Non Destructive Testing
-
Upload
john-roy-alvarado -
Category
Documents
-
view
12 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Non Destructive Testing
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 1/227
Introduction to
Non-Destructive
Testing
By : E. E. Reas o, J r.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 2/227
I. Properties of Materials
II. Types of DefectsIII.What is NDT?
IV.Who are capable to perform
NDT? V. What are the references used ?
VI. What are the different methods
of NDT?
VII.Reporting/recording of findings.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 3/227
I. Properties of Material
(Metallic & Non-Metallic)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 4/227
1) Elasticity
- The property that enables a metal to return to itsoriginal size and shape when the force which causes the
change of shape is removed.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 5/227
- Elasticity is a property extremely valuable because it
would be highly undesirable to have a part permanentlydistorted after an applied load was removed.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 6/227
- In aircraft construction, members and parts are so
designed that the maximum loads to which they aresubjected will not stress them beyond their elastic limit.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 7/227
2) Strength
- The ability of a material to resist change in shape orsize (deformation) when external forces are applied.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 8/227
- Strength is also the ability of a material to resist stress
without breaking.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 9/227
- The type of load or stress on the material affects the
strength exhibits.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 10/227
- Fuselage is designed to withstand both radial and
longitudinal stress
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 11/227
- Wing designed to with stand bending stress during
static and flight.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 12/227
3) Hardness
- The ability of a material to resist abrasion,penetration, cutting action, or permanent distortion.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 13/227
Hardness may be increased by cold working the metal
and in case of steel and certain aluminum alloys, byheat treatment.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 14/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 15/227
structural parts are often formed from metals in their
soft state and are then heat treated to harden them sothat the finished shape will be retained.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 16/227
4) Ductility
- The property of a metal which permits it to bepermanently drawn, bent, or twisted into various shapes
without breaking.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 17/227
4) Ductility
- this property is essential for metals used in makingwire and tubing
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 18/227
4) Ductility
-greatly prefered for aircraft use because of ease of forming and resistance to failure under shock loads.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 19/227
4) Ductility
-for this reason, aluminum alloys are used for cowlrings, fuselage and wing skin, and formed or extruded
parts, such as ribs, spars and bulkhead.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 20/227
5) Malleability
- The property that allows a metal to deformpermanently when loaded in compression.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 21/227
6) Brittleness
- The property of a metal which allows little bending ordeforming without shattering.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 22/227
6) Brittleness
- because structural metals are often subjected to shockloads, brittleness is not very desirable property
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 23/227
7) Conductivity
- The property which enables a metal to carry heat orelectricity.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 24/227
7) Conductivity
- the heat conductivity of a metal is especially importantin welding because it governs the amount of heat that
will be required for proper fusion.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 25/227
7) Conductivity
- in aircraft, electrical conductivity must also beconsidered in conjunction with bonding, to eliminate
radio interference.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 26/227
7) Conductivity
- the aircraft is designed to redirect and discharge high voltage from lightning strike.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 27/227
8) Density
- The weight of a unit volume of a material
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 28/227
8) Density
- in aircraft work, the specified weight of a material percubic inch is preferred since this figure can be used in
determining the weight of a part before actual
manufacture.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 29/227
9) Toughness
- a material which possesses toughness will withstandtearing or shearing and may be stretched or otherwise
deformed without breaking.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 30/227
10) Fusibility
- the ability of a metal to become liquid by theapplication of heat.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 31/227
11) Thermal Expansion
- Refers to the contraction and expansion that arereactions produced in metal as result of heating or
cooling.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 32/227
II. Types of Defects
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 33/227
1) Casting Defects
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 34/227
2) Porosity
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 35/227
3) Slag Inclusions
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 36/227
4) Shrinkage
- Casting defect that occurs during the middle and laterstages of solidification of the cast metal.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 37/227
5) Cracks
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 38/227
6) Corrosion
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 39/227
III. What is Non-destructive
Testing (NDT)?
