Figure 2: Density-of-states of SrFeO2.5 (blue)and CaFeO2.5 (red) obtained on IN6 at 300 K.The low energy modes were found for SrFeO2.5

at 7 meV and for CaFeO2.5 at 12 meV and are in-dicated by arrows.



25

ILL next standard proposal round:call for proposals

The deadline for proposal submission is

Tuesday, 18 September 2007, midnight (European time)

Proposal submission is only possible electronically.

Electronic Proposal Submission (EPS) is possible via our Visitors Club (http://club.ill.fr/cv/), once you havelogged in with your personal username and password.

The detailed guide-lines for the submission of a proposal at the ILL can be found on the ILL web site:www.ill.fr, Users & Science, User Information, Proposal Submission, Standard Submission.

The web system will be operational from 1 July 2007, and will be closed on 18 Septemberat midnight (European time).

Please allow sufficient time for any unforeseen computing hitches.You will receive full support from the Visitors Club team. If you have any difficulties at all, please contactour web-support ([email protected]).

For any further queries, please contact the Scientific Co-ordination Office: [email protected]

Scheduling periodThose proposals accepted at the next round will be scheduled during the last two cycles in 2007.

Reactor Cycles for 2007:

Cycle n° 146 (071) from 20/02/2007 to 11/04/2007

Cycle n° 147 (072) from 24/04/2007 to 13/06/2007

Cycle n° 148 (073) from 28/08/2007 to 17/10/2007

Cycle n° 149 (074) from 30/10/2007 to 19/12/2007

Start-ups and shut downs are planned at 8:30 am.


26


New ILL PhD programme

In the light of the essential role played by PhD students in the ILL’s scientific life the Institute has decided toraise to 25 the total number of PhD grants awarded to students interested in preparing their thesis at theworld’s leading facility in neutron science.

The new ILL PhD programme aims at promoting four scientific fields:Nanoscience, Soft Condensed Matter, Biology and Magnetism, but some high quality proposals from otherfields will also be considered.

The award of a grant depends essentially on the quality of the proposals.

Who can apply?Academics belonging to a university or an affiliated institution in one of the ILL’s Associate or Scientific Partnercountries, with responsibility for supervising PhD students. He/she must already have identified a student moti-vated to carry out the research project.The student may be of any nationality.

When to apply?There are two calls for proposals each year.The next deadlines are 15 April and 15 September 2007.

More information is displayedon the ‘Jobs and carreers” page

on www.ill.fr.

A new application has been put inplace on the ILL Visitors Club, forgranting quick and easy access toILL beamtime. The Easy Access Sys-tem (EASY) will grant diffractionbeamtime to scientists from ILLmember countries, who need arapid structural characterisation ofsamples and data analysis. Accesswill be open all year long, and itwill not be necessary to go throughthe ILL standard proposal round

and consequent peer review system.The system – already operational inother neutron scattering facilitiessuch as ISIS – will offer two neutrondays per cycle, on four instruments(D1A, D2B, VIVALDI and ORIENT-EXPRESS) to perform very short ex-periments (a maximum of 4h per cy-cle) at room temperature. The userswill not be invited to the ILL, butwill send their samples to one of twodesignated ILL scientists (one for

powder and one for single-crystalexperiments), who will be responsi-ble for the measurements, sample ra-diological control, and shippingback the sample.

More information is available at

www.ill.fr/dif/easy/

G. CicognaniCommunication and

Scientific SupportInstitut Laue-Langevin

News from Scientific Coordination OfficeEASY access



27

Engineering Users Warm to SALSASALSA, the ILL instrument for engi-neering and materials science came online at the end of 2005 and the three re-actor cycles for users of 2006 haveshown its excellent performance.A surprisingly wide range of experi-ments have included stress determina-tion in superconducting wires at a tem-perature of 4 K, investigation of weldedsteel joints used in the construction in-dustry, understanding fatigue in nickelsingle crystal tensile specimens andnear-surface stress determination in a120 kg bearing used in the shaft of awind-powered electricity generator.

In 2006 SALSA has evolved into theworld-leading instrument for resid-ual stress determination in engineer-ing components using neutrons.During the last year significantstrides forward have been made.Behind the scenes, SALSA has alsobenefited from the refurbished neu-tron guide H22 which now providesa ‘raw’ flux gain of a factor of ≈ 3.When the instrument was commis-sioned the beam defining optics wereincident and detector slits. Theseprovide a high-flux solution to manybulk measurement experiments.From the last cycle of 2006 radial-fo-cussing oscillating collimators wereavailable as an option.These allow better definition ofsmall measuring volumes with highpeak-to-background ratios whilst al-so suppressing spurious effects aris-ing when measurements are madethrough surfaces [1].Users are therefore able to performdetailed peak-shape analysis evennear surfaces. One of the principalchallenges when measuring strain incomplex samples is the location ofthe measuring volume with respectto the sample. To assist sample align-ment we have developed a 3D-cam-era assisted metrological system(Mario Urbina).

A set of three cameras are focused onthe measurement location, providinga spatial resolution of ≈ 20 µm.Intelligent pattern-matching routinesallow the simple determination ofthe centre-of-rotation for the instru-ment, a very important tool for in-strument alignment.The same technique is applied to lo-cate reference marks on the sample.

Measurements of distances, anglesand positions can be performed onscreen. Figure 1 shows a screen shotduring the alignment of a complexshaped aircraft engine turbine ringsection.The specimen had first been digi-tised using the co-ordinate measur-ing machine (CMM) in the FaME38laboratory.Continued developments areplanned for the 2007 including: fur-ther improvements to the camera

system; installation of a portablelaser scanner at the instrument todigitise the sample surface and de-termine the absolute position of thesample relative to the translationstage; providing a more flexiblerange of beam definition optics(slits/collimators/supports).

Experimental highlightsUltrasonic Impact treatment (UIT) isa novel mechanical surface treat-ment, capable of introducing a layerof deep compressive residual stressinto engineering materials. The tech-nique is particularly suited to theprotection of known failure loca-tions at welded joints in the aero-space industry.UIT has been shown to highly effec-tive in increasing fatigue strengthand damage tolerance. The UIT

Figure1. Alignment of a turbine section on SALSA. The screen shot shows steel balls of 4 mm diam-eter, used for alignment, automatically detected by the pattern matching routine. The crosses markthe gauge volume position.

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Figure 3. Wind turbine and bearing mountedon the SALSA hexapod.The roller bed is positioned vertical by tiltingthe hexapod.

treatment involves the deformationof the surface of the treated materialby impacts of a free needle indentervibrating at ≈ 27 kHz.These impacts create severe plasticdeformation of the near surface re-gion (depth 1-3 mm typically forsteel) and an ultrasonic stress wavethat propagates deep into the mater-ial (10-12 mm).As part of a project to investigate theeffectiveness of this treatment, thefull thickness residual stress distrib-

ution was measured on SALSA(Alex Evans).The results show a 1 mm deep re-gion of beneficial compressive resid-ual strain produced by the process(figure 2), accompanied by plasticdeformation as can be seen frompeak broadening. With the current drive to loweremission energy sources, increasingfocus is falling upon electricity gen-eration by wind power. A recentstudy (Matthew Peel) using SALSAattempted to measure the residualstress in the wall of a wind turbine

central axis roller bearing.The sheer scale of wind turbinescombined with the near-constantrunning the often remote location,sometimes offshore, poses some dif-ficult engineering questions.The central bearing of the drive axisis a key component which experi-ences complex stress states both inthe bulk and on the surfaces in con-tact with the shaft on one side andthe rollers on the other.Conventional surface treatments to

impose compressive surface stresseshave lead to unexpected failures,probably due to the occurrence ofbalancing tensile stresses in other lo-cations. An ongoing project in col-laboration with Swedish companySKF intends to fully characterise theresidual stresses in a complete bear-ing of 60 cm diameter and 120 kgweight (figure 3).The measurements required flexiblesample positioning, high spatial res-olution and substantial penetrationfor which the hexapod and the beamoptics on SALSA are very effective.

References 1. ILL annual report, 2000, p. 86

Further Information:First impressions of SALSA: The new engineeringinstrument at ILL. D.J. Hughes, G. Bruno, T.Pirling and P.J. Withers. Neutron News 17, 3(2006), 28-32

T. Pirling and D.J. HughesILL

Figure 2. Longitudinal residual strain and peak width evolution in an UIT treated steel sample.Data analysis is in progress, but it can already be seen from the peak width that the plasticallydeformed region is well correlated with the region of compressive stresses. This analysis is onlypossible with the radial focussing collimator set-up.


