„Life cycle assessment“ of RE systems and the IER-tool BALANCE · 1 Institut für...

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Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle EnergieanwendungUniversität Stuttgart

„Life cycle assessment“of RE systems and the IER-tool

BALANCEDr. J. Moerschner

Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy

Lecture during the IER-Workshop„Topics and Tools of Energy and Environmental Research“

On Wednesday 02.07.2003

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Structure of presentation

Introduction: Sustainability, RE and LCA

Methodology: LCA and other tools for environmental measurements

Instrument: The IER-software tool BALANCE for LCA‘s of energy systems

Results: FNR-study on environmental behavior of RE

Discussion

Summary, conclusions

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„Sustainable development is developmentthat meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generationsto meet their own needs“

Sustainability: Definition of theBrundtland-commission (1987)

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Eco-logical

aspects

Social/socio-economicaspects

Eco-nomicalaspects

Spacial aspects(Field, business, region, country)

Temporary aspects(short-term, long-term)

Dimensions of sustainability

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env. risk assessment

eco-auditing

techn. impact assessment

product chain analysis (PCA)

life cycle assessment (LCA)

technique / technology

single project / plant

Subject of investigationand it‘s extent

Dimensions

production location

ecology

ecology

ecology

ecology, economy,social aspects

ecology, economy,social aspects

integrated assessment ecology, economy

product (whole life cycle)



Selected instruments forenvironmental analysis

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Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis (LCI)

Impact assessment (LCIA)

Interpretation

Elements of an LCA (ISO 14040)

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Usageand

disposal

Fertilisers

Pesticides

Seeds andplants

ProvisionCultivationuntil

harvest

Infrastructure

Supply of end energy carriers

Methodology: Process chain analysisas basis for life cycle assessment

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Comparison

Cultivation

Provision

Energetical use

(e.g. biomass energy)Option 1

Provision

Energetical use

Exploration,production

and upgradingof raw materials

(e.g. fossile energy)Option 2

Life cycle comparison of energy systems

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Heating plant

Infeed rust burner

Cigar burner

Heating plant

Fan burner

Winter wheatwhole plant

Straw from winterwheat

Miscanthus Square bales

Biomass supplyfor energy

Biofuel Energy conversionconcept and techn.

Fossilefuel

Wood residues fromspruce

Wood chips

Short rotation poplar

Heating oil

Energy conversionconcept and techn.

Specification of process chains for a study- Bioenergy compared to a fossile fuelled reference system -

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Possible reference systems

Uncultivatednatural land

Succession

Cultivation offood & feeds

Comparison

Life cycleFinite fuels

Life cycleBiomass fuels

Biomasscultivation

Fallow

Reference-system

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Standard listing of LCIA-categories,along DIN-NAGUS

Reinhardt, Zemanek (1998)

1. Primary energy use/depletion of natural resources

2. Utilisation/degradation of natural areas/environment

3. Greenhouse effect

4. Ozone layer depletion

5. Acidification

6. Eutrophication

7. Ecological toxicity

8. Toxicity for human beings

9. Summer smog

10. Noise

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Bioenergy: Further environmental aspects ofcultivation and harvest of biomass raw materialsErosionSoil compactionHumus conservationContribution to use liquid manureTolerance against weeds or plant deseasesApplication of pesticidesBiodiversityNutrient leaching into ground water or surface water Contribution to landscape cultivation and recreation value (e.g.tourism)Water consumption Specific space requirements for crop cultivation Specific nitrogen fertiliser requirements

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Geier (2000)

Example for the classification ofLCI-data for LCIA:

CO2-Emissions

CH4-Emissions

Eutrophication

Acidification

Greenhouse effect

N-Leaching

NH3-Emissions

NOX-Emissions

N2O-Emissions

LCI-data LCIA-category

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79,2 : 20,870,0 : 30,035,0: 65,0Price

96,0 : 4,059,6 : 40,434,4 : 65,6Lower heating value (LHV)

89,4 : 10,639,7 : 60,318,8 : 81,2Mass

RME/Glycerine

Rape seed oil/Rape seed extraction pellet

Soy bean oil/Soy bean extraction pellet

Allocation

Allocation rules: Share of selected by-productsof biofuel-production when referring

to different allocation units

IFEU (1999)

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Software BALANCE 3.1

“Main Database”

• LCI-, LCIA-, valuation factors

• I-O-Data (tables, LCI-coefficients)

• Predefined modules, e.g. for:

• fuels• materials• transportation tasks• waste disposal• ...