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 40/227
- NDT is a wide group of analysis
techniques used in science and
industry to evaluate the properties
of a material, component or system
without causing damage.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 41/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 42/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 43/227
IV. Who are capable to perform
NDT?
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 44/227
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) training is provided for
people working in many industries.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 45/227
Successful and consistent application of NDT techniques
depends heavily on personnel training, experience andintegrity.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 46/227
It is generally necessary that the candidate successfully
completes a theoretical and practical training program, as well as have performed several hundred hours of practical
application of the particular method they wish to be trained
in.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 47/227
Personnel involved in application of industrial NDT methods
and interpretation of results should be certified, and in
some industrial sectors certification is enforced by law orby the applied codes and standards
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 48/227
Three (3) Levels of NDT Personnel:
Level I
-technicians qualified to perform only
specific calibrations and tests under close supervision
and direction by higher level personnel.
- They can only report test results.
- Normally they work following specific work
instructions for testing procedures and rejection
criteria.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 49/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 50/227
Three (3) Levels of NDT Personnel:
Level III
- specialized engineers or very experienced
technicians. They can establish NDT techniques and
procedures and interpret codes and standards.
- They also direct NDT laboratories and have central
role in personnel certification.
- They are expected to have wider knowledge covering
materials, fabrication and product technology.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 51/227
V. What are the references used in
NDT?
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 52/227
1) NDT Manuals
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 53/227
2) International Standards
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 54/227
3) Regulatory Issued Publication
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 55/227
4) Manufacturer’s Service Bulletin
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 56/227
5) Engineering Order
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 57/227
VI. What are the Different
Methods of NDT?
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 58/227
NDT is divided into various methods of testing, each
based on a particular scientific principle.
These methods may be further subdivided into various techniques.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 59/227
The various methods and techniques, due to their
particular natures, may lend themselves especially well
to certain applications and be of little or no value at allin other applications.
Therefore choosing the right method and technique is
an important part of the performance of NDT.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 60/227
The Basic NDT Methods are:
1) Penetrant Inspection
2) Magnetic Particle Inspection
3) Eddy Current Inspection
4) Ultrasonic Inspection
5) Radiographic Inspection
6) Visual Inspection
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 61/227
PENETRANT
INSPECTION
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 62/227
1) PENETRANT INSPECTION
-a widely applied and low-cost inspection method usedto locate surface-breaking defects in all non-
porous materials (metals, plastics, or ceramics).
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 63/227
1) PENETRANT INSPECTION
-The penetrant may be applied to all non-ferrousmaterials and ferrous materials, although for ferrous
components magnetic-particle inspection is often used
instead for its subsurface detection capability.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 64/227
1) PENETRANT INSPECTION
- LPI is used to detect casting, forging and weldingsurface defects such as hairline cracks, surface
porosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on
in-service components.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 65/227
a) Principle
- penetrant inspection is based upon capillary action,
where low surface tension fluid penetrates into cleanand dry surface-breaking discontinuities.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 66/227
Capillary Action
- is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces
without the assistance of, and in opposition to,
external forces like gravity.
- The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush, in a
thin tube, in porous materials such as paper, in
some non-porous materials such as
liquified carbon fiber, or in a cell.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 67/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 68/227
- penetrant may be applied to the test component by:
- Brushing.
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 69/227
- penetrant may be applied to the test component by:
- Dipping the component/part
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 70/227
- penetrant may be applied to the test component by:
- Spraying
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 71/227
- After adequate penetration time has been allowed, the
excess penetrant is removed, a developer is applied.
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 72/227
- The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw
where an invisible indication becomes visible to theinspector.