29


News from ISISExtra Terrestrial Research at ISISWhen voters cast their ballot inSchaerbeek in Brussels in May 2003they expected their vote to count,but what they did not expect was ex-tra terrestrial invaders to disruptproceedings by casting an additional4096 votes. This is not an absurd plotfrom a science fiction story, but sci-entific fact - but how can this betrue? The answer lies in their use ofelectronic voting machines for thiselection. Despite some extensivetesting the machines were, in fact,vulnerable to an unforeseen butgrowing problem that is now beinginvestigated at ISIS; the disruptionof the micro-electronic systems bycosmic rays. It is not just voting ma-chine electronics that are vulnerableto cosmic rays either - virtually allthe integrated electronics that havefound their way our lives can be af-fected by these extra terrestrial in-vaders and documented cases showthat many electronic systems whichincludes the latest sophisticated su-percomputers have fallen foul oftheir effects1.The menace that lies at the heart ofthis phenomenon is the neutron.Neutrons are generated by cosmicrays interacting with the Earth’s up-per atmosphere in a process that issomewhat akin to a planet-sizedspallation neutron source2. The num-ber of neutrons generated is far toosmall to have a serious effect on hu-man health and can be thought of asa gentle neutron ‘rain’ at the Earth’ssurface. The problem with the neu-tron ‘rain’ or flux is that it interactswith the silicon, boron, indium andother materials commonly found inintegrated circuits to disrupt them.The very high energy and highlypenetrating nature of the neutronsinvolved means that they are able toget to the very heart of the electronicdevices and take part in nuclear re-

actions that generate unwanted elec-trical discharge. This unwanted ex-tra charge can change the basic oper-ation of the electronics by changingthe stored binary information in amemory chip or by altering the logi-cal function of another. These effects,known as ‘soft errors’, are often hardto track down as they are not perma-nent; they do not tend to make thedevice fail completely or burn outbut cause unpredictable random er-rors – a true and dangerous ‘ghost’in the machine.Whilst many mainstream electronicmanufacturers are now beginning towake up to the potential threat thatcosmic-ray neutrons can cause to thereliability of their devices, these neu-trons have been of great concern tothe aerospace and avionics industryfor many years3. At typical commer-cial flight altitudes of 30,000 – 35,000feet the intensity of the cosmic-rayneutron flux is several hundredtimes higher than at ground level asthe shielding effect of the lower at-mosphere diminishes. When this iscoupled with the fact that aircraftmanufacturers are incorporatingever increasing numbers of comput-ers and electronic systems into theirproducts, all of which are potentiallyvulnerable to the neutrons’ effects,you can begin to see why they areconcerned. In fact, such radiation ef-fects are now accepted as one of thedominant reliability threat to aircraftelectronics operating at normalcruising altitudes. The answer to thisthreat is, of course, to test the effectsof the cosmic-ray neutrons on elec-tronic components and systems, andfor that you need an accelerator-based neutron source.The ISIS Neutron Source where neu-tron production is driven by an800MeV proton accelerator is justsuch a facility, and is ideal for micro-

chip testing as it is able to generatehigh intensity neutron beams with aspectrum close to the atmosphericneutron spectrum created by cosmicrays. The intensities of the neutronbeam at ISIS are such that an hoursexposure on VESUVIO is equivalentto many tens of thousands of hoursin the real natural environment.This ‘accelerated’ testing makes itfeasible to carry out an assessmentof the errors created by atmosphericneutrons in a wide variety of elec-tronic devices. The value of ISIS for accelerated test-ing for the avionics industry has re-cently been demonstrated by SPAES-RANE4, a UK consortium of indus-trial and academic research groupsspecifically set up to address thethreat posed by atmospheric radia-tion. Another leading group involv-ing several Italian universities5 hasalso been testing electronics at ISIS.They, however, have also been ex-tending studies to electronics thathave applications at ground level.Although the lower levels of radia-tion at ground level make the likeli-hood of disruption to a single con-stituent component less than it is ataltitude, the race towards rapidlydecreasing size, ever increasingspeed and the sheer number of com-ponents being packed into modernelectronics means that the incidentsof ‘soft errors’ resulting from cosmic-ray neutrons at ground level is onthe increase6.Predicting where the problems mayoccur is difficult and exacerbated bythe fact that devices doing very simi-lar things can have quite differentsensitivities to cosmic-ray neutrons.Experts agree that the problem islikely to get worse and is certainlynot going to go away. As we increaseour dependence on electronics, notonly for safety critical applications

30



such as ground based transport andmedicine but also in a whole host ofsocial and economic ones, the relia-bility of those electronics and the po-tential threat from cosmic-ray neu-trons will become of increasing con-cern to the industries involved7.The problem for the electronics in-dustry is that accelerator-based neu-tron sources that are suitable forelectronic testing are not that widelyavailable, particularly in Europe.The opening of the micro-chip test-ing facility at ISIS and its future de-velopments in collaboration withleading groups from the UK, Italyand Europe is therefore a step for-ward for European industries andacademic researchers in this field.

References1. IEEE Transactions on Device and Material Reli-

ability, vol. 5, no. 3, Sept. 2005, special issueon Soft Errors and Data Integrity in Terres-trial Computer Systems.

2. J.F. Ziegler, “Terrestrial cosmic rays,” IBM J.Res. Dev., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 19–39, Jan. 1996.

3. E. Normand, “Single-event effects in avion-ics,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 43, no. 2, pp.461–474, Apr. 1996.

4. Project SPAESRANE: Solutions for thePreservation of Aerospace Electronic Sys-tems Reliability in the Atmospheric NeutronEnvironment. Website. [Online]. Available:http://www.spaesrane.com

5. (i) Giuseppe Gorini, Marco Tardocchi andEnrico Perelli from the Università degli Stu-di di Milano Bicocca. (ii) A. Paccagnella,S. Gerardin and P. Rech from the Universita’degli Studi di Padova . (iii) C. Andreani, A.Pietropaolo, A. Salsano and S. Pontarelli

from the Università degli Studi di Roma -TorVergata

6. Y. Yahagi et al., “Threshold energy of neu-tron-induced single event upset as a criticalfactor”, Proc. 42nd Annual IEEE Internation-al Reliability Physics Symposium, 2004

7. L. Collins, “If it ain’t broken, you’re verylucky,” IEE Electronic Systems and Software,vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 12–17, June-July 2005.

For more informationplease contact:

C.D. FrostISIS Facility

Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryChilton

UKOX11 0QX

INES Takes Off: Update on the First Year of User ProgramDuring 2006, the Italian NeutronExperimental Station (INES), whoseconstruction you have already heardabout in this journal, started its firstuser program.The Station is equipped with a gen-eral purpose powder diffractometer,characterised by good resolutionand simple versatile design.The INES project was sponsored bythe CNR Neutron Spectroscopy Ad-visory Committee, who stressed theimportance of realizing an experi-mental station with beam-time par-tially reserved for the Italian com-munity at the world most powerfulpulsed neutron source (ISIS, Ruther-ford Appleton Laboratory, UK) andidentified the strategic value thatsuch a Test Station would take forthe Italian neutron scattering com-munity, given the absence of neutronsources in our country. A powderdiffractometer seemed a good initialchoice, given the vast exploitation ofthis technique by various branchesof science, such as Chemistry, Mater-ial Science, Earth Science or Crystal-lography. Indeed, neutron powder

diffraction plays a fundamental rolein these fields, typically either in thedetermination of structural andmagnetic transitions, with the em-ploy of furnaces and cryostats, or inthe routine characterization of sam-ples, an application whose impor-tance is sometimes neglected.Besides, neutrons are a highly non-destructive probe for condensedmatter, thus neutron techniqueshave become very popular recentlyin archaeological applications, andneutron diffraction proved to be par-

ticularly effective for the characteri-zation of archaeological samples,such as bronzes or ceramics.This fact is particularly relevant forthe Italian community, given thecontinuously increasing importanceattributed to this kind of study inour country. Archaeometry has infact become a very popular disci-pline in Italy in the recent years, andthe reason for this, besides the sup-port from funding institutions, hasto be seen in the great availability ofarchaeological sites, in a country

Figure 1. A portion of theINES block-house: theincoming beam directioncan be seen in the back-ground, the sample tank onthe right hand side. The144 3He INES detectors arehidden on the other side ofthe tank. In front, aprototype detection devicecan be seen while it isbeing tested by the ISISdetector group.


