Non Destructive Testing in LCPC an...

Contributors:

RMS MACOASMIESAR

Date : 25 april 2008

Non Destructive Testing in LCPCNon Destructive Testing in LCPCan overviewan overview

Non Destructive Testing in LCPC: an overviewNon Destructive Testing in LCPC: an overview

Methods applied in France / LCPC expertise / illustrative examples

− concrete− steel− pavement− soil

Recent research projects with a NDT LCPC contribution

− ACTENA, SENSO, MAREO, replacement of gamma techniques

Research perspectives

Visual inspection

@GHYMAC

@ MACOA





− National: ACTENA, SENSO, MAREO− European:


Visual inspection

@GHYMAC

@ MACOA

French state of the art (2005, 555p) − mechanical waves (ultrasons-transmission mode-, impact echo, acoustic emission,

tomography, surface waves)

− electromagnetic methods (BF, radar, capacity),

− Infrared thermography

− electric methods (resistivity*, corrosion rate, corrosion potentiel)

− radiography (gamma, X)

− optic methods (shearography, holography, fringe projection)

Yellow: Method currently applied

Underline: LCPC Expertise

Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / CONCRETECONCRETE

air permeability

Example / Example / CONCRETE CONCRETE / Infrared thermography/ Infrared thermography

©Christophe AUBAGNAC - Hervé CANNARD – Marie-Paule THAVEAUCETE LYON – LRPC Autun – Service OAIP- Section MP

damp proofing membranewater proofing course

defect

manual automatic

Ensuring quality construction / 100% coverage

Example / Example / CONCRETE CONCRETE / Capacitive sensor/ Capacitive sensor

0 2 π

Capacitive sensor to evaluate the external post-tension cables

Detection of the injection problems:

- void

- white paste (no hardened grout with a high water content)

Typical signal (1 turn)Capacitive sensor

void

White paste

Angular position

)(

/1r

CFr

eque

ncy

ε≈

13,4

kH

z13

kH

z

Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / STEELSTEEL

acoustic monitoring of cables ruptures

acoustic emission

ultrasonic (weld)

eddy current

guided waves



Wire rupture

Acoustic event Accelerometer

with a data

Preprocessing

Localisation

Example / Example / STEEL STEEL / Acoustic monitoring/ Acoustic monitoring

New generation:

- To record and to exploit acoustic signals for better ruptures localization and new criteria of detection,

- To perform the acoustic system in its sensor-network topology and the real-time monitoring of cables,

- Wireless generation of the system already developed.

First generation: An efficient system industrialized and installed on several bridges in France (Aquitaine, Tancarville,…).

Scope : TO DETECT AND LOCALIZE on-site WIRE-BREAKS IN CABLES

Structural Health Monitoring of Cables using acoustic monitoring (CASC System)using acoustic monitoring (CASC System)

Example / Example / STEEL STEEL / Acoustic emission/ Acoustic emission

Acoustic emission monitoring of SCC mechanisms

Differentiation between crack initiation and propagation stages

Feasibility of AE monitoring in laboratory testing already validated

t

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

durée (h)

com

ptag

es c

umul

és Ecorr

Ecorr (sans Cl)

E = -1300 mV ECS

E = -400 mV ECS

AE

Co

un

ts

Scope 1 : Detection of Stress corrosion cracking Scope 2 : Detection of wires breaks in anchorages

Damage diagnostic on multistrand cables Civil engineering structures : cable-stayed and suspension bridges

AE source : interwire fretting between undamaged and damaged wires

Fre

quen

cy c

entr

oid

Log (Absolute Energy)

Class A: interwire friction by Broken wires

Class B: interwire friction by healthy wires

Hydrogen embrittlement

Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / PAVEMENTSPAVEMENTS

GPR Radar

Mechanical Impedance

Fringe projection



Exemple / Exemple / PAVEMENTS PAVEMENTS / RADAR/ RADAR

Accuracy requested: +/- 1mm 4 * 2460 m length (1 profile / lane) Metallic deck / No coring allowed 1 layer of asphalt + sealing (60 + 10

mm) Survey at ~10 km/h

Millau viaduct (FR)Millau viaduct (FR)

Surface

Deck

Multiple echoe

Distance (m)

Tim

e (n

s)

Methods for pavement thickness measurement

ND calibration on the amplitude Av. radar thickness: 74 +/- 2 mm Min / Max: 87 / 52 mm Estimation of the reality: 75 mm

Example / Example / PAVEMENTS PAVEMENTS / COLIBRI/ COLIBRI

17 cm concrete

Bitumen boundgranular material

17 cm concrete

Bitumen boundgranular material

Methods for pavement interlayer bonding

Methods works as well for bridges

stop and go every one minute

6 cm

10 cm

10 cm

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

D3B

Distance (m)

D2C← D1C →

Fre

qu

en

cy (

Hz)

← D1B →← D1A →

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Bituminous Materials

Sand (5 mm thick) Teflon (0.2x0.2 m)