“Study Database”• Selection of LCI-

kategories for study

• Definition of own modules

• Selection of main database modules

• Grafic-supported analysisof balance results

• Storage of user specific program settings

“I/O-Table Database”

• Definition of sectors

• Sectoral inputs

• Sektoral parameters, e.g.:• specific energy use• amount of waste • ...

• Emission factors

• LCI-koefficients

Marheineke (2001)

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Monetary balancefor each process in the process chain +

+=Net added value of the processes

assessed by process chain analysis

Economical value of the inputsassessed by process chain analysis Economical

valueof the usesupplied

Definition of the process chain(matter and energy balances for all contained sub processes) Process Use

Direct impacts

Input 1

Input 2

1

2

BALANCE – the hybrid approach (1)

Marheineke (2001)

Net added value of the processesNOT assessed by process chain analysis

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Allocation of theValue of not in process chainsassessed inputs to sectors of the I/O-table and assessment of environmentalloads by the Input-Output-Analysis

Process Use

Services

Chemical products

...

Direct impactsInput 1 from

process chain

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BALANCE – the hybrid approach (2)

1

2

Marheineke (2001)

Input 1 fromprocess chain

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BALANCE – Hybrid balance for afreight transportation task

(kg CO2-equiv.)

IOA-Shares:

CO2-eq.

CO2

CH4

N2O

9 %

8 %21 %40 %

direct emissionsof truck operation

Fuel

Sup

ply

[% -

PC

A]

0

100

0 249

Truc

kco

nstr.

Truc

km

aint

.R

aod

c. &

m.

192 25 12 11 9Input-Output-Analysis (IOA)

Process-Chain-Analysis (PCA)

Marheineke (2001)

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Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle EnergieanwendungUniversität StuttgartOpportunities for analysis of results within BALANCE (1)

- Grafical overview of a whole process chain -

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- grafical presentation of environmental impact allocation -

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- table of impact allocation within a process chain -

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Comparison of environmental impacts fromdifferent renewable energy technologies

Bioenergy in comparison to other RE and fossile fired energysolutions

Heat supplyFuels for the transportation sectorPower generation

Environmental criteria under study:Non-renewable primary energy useGreenhouse gas emissionsEmissions with acidifying effectsHuman- and ecotoxicological emissions

– Nitrogen oxide (NOX)– Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

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A - Primärenergieaufwand [TJPrim/TJNutz]

0,851,01

0,961,33

1,170,25

0,30,56

0,460,240,25

0,210,24

1,411,23

0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50

(15) GEO NW-II EFH-II

(14) UMW EFH-II ES

(13) UMW EFH-II EK

(12) EFH-II SOLAR/HEL

(11) EFH-II SOLAR/Gas

(10) EFH-II SOLAR/NW-I WHG

(9) EFH-II SOLAR/HP

(8) NW-II S tro h/HEL EFH-II

(7) NW-II WHG/HEL EFH-II

(6) NW-II WHG EFH-II

(5) NW-I WHG EFH-II

(4) EFH-II WHG

(3) EFH-II SH

(2) EFH-II NT Heizö l

(1) EFH-II BW Erdgas

Heat supply from renewable energy- Primary energy use (TJPrim/TJNutz) -

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7894

90102

7625

2854

402324

2022

10879

0 25 50 75 100 125


(14) UMW EFH-II ES

(13) UMW EFH-II EK




(9) EFH-II SOLAR/HP




(5) NW-I WHG EFH-II

(4) EFH-II WHG

(3) EFH-II SH



Heat supply from renewable energy- Greenhouse gas emissions (t CO2-Äquivalent/TJNutz) -

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178237

218243

112222

318515

231188

229242

279251

109

0 100 200 300 400 500 600


(14) UMW EFH-II ES

(13) UMW EFH-II EK




(9) EFH-II SOLAR/HP




(5) NW-I WHG EFH-II

(4) EFH-II WHG

(3) EFH-II SH



Heat supply from renewable energy- Acidifying emissions (kg SO2-Äquivalent/TJNutz) -

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147109

94120

72203

240331

191173

221246

288125

73

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350


(14) UMW EFH-II ES

(13) UMW EFH-II EK




(9) EFH-II SOLAR/HP




(5) NW-I WHG EFH-II

(4) EFH-II WHG

(3) EFH-II SH



D - Stickstoffoxidemissionen [kg NOX/TJNutz]