31


with such a rich cultural heritage.With this in mind, the Test StationINES has been designed with a par-ticular eye for archaeological appli-cations; from an almost full detectorcoverage of the scattering angles(from 9° to 171°) for easier textureanalysis to a large sample containertank (80 cm diameter by 90 cmheight), ready to host big samplessuch as a statue or an amphora. During the first 2 cycles of 2006,some fraction of the beam-time hasbeen reserved for completing thecommissioning of the instrumentand making calibration measure-ments, in order to assess its capabili-ties and performances.A new turbo-molecular pump hasbeen installed, closed-cycle refrigera-tors and furnaces tested, and the da-ta reduction and analysis procedureshave been set up and tested, in col-laboration with the Crystallographygroup at ISIS. Different standardsamples have been measured, in or-der to calibrate the geometry andresolution of the diffractometer onan absolute scale and in comparisonwith other instruments. The instru-ment proved to have a good resolu-tion (down to ∆d/d=0.002), and lowbackground, although it is ham-pered by a low count rate. Duringthis first year of operation, we havebeen able to allocate beam-time foralmost all of the experiments pro-posed, with a steady increase in re-quests from potential users and a re-ally packed final cycle.In this initial period, we have estab-lished a friendly access mechanismwithout deadlines. However, at the

same time, the instrument has beeninserted into the ISIS on-line propos-al system and, starting with the 1st

round in 2007, the access to INES fol-lows the same rules as the other ISISinstruments, with on line submissionof proposals through the ISIS web-site. The interests of the INES usersof the first year, together with theirnational provenance can be seen inthe charts below.Archaeometry and magnetism arepopular subjects these days, whilegood old chemistry is still not out offashion. With regards to the firstitem, INES has been employed tomeasure samples such as Romanbronzes, among which an importantpiece of ancient bureaucracy: ametallic lamina, an indestructiblecertificate stating that the roman sol-dier Aemilius Flavi (son of Flavus)from Tingi (Tangier, Morocco), is fi-nally a free man and a citizen of theEmpire.A very peculiar set of samples is rep-resented by metallic retrievals froma shipwreck, still covered with cal-careous concretions and stillsmelling of sea. Here the sample hasalmost disappeared, due to corro-sion from the salty water, and thesurrounding concretion is very im-portant because it retains the shapeof the object and, in some cases,some heavily corroded residual.Thus, the concretion, instead of be-ing something to be removed in or-der to be able to access the object,contains the relevant informationabout it. Hence the importance ofhaving a highly penetrating particleto investigate matter!

As already mentioned, the test sta-tion has an open design, with spaceavailable for neutron instrumenta-tion tests such as new detectorsand/or ancillary equipment. It isworth mentioning that, thanks to thewater moderator on the beamline,high energy incident neutrons areavailable on INES.At the moment, we are working toimprove the detectors’ stability. Inaddition, a new collimation devicehas been installed after the beamshutter for pin-pointing selectedportions of the beam over differentpositions on the sample.The data acquisition system is beingchanged to the new ISIS DAE IIstandard, which will make easier thecontrol of specific pieces of sampleenvironment equipment, such as re-mote controlled sample holders.Finally, we are producing new piecesof equipment: a new goniometer fortexture analysis of small objects anda small xyz table for positioning oflarge samples. We are confident thatthe community of INES users willincrease in number and variety, andwe hope to be able to offer more andmore opportunities for producinggood science.

For updated information we suggest tocheck our website: www.isis.rl.ac.uk/molecularspectroscopy/ines.

S. ImbertiISIS Department

Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryChilton, Didcot, OXON

UK OX11 0QX

First year of user program on INES: national provenance of the users (on the left) and topics investigated (on the right)


32


News from NIST Center for Neutron ResearchPolarized 3He neutron spin filters for NCNR instruments

Polarized neutron scattering (PNS) isa powerful probe for a wide range ofresearch fields from physics to biolo-gy. Although it is useful for manyapplications, the lack of optimal po-larizing and analyzing devices stillprecludes many PNS experiments.Nuclear spin polarized 3He gas, pro-duced by optical pumping, can beused to polarize or analyze neutron

beams because of the strong spin de-pendence of the neutron absorptioncross section for 3He. Due to signifi-cant improvements in their perfor-mance during the last several years,polarized 3He neutron spin filters(NSF) have been of growing interestto the neutron scattering communityworldwide. Compared to commonlyused polarizers such as supermirrorsand Heusler crystals, NSFs have thefollowing advantages: 1) they are

broadband and can polarize cold,thermal or hot neutrons effectively;2) they can polarize large area andlarge divergence neutron beamswithout adding beam divergence;and 3) they can efficiently flip theneutron polarization by reversingthe 3He nuclear polarization. Thislast capability can be performed us-ing the adiabatic fast passage nu-

clear magnetic resonance technique[1], thus integrating the polarizerand the flipper into a single device.The NIST Center for Neutron Re-search (NCNR) initiated a polarized3He neutron spin filter program in2006. The goal is to polarize and/oranalyze neutron beams for neutronscattering instruments where otherneutron-polarizing techniques areinadequate.At the NCNR, polarized 3He NSF

devices have been applied to diffusereflectometry [2], small-angle neu-tron scattering (SANS) [3], and to athermal triple-axis spectrometer(TAS) having a double focusingmonochromator [4].For thermal TAS, the 3He spin filterscan provide significantly better neu-tronic performance and greater ver-satility in the selection of energyand polarization compared toHeusler crystals.We have successfully performed sev-eral polarized beam experiments onthe BT-7 TAS using 3He polarizersand analyzers. A 3He NSF in con-junction with a large double focus-ing pyrolitic graphite monochroma-tor on the BT-7 TAS has yielded aninitial polarized beam intensityabout a factor of 20 higher than therecently decommissioned BT-2 TASthat used Heusler crystals.For polarization analysis in diffusereflectometry, the 3He spin filter al-lows much more efficient collectionof off-specular scattering for a broadrange of reciprocal space.The use of a 3He spin filter makes po-larization analysis practical in SANS.As a long-term goal, we plan to im-plement wide-angle polarizationanalysis for some other instruments.User-friendly data reduction softwareis also under development to inter-face with these 3He NSFs. There existtwo optical pumping methods to po-larize the 3He gas, spin-exchange(SEOP) and metastability exchange(MEOP). Both SEOP and MEOP tech-niques can routinely provide polar-ized 3He gas at a polarization of 75%.For our current 3He NSF applica-tions, the 3He gas is polarized off-line by the SEOP method, transport-ed to neutron scattering instruments,and stored on the beam line using auniform magnetic field provided bya magnetically shielded solenoid

Figure 1. A compact 3He spin filter device (20 cm in diameter and 25 cm long) used for a thermaltriple axis spectrometer.



33

(Fig. 1). The development of onlineoptical pumping of 3He gas to main-tain time-independent neutronicperformance is underway for a fewinstruments.The key technical challenges in ap-plying 3He spin filters to neutronscattering are 1) producing a largevolume of highly polarized 3He gasand 2) minimizing the 3He polariza-tion decay.We have constructed two SEOP sys-tems capable of producing 75 % po-larized 3He gas at pressures of (1 to2) x 105 Pa in cells having volumes

approaching 1 L. To reduce polariza-tion relaxation arising from field gra-dients inside magnetically shieldedsolenoids, we have optimized thefield homogeneity by modeling andmapping the field, and most useful-ly, by measuring the polarization re-laxation of the sealed low-pressureMEOP cells.We have built a few compact mag-netically shielded solenoids thatyield field-gradient induced relax-ation times up to 3000 h for a 3Hepressure of 105 Pa over a cell volumeof 1 L.

References1. A. Abragam, Principles of Nuclear Magnetism,

Oxford University Press, Oxford, England(1961).

