Major Events in the History of EarthCenozoic

Humans

Land plants

Animals

Multicellulareukaryotes

Single-celledeukaryotes

Origin of solarsystem andEarth

1

2

4

3

Proterozoiceon

Archaeaneon

Atmospheric oxygen

Prokaryotes

Classification systems

5 Kingdom system 3 Domain system1. Monera 1. Bacteria

2. Archaea2. Protista 3. Eukarya3. Fungi4. Animalia5. Plantae

Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotesUnicellular vs. multicellular

autotrophic vs. heterotrophic

Symbiotic relationships between any two organisms:1. commensalism one organism benefits and the other is

unaffected2. mutualism both organisms benefit3. parasitism one organism benefits and the other one is

harmed.

Bacteria

• https://www.brainpop.com/science/diversityoflife/bacteria/

• http://www.microbiologyinfo.com/different-size-shape-and-arrangement-of-bacterial-cells/

Bacteria - Very diverse- Unicellular prokaryotes (lack a nucleus)- Three basic shapes: Bacillus, coccus, spirals- Some are filamentous- Have a complex cell wall - Some autotrophic (Phototrophic or chemotrophic) others

heterotrophic decomposers- Found everywhere. Many live as symbionts in other

organisms

Common Diseases caused by Bacteria

• Coccus (Cocci)Diplococcus- Neisseria gonorrhoeaeStreptococcus- Streptococcus pyogenesGrape-like- Staphylococcus aureus

• Bacillus (Bacilli)Single- Bacillus anthracisCoccobacilli- Chlamydia trachomatis

• SpiralVibrio- Vibrio choleraSpirillum- Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pyloriSpirochete- Treponema pallidum

EukaryotesProtistaBottom–dwellers: attached or creepingDrift passively near the water surface (plankton)

Phytoplankton - photosynthetic (planktonic algae and cyanobacteria) form the foundation of most marine and freshwater food webs - free–living species

Zooplankton- Protozoa- heterotrophic

Eukaryotic- Protista• Majority unicellular• Multicellular – seaweed,

kelp• Cell wall present or

absent• Vary in cell wall

composition:o Silica (glass)o Calcium carbonate

(limestone)o Cellulose

• Vary in energy sourceo Photosynthetic –

Euglenao Heterotrophic –

Amoeba & Paramecium

Parasitic pathogens: • Giardia• Malaria

Amoeba

Euglena

Paramecium

Diatoms

Volvox

Early aquatic photosynthetic organisms :

- Prokaryotic Cyanobacteria- Eukaryotic algae

Unicellular ChlamydomonasMulticellular Spirogyra

Cyanobacteria filamentous photosynthetic prokaryote; Spirogyra filamentous photosynthetic

algae

Cyanobacteria Spirogyra

Cyanobacteria filamentous photosynthetic prokaryote;

Spirogyra filamentous photosynthetic algae, pond scum

FungiEukaryotic decomposers (heterotrophic) found in many

environments - saltwater or fresh water- on land- cold or warm temperatures

Serve as a valuable ecological function by processing dead organic matter

Unicellular (yeast)Multicellular filamentous (mold)

Parasitic pathogens:

Fungi evolved from an aquatic, flagellated ancestorA fungus usually consists of a mass of threadlike

hyphae called a mycelium

Hypha

Mycelium

Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies and absorb the nutrients

Fungal life cycles include asexual and sexual stages

ASEXUAL- Haploid spores give rise to multi-cellular

filamentous haploid hyphae by mitosis

- The haploid hyphae are made of mating types

Fungal groups differ in their life cycles and reproductive structuresKey

Haploid (n)Heterokaryotic (n + n)Diploid (2n)

Fusion ofnuclei

Meiosis

Mycelia ofdifferentmating types

Cells fuse

Young zygosporangium(heterokaryotic)

Zygosporangium (n + n)

Sporangium Spores (n)

1

2 3

4

SEXUAL in fruiting bodies- Fusion of haploid hyphae produces a stage containing nuclei from two parents heterokaryotic hyphae

- Nuclei fuse and undergo meiosis which produces haploid spores

Fungal groups have characteristic reproductive structures

KeyHaploid (n)Heterokaryotic (n + n)Diploid (2n)

Fusion ofnuclei

Meiosis

Basidia Spores (n)Mushroom

1 Fusion of two hyphaeof different mating types

2 Growth ofheterokaryotic mycelium

3 Diploid nuclei

4 Sporesreleased

5 Germination of sporesand growth of mycelia

Lichens consist of fungi living mutualistically with photosynthetic organisms

Lichens consist of algae or cyanobacteria within a fungal network

Fungalhyphae

Algalcell

Col

oriz

ed S

EM 1

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Early land photosynthetic organisms

Lichens- symbionts of a fungus and a photosynthetic organism either a cyanobacteria or a photosynthetic protist

The photosynthetic protist or bacteria provide organic compounds which the fungus can use and the fungus provides support and protection for either the protist or the bacteria.

Lichens can be found in the harshest of environments on rocks and tree bark