Heat supply from renewable energy- Nitrogen oxide emissions (kg NOX/TJNutz) -

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68150

141150

5569

77205

8758

645960

15451

0 50 100 150 200 250


(14) UMW EFH-II ES

(13) UMW EFH-II EK




(9) EFH-II SOLAR/HP

(8) NW-II Stro h/HEL EFH-II



(5) NW-I WHG EFH-II

(4) EFH-II WHG

(3) EFH-II SH



E - Schwefeldioxidemissionen [kg SO2/TJNutz]

Heat supply from renewable energy- Sulfur dioxide emissions (kg SO2/TJNutz) -

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Motor fuels from renewable energy- Primary energy use -

908

1472

842

1342

0 400 800 1200 1600

Ethanol

Benzin

RME

Diesel

A - Primärenergieaufwand [kWhPrim/1000 Pkw-km]

A - Primärenergieaufwand [TJPrim/TJHu]

0,48

1,23

0,42

0,22

1,19

0 0,25 0,5 0,75 1 1,25 1,5

Ethanol

Benzin

RME

Rapsöl

DieselMotor fuels supply

Motor fuels supplyand use

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Motor fuels from renewable energy - Greenhouse gas emissions -

50

17

61

46

12

0 15 30 45 60 75

Ethanol

Benzin

RME

Rapsöl

Diesel

B - Treibhausgasemissionen[t CO2-Äquiv./TJHu]

304

412

324

383

0 100 200 300 400 500

Ethanol

Benzin

RME

Diesel

B - Treibhausgasemissionen[kg CO2-Äquiv./1000 Pkw-km]

Motor fuels supply


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Motor fuels from renewable energy- Acidifying emissions -

1,93

1,48

1,99

1,55

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5

Ethanol

Benzin

RME

Diesel

C - Emissionen mit versauernder Wirkung[kg SO2-Äquiv./1000 Pkw-km]

287

111

280

242

87

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Ethanol

Benzin

RME

Rapsöl

Diesel

C - Emissionen mit versauernder Wirkung[kg SO2-Äquiv./TJHu] Motor fuels supply


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Motor fuels from renewable energy- Nitrogen oxide emissions -

133

67

71

50

52

0 30 60 90 120 150

Ethanol

Benzin

RME

Rapsöl

Diesel

D - Stickoxide [kg NOX/TJHu]

1,04

0,82

1,35

1,04

0,00 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50

Ethanol

Benzin

RME

Diesel

D - Stickoxidemissionen [kg NOX/1000 Pkw-km]

Motor fuels supply


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Motor fuels from renewable energy- Sulfur dioxide emissions -

141

60

158

139

47

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Ethanol

Benzin

RME

Rapsöl

Diesel

E - Schwefeldioxid [kg SO2/TJHu]

0,89

0,74

0,73

0,73

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0

Ethanol

Benzin

RME

Diesel

E - Schwefeldioxidemissionen [kg SO2/1000 Pkw-km]

Motor fuels supply


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Motor fuels from renewable energy- Life cycle contributions of different process chain segments -

Raffination/ Umesterung

13,4%

Prod./ Bereitst. Rapskorn

15,5%

Ölgewinnung2,5%

Unterhalt Pkw3,1%

Bereitst. an Tankstelle

0,4%

Abschr. Pkw65,1%

Unterhalt Pkw3,0%


0,6%Rohsaft-gewinnung

6,3%

Prod./ Bereitst. Rüben9,3%

Ethanol-gewinnung

23,3%

Abschr. Pkw57,5%

RME Ethanol

Raffination/ Umesterung

2,5%Ölgewinnung

1,1%

dir. Emiss. Pkw23,7%

Prod./ Bereitst. Rapskorn

28,7%

Unterhalt Pkw3,3%


0,4%

Abschr. Pkw40,4%

dir. Emiss. Pkw17,5%


0,5%Ethanol-

gewinnung16,7%

Rohsaft-gewinnung

4,5%

Prod./ Bereitst. Rüben18,5%

Unterhalt Pkw3,5%

Abschr. Pkw38,9%

Primärenergieaufwand

Emissionen mit versauernder Wirkung

Primary energy use

Acidifying emissions

Power production from renewable energy- Primary energy use (GWhPrim/GWhNutz) -

Power production from renewable energy- Greenhouse gas emissions (t CO2-Äquiv./GWhNutz) -

Power production from renewable energy- Acidifying emissions (kg SO2-Äquiv./GWhNutz) -

Power production from renewable energy- Nitrogen oxide emissions (kg NOX/GWhNutz) -

Power production from renewable energy- Sulfur dioxide (kg SO2/GWhNutz) -

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Thank you foryour attention!

„Life cycle assessment“ of RE systems and the IER-tool BALANCE · 1 Institut für...

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