Polymer Synthesis and Breakdown - San Diego …faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio...
Transcript of Polymer Synthesis and Breakdown - San Diego …faculty.sdmiramar.edu/bhaidar/Bio...
Biomolecules (Learning Objectives)• Learn the elements present in biomolecules and the difference monomers and
polymers.• Explain the role of water in synthesis and breakdown of polymers. • List the four major complex biomolecules found in living cells, three of which are
found on food labels and the basis for grouping of biomolecules into those four groups.
• For each group of biomolecules learn the name of its generic monomer and polymer and their function.
Carbohydrates: o Identify their chemical elements and the difference between simple sugars and complex
carbohydrates. On the food labels, what do sugar or sugar alcohol, and fiber refer to.o Compare and contrast the structure and function of the following carbohydrates and where
they are found: glucose, glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin.
Proteins: o Identify their chemical elements and functional groups .Recognize the structure of an
amino acid and the peptide bond that connects di-, tri, and polypeptides. Recognize the presence of 20 amino acids and that not all are essential amino acids.
o Summarize the function of proteins and recognize the importance of the three dimensional shape of a protein on its function and the role of non-covalent bonds in maintaining the shape of a protein.
o Explain protein denaturation and the effect of heat on protein structure and function.
Biomolecules (Learning Objectives) (cont’d)
Lipids: o Identify their chemical elements and learn their property of insolubility in water. o Identify the three groups of lipids.o Compare and contrast saturated, mono-unsaturated, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids.
Explain the importance of poly-unsaturated fatty acids and why omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are considered essential. List sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Nucleic Acids: o Identify their chemical elements and components of a nucleotide. o Describe the function of DNAo Compare and contrast the 2 types of nucleic acids : DNA and RNA.
Atoms/Elements
Molecules
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism(Family)
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Chemical world
Biological W
orld
Non-living
Living
Ascending
Descending
99 % of living material is made of SPONCH atoms
Other vital minerals
Chemical Elements of Biomolecules:
Diversity of organic molecules: variation in length and arrangement of carbon skeletons
Hydrocarbons (Carbon and Hydrogen only)
H
OH HOH
H OH
Unlinked monomer
Dehydration reaction
Longer polymer
Short polymer
OH H
H OH
Unlinked monomer
Dehydration reaction
Short polymer
H2O
H
H2O
OH
H OHOH H
Hydrolysis
Synthesis or making
Breakdown or breaking
Role of Water in Polymer Synthesis and Breakdown
Mono- oneDi- twoTri- threeTetra- fourPenta- fiveHexa- six
Poly- many
Example of nutritional information on packaged macaroni and cheese
Single Serving %DV Double Serving %DVServing Size 1 cup (228g) 2 cups (456g)
Calories 250 500
Calories from Fat 110 220
Total Fat 12g 18% 24g 36%
Trans Fat 1.5g 3g
Saturated Fat 3g 15% 6g 30%
Cholesterol 30mg 10% 60mg 20%
Sodium 470mg 20% 940mg 40%
Total Carbohydrate 31g 10% 62g 20%
Dietary Fiber 0g 0% 0g 0%
Sugars 5g 10g
Protein 5g 10g
Vitamin A 4% 8%
Vitamin C 2% 4%
Calcium 20% 40%
Iron 4% 8%
Food consists of simple and complex biomolecules
Four Groups 1. Carbohydrates: simple sugars & complex carbs2. Lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids3. Protein4. Nucleic acids: DNA & RNA
Vitamins (other organic molecules)Minerals- chemical elements
Carbohydrates: Simple Sugars• Made of units named saccharide: one unit (mono) or two (di)• Taste sweet because they bind to “sweet” receptors on the
tongue• Broken down and digested very quickly for use as source of
energy• Examples sugars found in: blood, fruit juice, honey, milk, table
sugar, malt
Glucose Fructose Galactose
Sugar Carbohydrate Monosaccharide or disaccharide
Honey Fructose and glucose Monosaccharides
Corn syrup Glucose Monosaccharide
Fruit sugar Fructose Monosaccharide
Malt sugar Maltose Disaccharide (glucose and glucose)
Milk sugar Lactose Disaccharide (glucose and galactose)
Beet sugar (cane sugar) Sucrose Disaccharide (fructose and glucose)
Maple syrup Sucrose Disaccharide (fructose and glucose)
Examples of simple sugars and composition
Not all sweeteners are sugars
Aspatame: two connected amino acids (aspartic acid/phenylalanine di-peptide)
Saccharine: C7H5NO3S
Sucralose: chlorinated sucrose
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides are long chains of manyunits of simple sugars
• Storage of energy: Starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)• Structures: Cellulose (plant cell walls) and chitin (insect