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 73/227
- Inspection is performed under ultraviolet light when
using a fluorescent penetrant, or
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 74/227
- Inspection is performed on visible light when using
visible dye penetrant (red dye)
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 75/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used
- Penetrant
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 76/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Developer
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 77/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Solvent Cleaners
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 78/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Blacklight
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 79/227
c) Inspection Procedure
- Pre-cleaning
- The test surface is cleaned to remove any dirt,paint, oil, grease or any loose scale that could either
keep penetrant out of a defect, or cause irrelevant or
false indications
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 80/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 81/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Application of Penetrant
- The penetrant is then applied to the surface of theitem being tested.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 82/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 83/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Application of Penetrant-The penetrant is allowed "dwell time" to soak into
any flaws (generally 5 to 30 minutes).
- The dwell time mainly depends upon the penetrant
being used, material being tested and the size of
flaws sought.
- As expected, smaller flaws require a longer
penetration time.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 84/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 85/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Removal of Excess of Penetrant
-The excess penetrant is then removed from the surface.The removal method is controlled by the type of
penetrant used.
-Water-washable, solvent-removable, lipophilic post-
emulsifiable, or hydrophilic post-emulsifiable are thecommon choices. Emulsifiers represent the highest
sensitivity level, and chemically interact with the oily
penetrant to make it removable with a water spray.
-When using solvent remover and lint-free cloth it is
important to not spray the solvent on the test surface
directly, because this can remove the penetrant from the
flaws.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 86/227
Solvent
RemovablePenetrant
Water-washable
Penetrant
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 87/227
-If excess penetrant is not properly removed, once the
developer is applied, it may leave a background in the
developed area that can mask indications or defects.
-In addition, this may also produce false indications
severely hindering your ability to do a proper inspection.
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Removal of Excess of Penetrant
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 88/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 89/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Application of Developer
- After excess penetrant has been removed a whitedeveloper is applied to the sample. Several developer
types are available, including: non-aqueous wet
developer, dry powder, water suspendable, and water
soluble..
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 90/227
The developer draws
penetrant from defects
out onto the surface to
form a visible indication,
commonly known as
bleed-out.
Any areas that bleed-out
can indicate the location,
orientation and possible
types of defects on the
surface.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 91/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Inspection-The inspector will use visible light with adequate
intensity (100 foot-candles) for visible dye penetrant.
- Ultraviolet (UV) radiation of adequate intensity
(1,000 micro-watts per centimeter squared is
common), along with low ambient light levels (less
than 2 foot-candles) for fluorescent penetrant
examinations.
- Inspection of the test surface should take place after
10 to 30 minute development time
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 92/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 93/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 94/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Post-Cleaning
-The test surface is often cleaned after inspection andrecording of defects, especially if post-inspection
coating processes are scheduled.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 95/227
d) Advantages & Disadvantages
- Advantages
- the speed of the test and the low cost- Disadvantages
- the detection of only surface flaws, skin irritation,
and the inspection should be on a smooth clean
surface where excessive penetrant can be removed
prior to being developed.
- Conducting the test on rough surfaces, such-as "as-
welded" welds, will make it difficult to remove any
excessive penetrant and could result in false
indications.- Also, on certain surfaces a great enough color
contrast cannot be achieved or the dye will stain the
workpiece.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 96/227
MAGNETIC
PARTICLE
INSPECTION
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 97/227
2) MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION
- is an NDT method for detecting surface and slightlysubsurface discontinuities in ferroelectric materials.
-The process puts a magnetic field into the part. The
piece can be magnetized by direct or indirect
magnetization.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 98/227
-Direct magnetization occurs when the electric current
is passed through the test object and a magnetic field is
formed in the material.
-Indirect magnetization occurs when no electric currentis passed through the test object, but a magnetic field is
applied from an outside source.
Classification of Magnetizing the Material
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 99/227
a) Principle
- Right Hand Rule.
-The magnetic lines of force are perpendicular to the
direction of the electric current.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 100/227
- The presence of a surface or subsurface
discontinuity in the material allows the magnetic
flux to leak, since air cannot support as much
magnetic field per unit volume as metals.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 101/227
-Ferrous iron particles are then applied to the part.
