Macromolecules
description
Transcript of Macromolecules
MACROMOLECULESMolecules of Life
Biological Macromolecules Built mostly from C, H, & O.
Occur in different ratios in each category. 4 major macromolecules (organic compounds)
Carbohydrate Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates C,H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio (C:H:O) Used as ENERGY SOURCES Monomer unit (building block) is the
monosaccharide aka simple sugars Examples:
Glucose – main energy source for cells, quick! Fructose – in fruits and is the sweetest Galactose – found in milk
CarbohydratesAll three are Isomers- identical chemical formulas
(C6H12O6), but different structures
Glucose FructoseGalactose
Carbohydrates Disaccharides- when two monosaccharides combine to
form a double sugar Examples:
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (in barley) Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)
Carbohydrates Polysaccharides- complex molecule made from 3 or more
monosaccharides Animals store glucose in the liver in a form called
GlycogenAlso stored in muscles and can be used as a “quick”
energy Plants store energy in the form of Starch Cellulose – the largest and most complex carbohydrate
Lipids Made up of C,H,& O, with
a higher ratio of H. Used as ENERGY
STORAGE and MAKE UP CELL MEMBRANES
Monomer unit is the Fatty Acid
Examples Triglycerides--Fats &
Oils Phospholipids Waxes Steroids
Triglycerides: Fats & Oils Have three fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol
Unsaturated Fatty Acids Some carbons forms double bonds with other
carbons in chains; not bonded to max # of hydrogens
Good for you! Usually soft/liquid at room temperature
Found in plant seeds & some cold blooded animals
Saturated Fatty Acids Carbons are bonded to four atoms and so we call them
full or saturated NO double bonds
Bad for you Solid at room temperature
Found in warm blooded animals Found in food like crisco, butter, in your cheeseburgers Look for words like “Trans” & Hydrogenated on
packages
Lipids Cont. Phospholipids- form cell membrane
bilayer Only two fatty acids here
Waxes- bee and ear wax, plant cuticle Are waterproof and form protective
coatings Steroids
Sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone)
Cholesterol—needed for cell membranes but will clog your arteries
Proteins Made up of C,H,O and N Jobs are to provide STRUCTURE & SUPPORT and to
SPEED UP REACTIONS Monomer unit is the amino acid Examples:
Enzymes Keratin (hair, nails, horns) Collagen (in muscles & tendons—stretching) Antibodies (immune system) Insulin (break down sugar)
Proteins Dipeptide -2 amino acids linked by a covalent bond
called a peptide bond Polypeptides- chains of three or more amino acids
linked together (usually very long) Proteins are usually one or more polypeptides.
Nucleic Acids Made up of C,H,O,N & P STORES AND TRANSMITS GENETIC INFO Monomer unit is the Nucleotide Examples
DNA—Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA—Ribonucleic acid