Exemple / Exemple / PAVEMENTS PAVEMENTS / DEFLECTION/ DEFLECTION

High speed continuous deflection device for pavements

White light – 20cmx30cm to be White light – 20cmx30cm to be extended by several devicesextended by several devices

50 – 60 km/h50 – 60 km/h

Tim

esProportional to deflection level

Load is nearbythe image system

Load arrives

Load moves away

Deflection bassin can be Deflection bassin can be deduced with this static imagesdeduced with this static images

accuracy better than 10 accuracy better than 10 μμmm

Example / Example / PAVEMENTS PAVEMENTS / PAVEMENT CRACK DETECTION/ PAVEMENT CRACK DETECTION

Original images

Binary images

Continuous wavelet transform

Original image Crack detection Extraction→ → →

Example / Example / SOIL SOIL / APPLIED GEOPHYSICSsurface waves

30 cm

600 m/sbase layer

with hydraulic binders

420 m/ssoil plateform

InversionExperiments

Surface waves at LCPC:

- soil, concrete, pavements....

applications:

soil:- mechanical properties (compaction) - detection of cavities- excavated damaged zone (tunnel gallery)

Pavements:mechanical properties (multilayer)

concrete:- mechanical characterisation of cover concrete (porosity, carbonation, water content), functionally graded material- surface open crack characterisation

Under study : non contact high speed measurements- laser interferometer- air coupling

Example / Example / SOIL SOIL / APPLIED GEOPHYSICS

electric method / ERINOHsoil density and moisture content measurement (soil characterisation, embankments and levees monitoring, …)

ERINOH ANR Project Internal Erosion in Hydraulic Works » - identification of mechanisms and in situ detection

Realisation of a ditch in the enclosing sand

1,8 m

Experimental platform compaction

Combined traditional electric and electromagnetic methods (EM38)

Resistivity (Ohm.m) at T=25°C

w = 8,9 %

w=10,8%

w = 13,1 %

4045505560657075808590

1.7 1.8 1.9 2Dry density (g/cm3)

Ele

ctric

al r

esi

stiv

ity (

mS

/m)

EM38 at w=13.1%EM38 at w=10.8%EM38 at w=8.9%





− National: ACTENA, SENSO, MAREO, (ERINOH)− European:


Visual inspection

@GHYMAC

@ MACOA

LCPC research on NDT in running research projectsLCPC research on NDT in running research projects

SENSOSENSO

Aims at evaluation strategy development by→ building a data base to calibrate & validate numerical model,→ using innovative ND method for concrete cover evaluation,

→ studying NDT complementarity by data fusion models

Partners: Research labs & universities, Structure owners, Private Companies

LMDC (Toulouse) LCPC (Nantes) LCND (Aix) CDGA (Bordeaux) GEA (Lille) LEAT (Nice) ONERA (Toulouse) PANSN GETEC SOVEP EDF

Global cost of the project : 1407 k€ANR funding 500 k€

Strategy of Non destructive Evaluation for Strategy of Non destructive Evaluation for concrete structure Surveyconcrete structure Survey


SENSOSENSO

ND methods used by LCPC team (RMS) use of capacitive and radar techniques, as well as impact echo

development of new electromagnetic set-ups conception of a robot using LASER interferometry to measure surface waves

Complementarities: US sensitive to porosity & Radar sensitive to water content

y = 0,37x + 6,01

R2 = 0,99

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Volumic water content W (%)

Rad

ar d

iele

ctric

Per

mitt

ivity

(-)

G1 - E/C=0,31

G2 - E/C=0,47

G3 - E/C=0,59

G3a - E/C=0,57

G7 - E/C=0,63

G8 - E/C=0,90

Concrete G3

y = 0,03x + 1469,81

R2 = 0,97

1900

2100

2300

2500

2700

20000 30000 40000

Elastic Modulus (great deformations) (MPa )

Pha

se v

eloc

ity

=3c

m (

m/s

)

Saturated concrete

Dry concrete

Robot with LASER interferometer

LCPC in present research projects on NDTLCPC in present research projects on NDT

ACTENAACTENA

ND methods of evaluation of non accessible cables

in civil works (pre-stressed concrete, retaining wall tendons)

Localizing and idendifying existing ruptures

− US reflectometry : LCPC, LMP – Univ Bordeaux, CEA – LIST− EM reflectometry : LCPC, TELICE – Univ. Lille− Acoustic Emission of active corrosion :

LCPC, INSA – Univ. Lyon, INSA Univ. Toulouse, Univ. Techno. Compiègne, Europhysical Acoustics

Localizing, Imaging risky zones

− Impact Echo : LCPC, LRPC – Lyon, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées− Infra-Red imaging : Univ. d'Artois – Bethune

Evaluation of stress level

− stress in the concrete ; Acousto-elasticity – Ecole des Mines de Douai − stress in the cable ; Acousto-elasticity – IUTAix – Univ. Marseilles