-If an area of flux leakage is present the particles
will be attracted to this area.
Th i l ill b ild h f l k
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 102/227
-The particles will build up at the area of leakage
and form what is known as an indication.
-The indication can then be evaluated to determine
what it is, what may have caused it, and what action
should be taken, if any.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 103/227
Two Types of Magnetization
i) Longitudinal Magnetization
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 104/227
Two Types of Magnetization
ii) Circular Magnetization
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 105/227
Different Technique on Magnetizing
i) ElectroMagnetic Yoke Technique
ii) Bench Technique
iii) Cable Wrap Technique
iv) Prod Technique
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 106/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used
- Electromagnetic Yoke
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 107/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Bench
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 108/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Cable Wrap
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 109/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Prods
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 110/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Blacklight
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 111/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Magnetic Particle
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 112/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Solvent Cleaner
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 113/227
c) Inspection Procedure
- Pre-cleaning- The test surface is cleaned to remove any dirt,
paint, oil, grease or any loose scale that could either
keep penetrant out of a defect, or cause irrelevant or
false indications
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 114/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 115/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Magnetizing of Parts using Mobile Equipment
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 116/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Magnetizing of Parts using Mobile Equipment
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 117/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Magnetizing of Parts using Stationary Equipment
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 118/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Application of Particle
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 119/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Application of Particle
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 120/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Application of Particle
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 121/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Inspection
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 122/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Inspection
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 123/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Demagnetization
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 124/227
c) Inspection Procedure (cont’d)
- Demagnetization
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 125/227
d) Advantages & Disadvantages
- Advantages- Fast results can be obtained
- Inspection results are reliable.
- Disdvantages
- Can only be used in ferromagnetic materials
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 126/227
EDDY CURRENT
INSPECTION
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 127/227
3) EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION
- uses electromagnetic induction to detect flawsin conductive materials.
- a circular coil carrying current is placed in proximity
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 128/227
a circular coil carrying current is placed in proximity
to the test specimen (which must be electrically
conductive).-The alternating current in the coil generates changing
magnetic field which interacts with test specimen and
generates eddy current
- Variations in the electrical conductivity or magnetic
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 129/227
Variations in the electrical conductivity or magnetic
permeability of the test object, or the presence of any
flaws, will cause a change in eddy current and acorresponding change in the phase and amplitude of the
measured current.
a) Principle
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 130/227
- Right Hand Rule.
-The magnetic lines of force are perpendicular to the
direction of the electric current.
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 131/227
- Electromagnetic field is induced in the conductive
material.
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 132/227
- a discontinuity/flaw will disturb the flow of eddy
current.
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 133/227
- the disturbance (change in impedance) will create a
graphical signal on the CRT screen.
b) M t i l /E i t U d
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 134/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used
- Eddy Current Equipment
b) M t i l /E i t U d ( t’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 135/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Eddy Current Probes & Cables
b) M t i l /E i t U d ( t’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 136/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Battery & Charger
b) M t i l /E i t U d ( t’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 137/227
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
- Calibration Blocks
) I ti
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 138/227
c) Inspection
- Calibration of Equipment
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 139/227
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Inspection on the area of concern (fan blades)
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 140/227
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Inspection on the area of concern (wheel hubs)
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 141/227
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Inspection on the area of concern (components)
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 142/227
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Inspection on the area of concern (welds)
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 143/227
c) Inspection (cont d)
- Inspection on the area of concern (tubes)
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 144/227
c) Inspection (cont d)
- Inspection on the area of concern (airframe)
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 145/227
c) Inspection (cont d)
-Inspection on the area of concern (airframe)
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 146/227
c) Inspection (cont d)
- Identification of Coating Thickness
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 147/227
c) Inspection (cont d)
- Conductivity Testing
d) Advantages & Disadvantages
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 148/227
d) Advantages & Disadvantages
- Advantages
- Fast results can be obtained
- Inspection results are reliable.