2. W.C. Chen et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 3256(2004).

3. T.R. Gentile et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 33, 771(2000).

4. W.C. Chen et al., Physica B in press.

W.C. Chen, J.A. Borchers,R. Erwin, T.R. Gentile,

J.W. LynnNational Institute

of Standards and Technology,Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA

News from SNSORNL Neutron Sciences UpdateBoth Oak Ridge National Laboratoryneutron scattering facilities complet-ed safety reviews in April 2007.These successes enable the High FluxIsotope Reactor (HFIR) and the Spal-lation Neutron Source (SNS) to con-tinue preparations for users to per-form neutron scattering experiments.A recently developed web-basedproposal submission process enablesboth facilities to coordinate beamtime on the neutron scattering in-

struments through a combined userprogram. The Integrated ProposalTracking System is undergoing betatesting. It will track proposalsthroughout the experimentalprocess, including proposal submis-sion, safety and science reviews, andbeam time scheduling. The HighFlux Isotope Reactor passed a formalreview assessing readiness for restartof operations. Neutron production isexpected to begin again in early May

2007. It is anticipated that the initialcycles will be devoted to testing ofinstruments and operational para-meters, with general users arrivinglater this summer. Four HFIR instru-ments will be initially available fol-lowing restart of the reactor: threetriple-axis spectrometers and theresidual stress diffractometer. Futurecapabilities at world-class levels willbe enabled by a new cold source fortwo small-angle neutron scattering

Figure 1. A 24-ton portion of the 65m3 ARCSscattering tank is lifted into position.Photo credit: Mark Loguillo/ORNL.

Figure 2. The POWGEN3 powder diffractometer team has completed installation of neutron guide.Photo credit: Luke Heroux/ORNL.

34



beam lines; these will be directed tothe biomaterials, pharmaceutical,and polymer communities. In com-ments referring to the re-start ofHFIR operations, ORNL groupleader Greg Smith said “Neutronscatterers are anxious to start doingexperiments using the facilities nowavailable at HFIR. In particular, thecold neutrons will give us new capa-bilities almost immediately to studycomplex molecules and biologicalsamples using the new SANS instru-ments in the guide hall. These instru-ments, combined with our state-of-the-art spectrometers already in thebeam room, will certainly usher in anew era of scientific productivity forORNL researchers and users fromaround the world”. The most recentSNS operation cycle was completedApril 15, 2007. A review was heldApril 2007 to assess readiness for ac-celerator operations at proton beampower above our present 100 kW ap-

proved limit up to the design capa-bility of 2 MW. Power of the acceler-ator will be increased beyond 100kWas the predictability and reliability ofneutron production also increases. Inthe most recent SNS operations cy-cle, proton beam power routinely de-livered to the target achieved thegoal of approximately 60 kW at anoperating frequency of 15 Hz. Theaccelerator also operated for fourhours at 90 kW. In another test of theaccelerator system, the operating fre-quency was increased to 30 Hz forseveral hours of neutron productionat 30 kW; this is in preparation forincreasing the power during the nextoperations cycle. A new world ener-gy record for proton beam accelera-tion in a linear accelerator was set onFebruary 19, 2007. SNS acceleratedthe proton beam to 1.01 GeV, break-ing the previous record of 0.95 GeV,which SNS achieved in December2005, and reaches the intended de-

sign energy of 1.0 GeV. The firstthree SNS instruments continue theircommissioning with the goal of wel-coming general users in October2007: BASIS – Backscattering Spec-trometer, and the Magnetism andLiquids Reflectometers.This involves testing major compo-nents such as the data acquisitionsystem, neutron choppers, incidentbeam monitor, and neutron detec-tors. Test measurements of varioussamples have been performed. Test-ing of this equipment including se-lected sample environments and po-larizers will continue during the nextoperations cycle. Advances continuein the construction of other instru-ments at SNS with an extremelybusy period of commissioning anduser activity beginning in fall 2007(see accompanying table).The POWGEN3 powder diffrac-tometer finished guide installationand is installing shielding over the

Schedule of ORNL Instruments through 2008

High Flux Isotope Reactor Spallation Neutron Source

Scheduled for General User Program in 2007

HB-1, Polarized Triple-Axis Spectrometer BL 2 , BASIS - Backscattering Spectrometer

HB-1A, Ames Lab Triple-Axis Spectrometer BL-4a, Magnetism Reflectometer

HB-3, Triple-Axis Spectrometer BL-4b, Liquids Reflectometer

HB-2B, Residual Stress Diffractometer

Commissioning Scheduled for 2007, General Users in 2008

CG-2, 40m SANS BL-18, ARCS - Wide Angular Range Chopper Spectrometer

CG-3, 35m BIOSANS

Commissioning Scheduled for 2008, General Users in 2009

BL-3, High Pressure Diffractometer

BL-5, CNCS – Cold Neutron Chopper Spectrometer

BL-6, EQ-SANS – Extended Q-Range Small Angle Neutron Diffractometer

BL-7, VULCAN – Engineering Diffractometer

BL-11a, POWGEN3, Powder Diffractometer

BL-13, Fundamental Physics Beam Line

BL-17, SEQUOIA – Fine Resolution Fermi Chopper Spectrometer



35

In late March, 55 state and federaljudges came to Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory for a week-longconference designed to give thejudges an orientation to the emerg-ing fields of nanotechnology, syn-thetic biology, and environmentalbiotechnology, and enhance theirability to preside over complex cases

involving novel scientific evidence.They toured the Advanced LightSource, focusing on its protein andcellular imaging capabilities.They also toured a nanotechnologyresearch center, met with BerkeleyLab Director Chu and several otherLab scientists, isolated DNA frag-ments and examined spectroscopyimages, and dissected imaginarycases involving nanoparticles, ra-dionuclide releases, and bioremedia-tion. “They came to Berkeley Lab be-cause we are known as the center forscience, and they need to know howscience works”, says Terry Hazen, amicrobial ecologist in the Earth Sci-ences Division who has helpedjudges bone up on the fundamentalsof science for the past eight years. Hazen organized the March 25 toMarch 30 conference under the aus-pices of the Advanced Science &

Technology Adjudication ResourceCenter (ASTAR), a non-profit corpo-ration that seeks to improve the ca-pacities of the nation’s courts in re-solving highly technical cases.Judges who attended the conferencewere certified by ASTAR and willprovide case-related leadership laterthis year at the group’s national con-ferences.ASTAR’s mission over the next twoyears is to provide an orientation onthe fundamentals of emerging scien-tific disciplines to every court juris-diction in the U.S.

D. KrotzCommunications Department

Lawrence Berkeley National Labphone: (510) 486-4019

fax: (510) [email protected]

Judges come to Lawrence Berkeley National Lab to learnabout Science

Judges get an orientation to emerging scientificfields from Lab microbial ecologist Terry Hazen.

guide sections. Large sample vesselsfor ARCS - Wide Angular RangeChopper Spectrometer [volume of 65m3] and SEQUOIA – Fine ResolutionFermi Chopper Spectrometer [vol-ume of 250 m3] have been receivedand installed.Construction of the external instru-ment buildings for the CNCS – ColdNeutron Chopper Spectrometer and

VULCAN – Engineering Diffrac-tometer is scheduled for completionin summer 2007.

ORNL User Meeting October 8-12,2007Four ORNL user facilities – SNS,HFIR, the Center for Nanophase Ma-terials Sciences, and the Shared Re-search Equipment user facilities –are coordinating a program for acombined User Week, October 8-12,2007, to be held at ORNL. The firstgoal of this meeting is to increase in-

terest and awareness of the impor-tant scientific research challengesthat are being addressed at these

Oak Ridge facilities. Second, wewish to receive feedback on neededadvances in areas such as develop-ing pump-probe techniques to studynon-equilibrium phenomena at mi-crosecond timescales, combiningsample environment stages (perhapshigh magnetic fields, high pressure,and low temperature simultaneous-ly), and combining characterizationtechniques (x-ray and neutron) onthe same instrument. Third, there isan opportunity to acquaint newusers with capabilities of some of themajor techniques used at SNS andHFIR through small workshops.More information on this combineduser meeting, including registration,agenda, and lodging, can found athttp://neutrons.ornl.gov or by emailto [email protected].

A.E. EkkebusNeutron Scattering Science Division

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Figure 3. This UV image is usedto assess optical alignment ofneutron guide sections of theVULCAN engineering diffrac-tometer. Note the continuoussmooth lines from the cornerswith no breaks or jumps whereglass sections meet.Image credit: Marc Shoemak-er/ORNL.

