Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TODs & Complete Streets Unit 6:...

Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood

TODs & Complete Streets

Unit 6: Station Design & Access


What is Transit Oriented Development?

“Compact, mixed use development near transit facilities and high quality walking environments.”

~ Federal Transit Administration

GOAL: Provide sustainable places where people can maximize use of transit systems as part of their work and leisure travel


Question

• If you were asked to build from scratch the land around a light rail stop, how would set up this neighborhood? What would it look like? Why?


Some Common TOD Characteristics

• Centered around rail or bus station

• High density development within one-quarter to one-half mile

• Mixed development

– Shops, schools, public areas, variety of housing types

• Built with “complete streets”

• Streets have good connectivity and traffic calming

• Parking management policies

• Convenient and well designed transit stops and stations

• Wayfinding and navigation


Convenient/ Well Designed Stations


High Density Mixed Development


High Connectivity with Area


Coordination Along the Corridor


Consider the Pedestrian Scale


Careful with Definitions

Transit Oriented Development• Grid pattern• Higher densities• Limited surface parking• Pedestrian and bicycle designs• Mixed housing types• Horizontal & vertical mixed uses• Office and retail on main streets

Transit Adjacent Development • Suburban street pattern• Lower densities• Dominant surface parking• Limited pedestrian & bicycle access• Mainly single-family homes• Segregated land uses


Benefits of TOD

• More transit ridership

• Shifts auto trips to transit

• Increases accessibility

• Promotes walking/ cycling

• Reduces vehicle ownership

• Improves environmental impacts

• Minimizes transportation costs


Vehicle Ownership in TODs


Commuting Patterns for TODs


Housing & Transport Costs for TODs


TOD Place Typologies

• Regional Centers

• Urban Centers



• Suburban Centers

• Transit Town Centers



• Urban Neighborhoods

• Transit Neighborhoods



• Specialty Use Districts

• Mixed-Use Corridors


Identifying TOD Places


Development Guidelines for TOD Places


What Is Needed to Have TOD Work?

Mode Service Type Minimum Density(Dwelling Units Per Acre)

Area and Location

Dial-a-Bus Demand response serving general public (not just people with disabilities.

3.5 to 6 Community-wide

“Minimum” Local Bus

1/2-mile route spacing, 20 buses per day

4 Neighborhood

“Intermediate” Local Bus


7 Neighborhood

“Frequent” Local Bus


15 Neighborhood

Express Bus – Foot access

Five buses during two-hour peak period

15

Average density over 20-square-mile area

within 10 to 15 miles of a large downtown

Express Bus – Auto access

Five to ten buses during two-hour peak period

15 Average density over 20-square-mile

tributary area, within 10 to 15 miles of a large

downtownLight Rail Five minute headways or better

during peak hour.9 Within walking distance

of transit line, serving large downtown.

Rapid Transit Five minute headways or better during peak hour.

12 Within walking distance of transit stations

serving large downtown.

Commuter Rail Twenty trains a day. 1 to 2 Serving very large downtown.


TOD Works Best When They’re Coordinated


TOD Corridor 1: Destination Connector

• Links residential areas to multiple activity centers– Ridership in both directions

• Demand for new development in “destination” stations

• Pedestrian access is critical


TOD Corridor 2: Commuter Line

• Links residential areas to one major activity center– Ridership in one direction

• Most likely heavy rail system

• Demand for residential development along corridor

• Park-and-ride recommended


TOD Corridor 3: District Circulator

• Travels within a major activity center, a few neighbors– Ridership in both directions

• Requires regional development plan

• Supports shorter trips

• May link with other corridor types


TOD Area Planning Objectives

• Develop clear land use alternatives• Understand market demand• Forecast ridership/ parking needs for TOD• Minimize land use conflicts• Analyze zoning impacts• Set minimum allowable density standards• Set affordable housing goals• Ensure accessibility

...plus many more!


Example: Austin, Texas


Example: Portland, Oregon


Example: Miami, Florida


Complete Streets


Challenges

• Improvements related to self-selection

• Equity for low-income groups

• Prior land uses present in area

• Development companies must support

• Integration with automobiles


Conclusion

• TOD is : “Compact, mixed use development near transit facilities and high quality walking environments.”

• The objective of TOD is to create an environment where people don’t need a privately owned vehicle.


Reference

The materials in this lecture were taken from:• "Walker, J. (2011). Human transit: How

clearer thinking about public transit can enrich our communities and our lives. Island Press.

• Pushkarev, Boris, and Jeffrey M. Zupan. Public transportation and land use policy. Vol. 977. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977.

Materials developed by K. Watkins, J. LaMondia and C. Brakewood TODs & Complete Streets Unit 6:...

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