Chapter 5. Macromolecules - Explore Biologyexplorebiology.com/documents/05Ch05carbs2005a.pdf · AP...
24
2005-2006 AP Biology Chapter 5. Macromolecules
Transcript of Chapter 5. Macromolecules - Explore Biologyexplorebiology.com/documents/05Ch05carbs2005a.pdf · AP...
2005-2006AP Biology
Chapter 5.
Macromolecules
2005-2006AP Biology
Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together
to form larger molecules macromolecules
4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
2005-2006AP Biology
Polymers Long molecules built by linking chain
of repeating smaller units polymers monomers = repeated small units covalent bonds
2005-2006AP Biology
How to build a polymer Condensation reaction
dehydration synthesis joins monomers by “taking” H2O out
1 monomer provides OH the other monomer provides H together these
form H2O requires energy
& enzymes
2005-2006AP Biology
How to break down a polymer Hydrolysis
use H2O to break apart monomers reverse of condensation reaction H2O is split into H and OH H & OH group attach where the covalent
bond used to be
ex: digestion ishydrolysis
2005-2006AP Biology
Carbohydrates
2005-2006AP Biology
So what’s all this talkabout carbs?
Atkin’s DietSouth Beach Diet
2005-2006AP Biology
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H,
O carbo - hydr - ateCH2O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
Function: energy ◆ energy storage raw materials ◆ structural materials
Monomer: sugars ex: sugars & starches
2005-2006AP Biology
Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (fructose, ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
2005-2006AP Biology
What functional groups?
carbonyl
ketone
aldehyde
hydroxyl
2005-2006AP Biology
Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions
in cells!
Carbons are numbered
2005-2006AP Biology
Numbered carbons
C
CC
C
CC
1'
2'3'
4'
5'6'
O
2005-2006AP Biology
Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars glucose
Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose
Polysaccharides large polymers starch
2005-2006AP Biology
Building sugars Dehydration synthesis
|glucose
|glucose
glycosidic linkage
monosaccharides disaccharide
|maltose
2005-2006AP Biology
Building sugars Dehydration synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
glycosidic linkage
monosaccharides disaccharide
|sucrose
structural isomers
“Let’s go to the video tape!”(play movie here)
2005-2006AP Biology
Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy
Function: energy storage
starch (plants) glycogen (animals)
building materials = structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)
2005-2006AP Biology
Branched vs linear polysaccharides
2005-2006AP Biology
Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function
isomers of glucose How does structure influence function…
2005-2006AP Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
2005-2006AP Biology
Cellulose Most abundant organic compound
on Earth
2005-2006AP Biology
Glycemic index Which food will get into your
blood more quickly? apple rice cakes corn flakes bagel peanut M&M
2005-2006AP Biology
Glycemic index Ranking of carbohydrates based on their
immediate effect on blood glucose (bloodsugar) levels
Carbohydrate foods that breakdown quicklyduring digestion have the highest glycemicindices. Their blood sugar response is fast &high.
2005-2006AP Biology
Glycemic index Which food will get into your
blood more quickly? apple 36 rice cakes 82 corn flakes 84 bagel 72 peanut M&M 33
2005-2006AP Biology
Let’s build some
Carbohydrates!