CALL FOR PROPOSALS

36


Call for proposals forNeutron Sourceshttp://pathfinder.neutron-eu.net/idb/access

BENSCDeadlines for proposal submission:15th September 2007www.hmi.de/bensc/user-info/call-bensc_en.html

BNCBudapest Neutron CentreDeadlines for proposal submission:15th November 2007www.bnc.hu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=39

FRJ-2 Fz-JulichDeadlines for proposal submission:Autumn 2007www.jcns.info/jcns_proposals/

FRM-II Deadlines for proposal submission:17th August and 14th September 2007http://user.frm2.tum.de/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=11

GeNFGeesthacht Neutron FacilityDeadline for proposal submission:At anytime during 2007www.gkss.de/index_e_js.html

ILLDeadlines for proposal submission:18th September 2007www.ill.fr

ISISDeadlines for proposal submission:16th October 2007www.isis.rl.ac.uk

LLBLaboratoire Léon BrillouinDeadlines for proposal submission:1st October 2007www-llb.cea.fr

NPLNeutron Physics LaboratoryDeadline for proposal submission:15th September 2007http://neutron.ujf.cas.cz/

RIDReactor Institute DelftDeadlines for proposal submission:31st December 2007www.rid.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=c36aa5a4-fe11-418d-89f9-6b200851bd05&lang=en

SINQSwiss Spallation Neutron SourceDeadlines for proposal submission are:15th November 2007http://sinq.web.psi.ch/sinq/sinq_call.html

SµSSwiss Muon SourceDeadlines for proposal submission:5th December 2007http://lmu.web.psi.ch/eu-muons/

CALL FOR PROPOSALS

37


Call for proposals forSynchrotron Radiation Sourceswww.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000336#byfacility

APSAdvanced Photon SourceDeadlines for proposal submission:13th July 2007www.aps.anl.gov/Users/Scientific_Access/General_User/GUP_Calendar.htm

BESSYDeadlines for proposal submission:15th August 2007www.bessy.de/boat/www/

BSRFBeijing Synchrotron Radiation FacilityDeadlines for proposal submission:Proposals are evaluated twice a yearwww.ihep.ac.cn/bsrf/english/userinfo/beamtime.htm

CHESSCornell High Energy Synchrotron SourceDeadlines for proposal submission:31st October 2007www.chess.cornell.edu/prposals/index.htm

CLSCanadian Light SourceDeadlines for proposal submission:1st October 2007www.lightsource.ca/uso/call_proposals.php

ELETTRADeadlines for proposal submission:31st August 2007https://vuo.elettra.trieste.it/pls/vuo/guest.startup

ESRFEuropean Synchrotron Radiation FacilityDeadlines for proposal submission:1st September 2007www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/UserGuide/News/ProposalDeadline/

FELIXFree Electron Laser for Infrared eXperimentsDeadlines for proposal submission:1st December 2007www.rijnh.nl/molecular-and-laser-physics/felix/n4/f1234.htm

HASYLABHamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor at DESYDeadlines for proposal submission:1st September 2007www-hasylab.desy.de/user_infos/projects/3_deadlines.htm

ISAInstitute for Storage Ring FacilitiesDeadlines for proposal submission:31st December 2007www-hasylab.desy.de/user_infos/projects/3_deadlines.htm

SOLEILDeadlines for proposal submission:15th September 2007www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/anglais/users/index.html

SRCSynchrotron Radiation CenterDeadlines for proposal submission:1st August 2007www.src.wisc.edu/users/index.htm

SRSSynchrotron Radiation SourceDeadlines for proposal submission:1st November 2007www.srs.ac.uk/srs/userSR/user_access2.html

SSRLStanford Synchrotron Radiation LaboratoryDeadlines for proposal submission:1st November and 1st December 2007www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/users/user_admin/deadlines.html

CALENDAR

38


July 22-26, 2007 ERICE, SICILY, ITALY

Structure and Dynamics of Free and SupportedNanoparticles Using Short Wavelength Radiation41st Course International School of Solid State Physics52nd IUVSTA Workshophttp://pccluster.mi.infn.it/erice-2007/

July 23-31, 2007 SERPONG & BANDUNG, INDONESIA

International Conference onNeutron andX Ray Scatteringhttp://centrin.net.id/~nslbatan/

July 25-31, 2007 FREIBURG, GERMANY

XXV ICPEAC – International Conference on Photonic,Electronic and Atomic Collisions www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/ICPEAC2007/

July 26-27, 2007 ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, UK

Theoretical and Experimental Magnetism Meetingwww.iop.org/activity/groups/subject/mag/Events/file_22170.pdf

July 29 - August 3, 2007 BERLIN, GERMANY

VUV XV – 15th International Conference onVacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Physicswww.bessy.de/VUVXV/front_content.php

August 5-10, 2007 NEW LONDON, NH, UK

Gordon Research Conference on X-ray Physicswww.grc.org/programs.aspx?year=2007&program=xray

August 10-12, 2007 SAINT AUBIN, FRANCE

III BioXAS Study WeekendSatellite meeting BSR2007 www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/workshops/2007/Third-BioXAS-SWE/

August 13-17, 2007 MANCHESTER, UK

BSR2007 – 9th International Conference on Biologyand Synchrotron Radiation www.srs.ac.uk/bsr2007/

August 18-25, 2007 ZUOZ, SWITZERLAND

Correlated Electron Materials6th PSI Summer School on Condensed Matter Researchhttp://sls.web.psi.ch/view.php/science/events/Conferences/2007/Zuoz2007/Scope.html

August 19-23, 2007 BOSTON, MA, USA

234th American Chemical Society National Meetingwww.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=meetings%5cboston2007%5chome.html

August 22-27, 2007 MARRAKECH, MOROCCO

ECM24 – XXIV European Crystallographic Meeting www.ecm24.org/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=57

August 26-30, 2007 SASKATOON, CANADA

Medical Applications of Synchrotron RadiationSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canadawww.lightsource.ca/masr2007/

September 2-6, 2007 MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA

COMS2007 – 12th International Conference on theCommercialisation of Micro and Nano Technologies www.mancef-coms2007.org/

September 3-5, 2007 BEIJING, CHINA

Materials Today Asia 2007 www.materialstodayasia.elsevier.com/location.htm

39


CALENDAR

September 3-14, 2007 JULICH / GARCHING, GERMANY

11th JCNS Laboratory Course - Neutron Scatteringwww.fz-juelich.de/iff/wns_lab07

September 4-14, 2007 OXFORD, UK

10th Oxford Summer School on Neutron Scattering University of Oxfordhttp://www.oxfordneutronschool.org/

September 11-13, 2007 VILLIGEN, SWITZERLAND

8th SLS Users' MeetingVilligen PSIhttp://user.web.psi.ch/sls07/

September 12-13, 2007 MOTZEN, GERMANY

CorMic2007 – 1st European Workshop on CorrelativeMicroscopy for 3-D Cell Imaging www.bessy.de/cms.php?idcatart=874

September 13-14, 2007 CHILTON, OXFORDSHIRE, UK

UK Synchrotron Radiation User Meeting 2007 www.diamond.ac.uk/ForUsers/SRUser07/default.htm

September 17-21, 2007 SCHUBERG, GERMANY

Application of Neutrons and Synchrotron Radiation inEngineering Materials ScienceSchüberg, near Hamburg, Germanywww.hmi.de/events/PNAM_school/anmeldung_en.html

September 17-21, 2007 WARSAW, POLAND

New Opportunities and Challenges in MaterialResearch using Synchrotron and Free ElectronLaser Sources - SymposiumE-MRS Fall Meeting www.e-mrs.org/meetings/fall2007/I.htmlwww.esrf.fr/NewsAndEvents/Conferences/HSC/HSC1/

September 24-26, 2007 WIEN, AUSTRIA

MECASENS IVhttp://mecasens2007.mpie.de/?type=1

September 24-28, 2007 TRIESTE, ITALY

WAO2007 – 6th International Workshopon Accelerator Operations www.elettra.trieste.it/wao07/

September 25-29, 2007 AWAJI CITY, HYOGO, JAPAN

WIRMS2007 - International Workshop on InfraredMicroscopy and Spectroscopy with Accelerator BasedSources www.spring8.or.jp/en/users/meeting/2007/wirms2007

September 26-28, 2007 GARCHING, GERMANY

Advances of Neutron Scattering in CorrelatedElectron Systemshttp://neutron.neutron-eu.net/n_news/n_calendar_of_events/n-events-2007

September 26-28, 2007 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY

SKIN2007 - Studying Kinetics with Neutronshttp://neutron.neutron-eu.net/n_nmi3/n_networking_activities/SKIN2007/#Programme

October 1-2, 2007 KARLSRUHE, GERMANY

6th ANKA Users' Meetinghttp://ankaweb.fzk.de/conferences/users-meeting-2007/first%20page.html

October 1-2, 2007 MENLO PARK, CA, USA

SSRL 34th Annual Users' Meeting

40


CALENDAR

October 4-6, 2007 BERKELEY, CA, USA

ALS Users' Meeting

October 12-13, 2007 STOUGHTON, WI, USA

SRC Users' Meeting

October 14-19, 2007 BEIJING, CHINA

13th International Workshop on RF Superconductivity

October 15-26, 2007 TRIESTE, ITALY

School on Pulsed Neutrons: Characterizationof Materials

October 22-23, 2007 GRENOBLE, FRANCE

Total scattering PDF analysis using X-rays andneutrons: powder diffraction and complementarytechniques - Workshop www.esrf.eu/events/conferences/PDFPowderDiffractionAnnouncement