LCPC in present research projects on NDTLCPC in present research projects on NDT

ACTENAACTENA

ND methods of evaluation of non accessible cables

in civil works (pre-stressed concrete, retaining wall tendons)

US Reflectometry 610 k€

EM Reflectometry 180 k€

Acoustic Emission 635 k€ IR Imaging 129 k€

Impact Echo 319 k€

Acousto-élasticity Concrete 202 k€

Acousto-élasticity Cable 118 k€

Common Test pieces 200 k€

Coordination 285 k€

Research Investment of the partners

Funding from the National Research Agency (ANR): 530 k€

Funding from Electricité de France (EDF – R&D): 260 k€

Total cost of the program : 2680 k€


MAREOMAREOMAintenance and REpair of coastal concrete structures: risk based OptimizationMAintenance and REpair of coastal concrete structures: risk based Optimization

Aims at maintenance and repair optimization by→ evaluating material performance indicators,

→ monitoring repair material durability ,→ developing probabilistic numerical re-engineering models

Partners: Research labs & universities, Structure owners, Private CompaniesGeM LCPC IFREMER CERIB LMDC CETE Ouest ETPO SEMEN-TP

ARCADIS-ESG OXAND County Council 44 PANSN Trinity College of Dublin

ND methods used by LCPC teams (RMS, MI & MACOA)→ to evaluate concrete cover performance indicators with regards to chloride attack:

capacitive and radar techniques, surface waves and infra-red thermography→ to characterize corrosion rate and steel reinforcement degradation in marine environment:

electrochemical test, corrosion potential and acoustic emission

Concrete beam from Lorient harbour wharf to be repaired and exposed in tidal zone

French Enterprise Competitiveness Found: 409 k€Region Pays de la Loire: 109 k€Total cost of the program: 1339 k€

4.70 m

1.90 m

1.0 m

0.6 m

Cores for destructive tests

Area for non destructive tests

Beams repaired with various repair materials

LCPC in present research projects on NDTLCPC in present research projects on NDTPavement compaction quality controlPavement compaction quality control

Future trends: developping alternative techniques to nuclear density gauges

1/ Emerging X-Ray technology (radiation on demand)

2/ Electromagnetic methods (dielectric cell, radar, capacitive)

3/ Seismic surface wave methods

Non-ionizing techniqueNon-ionizing technique





− National: ACTENA, SENSO, MAREO− European:


Visual inspection

@GHYMAC

@ MACOA

Emerging technologies & techniques NDT in FranceEmerging technologies & techniques NDT in France

Radar− very high frequency (sup à 2GHZ)− step frequency radar− antennas arrays− inversion in functionaly graded material

Shearography− Evaluation of FRP bonding quality (concrete-C/epoxy)− Detection of micro-crack

Fringe projection for deflection measurementsMulti techniques drones and robotsInterpretation and analysis of NDT measurements

− Data combination/fusion− Development of data bases− Development of strategies of survey and monitoring− Guidelines

TC RILEM INR207

Four diameters of disbond (10 to 40

mm)

Four qualities of adhesive properties

(20% to 100%)

Emerging technologies & techniques NDT in FranceEmerging technologies & techniques NDT in France

Ultrasonic / seismic / mechanical waves− non contact ultrasonic technique (air coupling, laser interferometer) → towards “high”

speed measurements (high energy source)

− high frequency ultrasonic (sup à 100kHz) for material characterisation: coherent & incoherent field, structure noise, coda ...

− guided/surface waves

− pulse echo, impact echo

− non linear acoustics

− measurement of stress

− Modelisation of wave propagation (em+ultrasonic) (with regards to physico-chemical material properties)

Acoustic emission− Corrosion detection of pre-stressing reinforcements

− Detection of existing broken wires

impact echo scanner witha non contact sensor

Béton

tendon

guided waves

grout

propagation modes

Transducteur

Unfulfilled needs based on current and emerging Unfulfilled needs based on current and emerging technologies/techniques of NDTtechnologies/techniques of NDT

LCPC focus LCPC focus

Replacement of methods using gamma rays :− Methods to measure density (pavements)− investigations on prestressing tendons to detect corrosion or failures (research project ANR ACTENA)

Measurement of residual stress

Measurement below coating (paint)

Measurement of concrete porosity, water content,

chloride content (research project ANR SENSO, FCE MAREO)

Measurement of thin layers (pavements) : below 1 inch

Detection of small fatigue cracks in welds of steel structures

Measurement of the depth of cracks in concrete structures

Use of acoustic emission to detect corrosion of steel wires

NDT applied to masonry structures

Data fusion for NDT techniques (research project ANR SENSO)

Detection of leakage in waterproofing membranes (radar and thermography)

Wireless measurement techniques

7th International Symposium on 7th International Symposium on Non Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering Non Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering

NDTCE'09NDTCE'09Nantes, France June 30Nantes, France June 30thth -> July 3 -> July 3rdrd 2009 2009

http://heberge.lcpc.fr/ndtce09/http://heberge.lcpc.fr/ndtce09/

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