- Disdvantages
- only conductive materials can be tested
- the surface of the material must be accessible
- the finish of the material may cause bad readings,
- the depth of penetration into the material is limited
by the materials' conductivity,
- flaws that lie parallel to the probe may be
undetectable
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 149/227
ULTRASONIC
INSPECTION
4) ULTRASONIC INSPECTION
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 150/227
- very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center
frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz and occasionallyup to 50 MHz are launched into materials to detect
internal flaws or to characterize materials.
4) ULTRASONIC INSPECTION (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 151/227
- Ultrasonic testing is often performed on steel and
other metals and alloys, though it can also be used onconcrete, wood and composites.
a) Principle
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 152/227
- current is applied on the piezoelectric crystal inside
the probe/transducer.-The transducer vibrates at a constant frequency
producing the high frequency sound wave.
Th Pi l t i ff t d ib th l ti b t
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 153/227
-The Piezoelectric effect describes the relation between
a mechanical stress and an electrical voltage in solids
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 154/227
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 155/227
- A probe sends a sound wave into a test material.
a) Principle (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 156/227
- there are two indications, one from the initial pulse of
the probe, and the second due to the back wall echo.
a) Principle (cont’d)
Th hi di l h l i h f f
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 157/227
- The machine displays these results in the form of a
signal with an amplitude representing the intensity of the reflection and the distance, representing the arrival
time of the reflection
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 158/227
Different UT Scanning Technique
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 159/227
g q
- A Scan
Different UT Scanning Technique
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 160/227
g
- B Scan
-It is a graphical presentation method of the results
of a series of thickness measurements that shows, in
scale, the cross-section of the component or the
inspected part.
Different UT Scanning Technique
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 161/227
- C Scan
- provides a plan-type view of the location and size of
test specimen features.
b) Materials/Equipments Used
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 162/227
- UT Equipment
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 163/227
- Transducers
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 164/227
- Calibration Blocks
b) Materials/Equipments Used (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 165/227
- Couplant
c) Inspection
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 166/227
- Calibration of equipment
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 167/227
- Inspection on the area of concern (industrial)
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 168/227
- Inspection on the area of concern (airframe)
c) Inspection (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 169/227
- Inspection on the area of concern (airframe)
d) Advantages & Disadvantages
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 170/227
- Advantages
- High penetrating power, which allows the
detection of flaws deep in the part.
- High sensitivity, permitting the detection of
extremely small flaws.
- Only one surface needs to be accessible.- Greater accuracy than other nondestructive
methods in determining the depth of internal
flaws and the thickness of parts with parallel
surfaces.
- Some capability of estimating the size,orientation, shape and nature of defects.
- Non hazardous to operations
d) Advantages & Disadvantages
- Disadvantages
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 171/227
- Manual operation requires careful attention by
experienced technicians- Extensive technical knowledge is required for
the development of inspection procedures.
- Parts that are rough, irregular in shape, very
small or thin, or not homogeneous are difficult to
inspect.
- Couplants are needed to provide effective
transfer of soundwave between transducers and
parts being inspected unless a non-contact
technique is used.
- Inspected items must be water resistant, when
using water based couplants that do not contain
rust inhibitors.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 172/227
RADIOGRAPHIC
INSPECTION
5) RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 173/227
- is an NDT method used to evaluate objects and
components for signs of flaws which could interfere with
their function.
5) RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 174/227
- It is accomplished with the use of radiographs, images
generated by bombarding the object under inspection
with radiation
Radiation Source
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 175/227
- X-Ray
Radiation Source
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 176/227
- Gamma Ray
a) Principle
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 177/227
- Radiation was produced by the X-Ray machine
What is X-Ray?
-is a form of electromagnetic radiation with
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 178/227
g
wavelengths shorter than visible light.
How is X-Ray produced?
- Xrays are generated by an X-ray tube, a vacuum
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 179/227
y g y y ,
tube that uses high voltage to accelerate the electrons
released by a hot cathode to a high velocity.