October 23-26, 2007 VILLIGEN, SWITZERLAND

International school for “Scattering for Biologists”Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland

October 28 - November 3, 2007 HONOLULU, HAWAII, USA

2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and MedicalImaging Conference www.nss-mic.org/2007/

October 30 - November 1, 2007 HSINCHU, TAIWAN

NSRRC Thirteenth Users' Meeting & Workshops

November 1, 2007 HYOGO, JAPAN

SPring-8 Users' Meeting

November 2-3, 2007 HSINCHU, TAIWAN

Asia/Oceania Forum for SynchrotronRadiation Research

November 4-7, 2007 TAIPEI, TAIWAN

8th Conference of the Asian CrystallographicAssociation (AsCA'07)

November 15, 2007 POHANG, KOREA

PAL Users' Meeting

December 3, 2007 TRIESTE, ITALY

ELETTRA Users' Meeting

December 4-7, 2007 KOBE, JAPAN

The 10th Pacific Polymer Conference

December 6, 2007 BERLIN, GERMANY

BESSY Users' Meeting

41


FACILITIES

BNC - Budapest Research reactorBudapest Research Centre, HungaryType: Swimming pool reactor, 10MWEmail: [email protected] www.bnc.hu/

BENSC - Berlin Neutron Scattering CenterHahn-Meitner-InstitutGlienicker Strasse 100D-14109 Berlin, GermanyPhone: ~49/30/8062-2778; Fax: ~49/30/8062-2523E-mail: [email protected]/bensc/index_en.html

Budapest Neutron CentreBudapest Research ReactorType: Reactor. Flux: 2.0 x 1014 n/cm2/sAddress for application forms:Dr. Borbely SándorKFKI Building 10, 1525 Budapest - Pf 49, HungaryE-mail: [email protected]/nuclear

Canadian Neutron Beam CentreNational Research Council of CanadaType: NRU, Heavy Water Reactor 135 MWFlux: 3.0×1014 n/cm2/sAddress for information and beamtime application:Building 459Chalk River Laboratories, OntarioCANADA K0J 1J0Phone: 1 (613) 584-8297Fax: 1 (613) 584-4040http://neutron.nrc.gc.ca

FRG-1 Geesthacht (D)Type: Swimming Pool Cold Neutron Source.Flux: 8.7 x 1013 n/cm2/sAddress for application forms and informations:Reinhard Kampmann, Institute for Materials Science,Div. Wfn-Neutronscattering, GKSS, Research Centre,21502 Geesthacht, GermanyPhone: +49 (0)4152 87 1316/2503;Fax: +49 (0)4152 87 1338E-mail: [email protected]

FRJ-2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichType: DIDO (heavy water), 23 MWResearch Centre Jülich, D-52425, JülichE-mail: [email protected]/iff/wns/

FRM, FRM-2 (D)Technische Universität MünchenType: Compact 20 MW reactor.Flux: 8 x 1014 n/cm2/sAddress for information:Prof. Winfried Petry,FRM-II Lichtenbergstrasse 1 - 85747 GarchingPhone: 089 289 14701Fax: 089 289 14666E-mail: [email protected]/en/index.html

HFIROak Ridge National Lab.Oak Ridge, USAPhone: (865)574-5231; Fax: (865)576-7747E-mail: [email protected]://neutrons.ornl.gov/

HIFARANSTO AustraliaNew Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights NSW, AustraliaPhone: 61 2 9717 3111E-mail: [email protected]/ansto/bragg/hifar/nshifar.htmlwww.ansto.gov.au/natfac/hifar.html

IBR2 Fast Pulsed Reactor Dubna (RU)Type: Pulsed Reactor.Flux: 3 x 1016 (thermal n in core)Address for application forms:Dr. Vadim Sikolenko,Frank Laboratory of Neutron PhysicsJoint Institute for Nuclear Research141980 Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia.Phone: +7 09621 65096; Fax: +7 09621 65882E-mail: [email protected]://nfdfn.jinr.ru/ibr-2/index.html

N E U T R O N S O U R C E SNEUTRON SCATTERING WWW SERVERS IN THE WORLD(http://idb.neutron-eu.net/facilities.php)

42


FACILITIES

ILL Grenoble (F)Type: 58MW High Flux Reactor.Flux: 1.5 x 1015 n/cm2/sScientific CoordinatorDr. G. Cicognani, ILL, BP 156,38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, FrancePhone: +33 4 7620 7179; Fax: +33 4 76483906E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]

IPNS – Intense Pulsed Neutron at Argonne (USA)for proposal submission by e-mailsend to [email protected] or mail/fax to:IPNS Scientific Secretary, Building 360Argonne National Laboratory,9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439-4814, USAPhone: 630/252-7820; Fax: 630/252-7722 www.pns.anl.gov

ISIS Didcot (UK)Type: Pulsed Spallation Source.Flux: 2.5 x 1016 n fast/sAddress for application forms:ISIS Users Liaison Office, Building R3,Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton,Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QXPhone: +44 (0) 1235 445592; Fax: +44 (0) 1235 445103E-mail: [email protected]

JRR-3MTokai-mura, Naka-gun,Ibaraki-ken 319-11, Japan.Jun-ichi Suzuki,JAERI - Japan Atomic Energy Research InstituteYuji Ito (ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo)Fax: +81 292 82 59227Telex: JAERIJ24596E-mail: [email protected]://ciscpyon.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/english/index.cgi

JEEP-II Reactor KjellerType: D2O moderated 3.5%enriched UO2 fuel.Flux: 2 x 1013 n/cm2/sAddress for application forms:Institutt for EnergiteknikkK.H. Bendiksen, Managing DirectorBox 40, 2007 Kjeller, NorwayPhone: +47 63 806000, 806275Fax: +47 63 816356E-mail: [email protected]

KENS Institute of Materials Structure ScienteHigh Energy Accelerator research Organisation1-1 Oho, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-0801, JAPANE-mail: [email protected]://neutron-www.kek.jp/index_e.html

KSR - Nuclear Science Research FacilityInstitute for Chemical Research (ICR) and KyotoUniversityGokasho,Uji Kyoto 611, JapanFax: +81-774-38-3289wwwal.kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp/www/index-e.htmlx

KUR - Kyoto University Research Reactor InstituteKumatori-cho Sennan-gun,Osaka 590-0494,JapanPhone::+81-72-451-2300Fax:+81-72-451-2600www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/

LANSCE - Los Alamos Neutron Science CenterTA-53, Building 1, MS H831Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, USA505-665-8122E-mail: [email protected]/index.html

LLB Orphée Saclay (F)Type: Reactor. Flux: 3.0 x 1014 n/cm2/sLaboratoire Léon Brillouin (CEA-CNRS)E-mail: [email protected]/index_e.html

NFL – Studsvick Neutron Research LaboratoryUppsala UniversityStudsvik Nuclear AB, Stockholm, SwedenType: swimming pool type reactor, 50 MW,with additional reactor 1 MWhttp://idb.neutron-eu.net/facilities.php

NCNR – NIST Center for Neutron ResearchNational Institute of Standards and Technology100 Bureau Drive, MS 8560Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8560, USAPatrick Gallagher, DirectorPhone: (301) 975-6210Fax: (301) 869-4770E-email: [email protected]://rrdjazz.nist.gov

FACILITIES

43


NPL – NRIType: 10 MW research reactor.Address for informations:Zdenek Kriz, Scientif SecretaryNuclear Research Institute Rez plc, 250 68 Rez - Czech RepublicPhone: +420 2 20941177 / 66173428Fax: +420 2 20941155E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]

PSI-SINQ Villigen (CH)Type: Steady spallation source.Flux: 2.0 x 1014 n/cm2/sContact address: Paul Scherrer InstitutUser Office, CH-5232 Villigen PSI - SwitzerlandPhone: +41 56 310 4666; Fax: +41 56 310 3294E-mail: [email protected]://sinq.web.psi.ch

RID Reactor Institute Delft (NL)Type: 2MW light water swimming pool.Flux: 1.5 x 1013 n/cm2/sAddress for application forms:Dr. M. Blaauw, Head of Facilities and Services Dept.Reactor Institute Delft, Faculty of Applied SciencesDelft University of Technology, Mekelweg 152629 JB Delft, The NetherlandsPhone: +31-15-2783528Fax: +31-15-2788303E-mail: [email protected]