exoskeletons)
Starch granules in potato tuber cells
Glycogen granules in muscle tissue
Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall
Glucose monomer
Cellulose molecules
STARCH
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
O O
OOOOOO
O O O
OOO
OOOO
OOOO
OO
OOO
OO
OOOO O
OOOOOOO
OOOOOO
OH
OH
Proteins: • Polymers of 20 amino acids• Carry out most of the functions of the cell
1. Storage2. Structural3. Transport4. Enzymes5. Hormones6. Receptors7. Contractile
Proteins
• Monomers: 20 called amino acids.• Polymers: polypetides, peptide bonds connect the
amino acids• complex three-dimensional shape or conformation.• May consist of one or more polypeptides
- Amino acid structure: a central carbon connected to• An amino group (NH2)• A carboxyl group (COOH)• An R group, different in each of the 20 different amino acids
- Chemical properties of each amino acid is determined by its R group
H
H
N
H
C
R
C
O
OH
Aminogroup
Carboxyl (acid)group
Examples of Amino Acids
H
H
N
H
C
CH2
CH
CH3 CH3
C
O
OH
H
H
N C
H
CH2
OH
C
O
OH
H
H
N C
H
C
O
OHCH2
C
OH O
Leucine (Leu) Serine (Ser) Aspartic acid (Asp)
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
Amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond
H
HN C C
O
OH H
HN+ C
H
R
CO
OHH2O
H
H
N C C N C C
R H R OH
O
Peptidebond
DipeptideAmino acid
Dehydrationreaction
Amino group
H
R
Amino acid
Carboxyl group
H O H
•Some proteins are made of a single polypeptide others of more than one
Collagen is a fibrous protein of three polypeptides that are supercoiled like a rope.
Hemoglobin is a globular protein with two copies of two kinds of polypeptides.
• Essential Amino acids
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/aa/aa.html
• Discovering Nutrition - Google Books Resultby Paul M. Insel, R. Elaine Turner, Don Ross - 2005 - Medical - 646 pages
• Physical and chemical conditions affecting the bonds folding the structure of a protein can change its conformation (pH, salt concentration, temperature), or denature it.
Functionally active Functionally inactive
www.pdb.org catalase (7cat)
Lipids - Three major groups of diverse water insoluble (hydrophobic) biomolecules
• Simple fats (glycerides)- long term energy storage(Glycerol + fatty acids)
• Phospholipids- make up cell membranes(Glycerol + fatty acids + phosphate + another group)
• Steroids- regulation (4 fused rings with added functional groups)
Simple Fat: fatty acids joined to glycerol
The same or different fatty acid may be present
Glycerol Fatty Acids
Fatty acids may vary in:- length of hydrocarbon chain (number of carbons).- presence, number, and locations of double bonds.
Saturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids
carbon-carbon double bonds
Absent Present
Physical state at room temperature
Solid Oil
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Chemical structure of docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA (22:6n-3), and eicosapentaenoic acid, or EPA (20:5n-3).
Enhanced by Neuroinformationhttp://lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu/polyunsaturated_fatty_acids.htm
http://www.omega3sealoil.com/Chapter2a.html
difference between omega 3, 6, and 9.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Key omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids - found in oily cold-water fish:
tuna, salmon, and mackerel- Fresh seaweed- Plant sources:
Leafy greens, nuts, seeds
Omega-9 are not essential in humans
Phospholipids:- Made of glycerol with two attached fatty acids and a
phosphate group connected to a Choline group at the third position
- Major component of the cell membrane
Steroids- carbon skeleton consisting of four fused carbon rings.– cholesterol (component of cell membranes of animal cells) and
some regulatory hormones
Nucleic Acids: Informational biomolecules
• Polymers of nucleotides: deoxyribonucleotides &
ribonucleotides.
• Direct the activities and functions within a single cell.
• Store and transmit hereditary information.
• Two types of Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.
The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides, consisting of :
• sugar • phosphate• nitrogenous base
Sugar
OH
O P O
O−
CH2
H
O
H H
OH H
H
N
N
HN
N H
HHN
Phosphategroup
Nitrogenousbase (A)
The sugar and phosphate backbone of the nucleic acids or polynucleotides
Sugar-phosphatebackbone
T
G
C
T
A Nucleotide
There are 4 nitrogen bases in DNA –
A: adenineT: thymineG: guanine C: cytosine
DNA consists of two strands of polynucleotides twisted around each other in a double helix
C
TA
GC
C G
T A
C G
A T
A
G C
A T
A TT A
Basepair
TRNA - single-stranded polynucleotide- contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
– Stretches of nucleotides of a DNA molecule make up genes
– Sequence of nucleotides within genes dictate the amino acid sequences of proteins