-The high velocity electrons collide with a metal target,
the anode, creating the X-rays.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 180/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 181/227
a) Principle
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 182/227
- Since the amount of radiation emerging from the
opposite side of the material can be detected and
measured, variations in this amount (or intensity) of
radiation are used to determine thickness or
composition of material.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 183/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 184/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 185/227
b) Materials & Equipment Used
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 186/227
- X-Ray Machine
b) Materials & Equipment Used (cont’d)
i
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 187/227
- Films
b) Materials & Equipment Used (cont’d)
P i T k
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 188/227
- Processing Tanks
b) Materials & Equipment Used (cont’d)
W i Si
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 189/227
- Warning Signs
b) Materials & Equipment Used (cont’d)
D i t
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 190/227
- Dosimeters
b) Materials & Equipment Used (cont’d)
S M t
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 191/227
- Survey Meter
b) Materials & Equipment Used (cont’d)
I Q lit I di t (IQI)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 192/227
- Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
c) Inspection
- Set-up of Film
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 193/227
p
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Set-up of Film
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 194/227
p
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Set-up of X-Ray Tube
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 195/227
p y
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Set-up of X-Ray Tube
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 196/227
p y
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Set-up of X-Ray Tube
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 197/227
p y
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Securing and clearing the Area before exposure
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 198/227
g g p
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Exposure of film
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 199/227
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Exposure of film
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 200/227
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Developing of film
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 201/227
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Evaluation of radiograph
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 202/227
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Evaluation of radiograph
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 203/227
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Evaluation of radiograph
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 204/227
c) Inspection (cont’d)
- Evaluation of radiograph
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 205/227
-Radiographic images
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 206/227
-Radiographic images
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 207/227
-Radiographic images
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 208/227
-Radiographic images
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 209/227
-Radiographic images
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 210/227
d) Advantages & Disadvantages
- Advantages
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 211/227
- Technique is not limited by material type ordensity.-Can inspect assembled components.-Minimum surface preparation required.-Sensitive to changes in thickness, corrosion, voids,cracks, and material density changes.
-Detects both surface and subsurface defects.-Provides a permanent record of the inspection.
d) Advantages & Disadvantages (cont’d)
- Disadvantages
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 212/227
- Many safety precautions for the use of highintensity radiation.-Many hours of technician training prior to use.- Access to both sides of sample required.-Orientation of equipment and flaw can be critical.-Determining flaw depth is impossible without
additional angled exposures.-Expensive initial equipment cost.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 213/227
VISUAL INSPECTION
6) VISUAL INSPECTION
- is a common method of quality control, data
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 214/227
acquisition, and data analysis. Visual Inspection, usedin maintenance of facilities, mean inspection of
equipment and structures using either or all of raw
human senses such as vision, hearing, touch and smell
and/or any non-specialized inspection equipment.
a) Materials & Equipment
- Magnifying Glass
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 215/227
a) Materials & Equipment (cont’d)
- Flashlight
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 216/227
a) Materials & Equipment (cont’d)
- Borescope / Videoscope
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 217/227
b) Inspection
- Borescope inspection on Engines
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 218/227
b) Inspection (cont’d)
- Borescope inspection on Engines
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 219/227
c) Advantages & Disadvantages
- Advantages
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 220/227
- The most accurate inspectors made the fewest eye
fixations and were the fastest.
- Disadvantages
- can’t detect very fine crack not visible to eye.- cannot detect discontinuity that are inaccessible.
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 221/227
Borescope Inspection of Compressor Turbine Blades – PT6 Engine
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 222/227
VII. Reporting & Recording of
Findings
1) Photos / Images
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 223/227
1) Photos / Images (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 224/227
1) Photos / Images (cont’d)
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 225/227
2) Reporting
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 226/227
7/17/2019 Non Destructive Testing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/non-destructive-testing-569164e4552f0 227/227
Thank You