SNS – Spallation Neutron SourceORNL, Oak Ridge, USAAddress for information:Allen E. EkkebusSpallation Neutron Source,Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOne Bethel Valley Road, Bldg 8600P.O. Box 2008, MS 6460Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6460Phone: (865) 241-5644Fax: (865) 241-5177E-mail: [email protected]/

FACILITIES

44


ALBA – Synchrotron Light FacilityCELLS - ALBA Edifici Ciències. C-3 central.Campus UABCampus Universitari de Bellaterra.Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona – SpainPhone: +34 93 592 43 00 - fax: +34 93 592 43 01 www.cells.es/

ALS - Advanced Light SourceBerkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd, MS6R2100,Berkeley, CA 94720Phone: +1 510.486.7745 - fax: +1 510.486.4773E-mail: [email protected]/

ANKAForschungszentrum Karlsruhe Institutfür SynchrotronstrahlungHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1,76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, GermanyPhone: +49 (0)7247/82-6071 - fax: +49-(0)7247/82-6172E-mail: [email protected]://hikwww1.fzk.de/iss/

APS - Advanced Photon SourceArgonne Nat. Lab. 9700 S. Cass Avenue,Argonne, Il 60439, USAPhone: (630) 252-2000 - fax: +1 708 252 3222www.aps.anl.gov

AS - Australian SynchrotronLevel 17, 80 Collins St Melbourne, VIC 3000, AustraliaPhone: +61 3 9655 3315 - fax: +61 3 9655 8666E-mail: [email protected]/content.asp?Document_ID=9

BESSY – Berliner Elektronenspeicherring Gessellschaft.fürSynchrotronstrahlungBESSY GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str.15,12489 Berlin, GermanyPhone: +49 (0)30 6392-2999 - fax: +49 (0)30 6392-2990E-mail: [email protected]

BSRF - Beijing Synchrotron Radiation FacilityBEPC National Laboratory, Institute of High EnergyPhysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesP.O.Box 918 Beijing 100039 – P. R. ChinaPhone: +86-10-68235125 - fax: +86-10-68222013E-mail: [email protected]/bsrf/english/main/main.htm

CAMD - Center Advanced Microstructures & DevicesCAMD/LSU 6980 Jefferson Hwy. – Baton Rouge,LA 70806 USAPhone: +1 (225) 578-8887 - fax : +1 (225) 578-6954E-mail: [email protected]/

CANDLE - Center for the Advancement of Natural Discoveriesusing Light EmissionAcharyan 31 375040, Yerevan, ArmeniaPhone/fax: +374-1-629806E-mail: [email protected]/index.html

CFN - Center for Functional NanomaterialsUser Administration Office Brookhaven National Laboratory P.O. Box 5000, Bldg. 555 Upton, NY 11973-5000, USAPhone: +1 (631) 344-6266 Fax: +1 (631) 344-3093www.bnl.gov/cfn/facilities/

CHESS - Cornell High Energy Synchrotron SourceCornell High Energy Synchrotron Source200L Wilson Lab Rt. 366 & Pine Tree RoadIthaca, NY 14853 – USAPhone: +1 (607) 255-7163 , +1 (607) 255-9001E-mail: [email protected]/

CLIO - Centre Laser Infrarouge d’OrsayCLIO/LCPBat. 201 - P2 Campus Universitaire 91405 ORSAY Cedex, Francewww.lcp.u-psud.fr/clio/clio_eng/clio_eng.htmwww.lcp.u-psud.fr/clio/clio_fr/clio_fr.html

S Y N C H R OT R O N R A D I AT I O N S O U R C E SSYNCHROTRON SOURCES WWW SERVERS IN THE WORLD(http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000098)

FACILITIES

45


CLS - Canadian Light SourceCanadian Light Source Inc. University of Saskatchewan101 Perimeter Road Saskatoon, SK. Canada. S7N 0X4Phone: (306) 657-3500 - fax: (306) 657-3535E-mail: [email protected]

CNM - Center for Nanoscale MaterialsArgonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue. Bldg. 440 Argonne, IL 60439, USAPhone: (630) 252-2000http://nano.anl.gov/facilities/index.html

CTST - UCSB Center for Terahertz Science and TechnologyUniversity of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), USAhttp://sbfel3.ucsb.edu/

DAFNE LightINFN – LNFVia Enrico Fermi, 40, I-00044 Frascati (Rome), Italyfax: +39 6 94032597www.lnf.infn.it/esperimenti/sr_dafne_light/

DELSY - Dubna ELectron SYnchrotronJINR Joliot-Curie 6 141980 Dubna, Moscow region, RussiaPhone: + 7 09621 65 059 - fax: + 7 09621 65 891E-mail: [email protected] www.jinr.ru/delsy/

DELTA - Dortmund Electron Test AcceleratorFELICITA I (FEL)Institut für Beschleunigerphysik undSynchrotronstrahlung Universität DortmundMaria-Goeppert-Mayer-Str. 2,44221 Dortmund Germanyfax: +49-(0)231-755-5383www.delta.uni-dortmund.de/home_e.html

DFELL - Duke Free Electron Laser LaboratoryDuke Free Electron Laser Laboratory PO Box 90319 Duke University Durham,North Carolina 27708-0319 USAPhone: 1 (919) 660-2666 - fax: +1 (919) 660-2671E-mail: [email protected]/

Diamond Light SourceDiamond Light Source LtdDiamond House, Chilton, Didcot OXON OX11 0DE UKPhone: +44 (0)1235 778000 - fax: +44 (0)1235 778499E-mail: [email protected] www.diamond.ac.uk/

ELETTRA Synchrotron Light Lab.Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.AStrada Statale 14 - Km 163,5 in AREA Science Park,34012 Basovizza, Trieste, ItalyPhone: +39 40 37581 - fax: +39 (040) 938-0902E-mail: [email protected]

ELSA - Electron Stretcher AcceleratorPhysikalisches Institut der Universität BonnBeschleunigeranlage ELSA, Nußallee 12,D-53115 Bonn, GermanyPhone: +49-228-735926 - fax +49-228-733620 E-Mail: [email protected]/elsa-facility_en.html

ESRF - European Synchrotron Radiation Lab.ESRF 6 Rue Jules Horowitz BP 220, 38043 GrenobleCedex 9 FRANCEPhone: +33 (0)4 7688 2000 - fax: +33 (0)4 7688 2020E mail: [email protected]

FELBE – Free-Electron Lasers at the ELBE radiation sourceat the FZR/DresdenBautzner Landstrasse 128 – 01328 Dresden, Germanywww.fz-rossendorf.de/pls/rois/Cms?pNid=471

FELIX - Free Electron Laser for Infrared eXperimentsFOM Institute for Plasma Physics 'Rijnhuizen'Edisonbaan, 14 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The NetherlandsP.O. Box 1207 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The NetherlandsPhone: +31-30-6096999 - fax: +31-30-6031204E-mail: [email protected]/felix/

HASYLAB - Hamburger SynchrotronstrahlungslaborDORIS III, PETRA II / III, FLASHDESY - HASYLAB Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg, GermanyPhone: +49 40 / 8998-2304 - fax: +49 40 / 8998-2020E-mail: [email protected]/

HSRC - Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation CenterHiSOR Hiroshima UniversityAddress 2-313 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima,739-8526 JapanPhone: +81 82 424 6293 - fax: +81 82 424 6294www.hsrc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/index.html

FACILITIES

46


iFELInstitute of Free Electron Laser Graduate School ofEngineering, Osaka University2-9-5 Tsuda-Yamate Hirakata Osaka 573-0128 JapanPhone: +81-(0)72-897-6410www.fel.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/english/index_e.html

INDUS -1 / INDUS -2 Centre for Advanced Technology Department of AtomicEnergy Government of IndiaP.O : CAT Indore M.P - 452 013 India Phone: +91-731-248-8003 - fax: 91-731-248-8000E-mail: [email protected] www.ee.ualberta.ca/~naik/accind1.html

IR FEL Research CenterFEL-SUTIR FEL Research Center, Research Institutes for Scienceand TechnologyThe Tokyo University of Sciente, Yamazaki 2641, Noda,Chiba 278-8510, JapanPhone: +81 4-7121-4290 - fax: +81 4-7121-4298E-mail: [email protected]/~felsut/english/index.htm

ISA – Institute for Storage Ring FacilitiesASTRID-1ISA, University of Aarhus Ny Munkegade, bygn. 520DK-8000 Aarhus C – DenmarkPhone: +45 8942 3778 - fax: +45 8612 0740E-mail: [email protected]/

ISI-800Institute of Metal PhysicsNational Academy of Sciences of UkrainePhone: +(380) 44 424-1005 - fax: +(380) 44 424-2561E-mail: [email protected]

Jlab - Jefferson Lab FEL12000 Jefferson Avenue Newport News,Virginia 23606 USAPhone: (757) 269-7767www.jlab.org/FEL

Kharkov Institute of Physics and TechnologyPulse Stretcher/Synchrotron RadiationNational Science Center KIPT, 1 Akademicheskaya St.,Kharkov, 61108 UkrainePhone: 38 (057) 335-35-30 - fax: 38 (057) 335-16-88www.kipt.kharkov.ua

KSR Nuclear Science Research FacilityAccelerator LaboratoryGokasho,Uji, Kyoto 611fax: +81-774-38-3289wwwal.kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp/www/index-e.htmlx

KSRS - Kurchatov Synchrotron Radiation SourceSiberia-1 / Siberia-2Kurtchatov Institute 1 Kurtchatov Sq.Moscow 123182 Russia www.kiae.ru/eng/wel/alb/illus6.htm

LCLS - Linac Coherent Light SourceStanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 18 Menlo Park, CA 94025 USAPhone: +1 (650) 926-3191 -fax: +1 (650) 926-3600E-mail: [email protected] www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls/

LNLS - Laboratorio Nacional de Luz SincrotronCaixa Postal 6192 CEP 13084-971 Campinas, SP BrazilPhone: +55 (0) 19 3512-1010 - fax: +55 (0)19 3512-1004E-mail: [email protected] www.lnls.br

LURE - Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation du RayonnementElectromagnétiqueBât 209D Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud B.P. 34 - 91898Orsay Cedex FrancePhone: +33 (0)1 6446 8000E-mail: [email protected]

MAX-LabBox 118, University of Lund, S-22100 Lund, SwedenPhone: +46-222 9872 - fax: +46-222 4710www.maxlab.lu.se/

Medical Synchrotron Radiation FacilityNational Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS)4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, 263-8555, JapanPhone: +81-(0)43-251-2111www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000161

MLS - Metrology Light SourcePhysikalisch-Technische BundesanstaltWilly-Wien-LaboratoriumMagnusstraße 9, ?12489 Berlin, ?GermanyPhone: +49 30 3481 7312 ?- Fax: +49 30 3481 7550Email: [email protected]/mls/

FACILITIES

47


NSLS - National Synchrotron Light SourceNSLS User Administration OfficeBrookhaven National Laboratory P.O. Box 5000, Bldg.725B Upton, NY 11973-5000 USAPhone: +1 (631) 344-7976 - fax: +1 (631) 344-7206 E-mail: [email protected] www.nsls.bnl.gov/

NSRL - National Synchrotron Radiation Lab.University od Sciente and Technology China (USTC)Hefei, Anhui 230029, PR ChinaPhone: +86-551-5132231,3602034 - fax: +86-551-5141078E-mail: [email protected]/en/enhome.html

NSRRC - National Synchrotron Radiation Research CenterNational Synchrotron Radiation Research Center 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu30076, Taiwan, R.O.C.Phone: +886-3-578-0281E-mail: [email protected]/

NSSR - Nagoya University Small Synchrotron Radiation FacilityNagoya University4-9-1,Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, 263-8555 JapanPhone: +81-(0)43-251-2111http://nssr.xtal.nagoya-u.ac.jp

PAL - Pohang Accelerator Lab.San-31 Hyoja-dong Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 KoreaPhone: +82 562 792696 - fax: +82 562 794499http://pal.postech.ac.kr/eng/index.html

PF - Photon FactoryKEK 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, JapanPhone: +81 (0)-29-879-6009 - fax: +81 (0)-29-864-4402E-mail: [email protected]://pfwww.kek.jp/

RitS Ritsumeikan University SR CenterMIRRORCLE 6X/MIRRORCLE 20Ritsumeikan University (RitS) SR Center,Biwako-Kusatsu CampusNoji Higashi 1-chome, 1-1 Kusatsu,525-8577 Shiga-ken, JapanPhone: +81 (0)77 561-2806 - fax: +81 (0)77 561-2859E-mail: [email protected]/acd/re/src/index.htm

SAGA-LS - Saga Light SourceKyushu Synchrotron Light Research Center8-7 Yayoigaoka, Tosu, Saga 841-0005, Japan Phone: +81-942-83-5017; fax: +81-942-83-5196E-mail: [email protected]/english/index.htm

SESAME Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science andApplications in the Middle EastE-mail: [email protected]/

SLS - Swiss Light SourcePaul Scherrer Institut reception building PSI West CH-5232 Villigen PSI SwitzerlandPhone: +41 56 310 4666 - fax: +41 56 310 3294E-mail: [email protected]://sls.web.psi.ch

SOLEILSynchrotron SOLEILL'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin - BP 48 91192 GIF-sur-YVETTE CEDEXFRANCEPhone: +33 1 6935 9652 - fax: +33 1 6935 9456E-mail: frederique.fraissard@synchrotron-soleil.frwww.synchrotron-soleil.fr/anglais/index.html

SPL - Siam Photon LaboratoryThe Siam Photon Laboratory of the NationalSynchrotron Research Center111 University Avenue, Muang District, NakhonRatchasima 30000, ThailandPO. BOX 93, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand Phone: +66-44-21-7040Fax: +66-44-21-7047, +66-44-21-7040 ext 211www.nsrc.or.th/eng/

SPring-8Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI)Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, JapanPhone: +81-(0) 791-58-0961 - fax: +81-(0) 791-58-0965E-mail: [email protected]/en/

SRC - Synchrotron Radiation CenterUniv.of Wisconsin at Madison, 3731 Schneider Drive,Stoughton, WI 53589-3097 USAPhone: +1 (608) 877-2000 - fax: +1 (608) 877-2001www.src.wisc.edu

SSLS - Singapore Synchrotron Light SourceHelios IINational University of Singapore (NUS)Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, NationalUniversity of Singapore5 Research Link, Singapore 117603, SingaporePhone: (65) 6874-6568 - fax: (65) 6773-6734http://ssls.nus.edu.sg/index.html

FACILITIES

48


SSRC - Siberian Synchrotron Research CentreVEPP3/VEPP4Lavrentyev av. 11, Budker INP, Novosibirsk 630090,RussiaPhone: +7(3832)39-44-98 - fax: +7(3832)34-21-63E-mail: [email protected]://ssrc.inp.nsk.su/

SSRL - Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lab.Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand HillRoad, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USAPhone: +1 650-926-4000 - fax: +1 650-926-3600E-mail: [email protected]

SRS - Synchrotron Radiation SourceCCLRC Daresbury Lab.Warrington, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, U.K.Phone: +44 (0)1925 603223 - fax: +44 (0)1925 603174E-mail: [email protected]/srs/

Stanford Picosecond FEL CenterUSAwww.stanford.edu/group/FEL/

SuperSOR Synchrotron Radiation FacilitySynchrotron Radiation LaboratoryInstitute for Solid State Physics,University of Tokyo5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan.Phone: +81 (0471) 36-3405E-mail: mailto:[email protected]/labs/sor/project/MENU.html

SURF-II / SURF-III - Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation FacilityNIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 3460 Gaithersburg, MD20899-3460 USAPhone: +1 301 975 6478http://physics.nist.gov/MajResFac/surf/surf.html

TNK _ F.V. Lukin InstituteState Research Center of Russian Federation103460, Moscow, ZelenogradPhone: +7(095) 531-1306 / +7(095) 531-1603Fax: +7(095) 531-4656

TSRF - Tohoku Synchrotron Radiation FacilityLaboratory of Nuclear ScienceTohoku UnivdersityPhone: +81 (022)-743-3400 - fax: +81 (022)-743-3401E-mail: [email protected]/index.php

UVSOR - Ultraviolet Synchrotron Orbital Radiation FacilityUVSOR Facility, Institute for Molecular Sciente,Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japanwww.uvsor.ims.ac.jp/defaultE.htm

VU FEL – W. M. Keck Vanderbilt Free-electron Laser Center410 24th Avenue Nashville, TN 37212 Box 1816, Stn BNashville, TN 37235 USAwww.vanderbilt.edu/fel/

NOTIZIARIO Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone - Issue 12 n.2, 2007

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