Kempton 070709 Presentation

7/28/2019 Kempton 070709 Presentation

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Vehicle to Grid PowerVehicle to Grid Power

Presented to

Delaware Public Service Commission7 J uly 2009

byWillett Kempton, Director

Center for Carbon-free Power IntegrationCollege of Earth, Ocean, and Environment

University of Delaware

Presented to

Delaware Public Service Commission7 J uly 2009

byWillett Kempton, Director

Center for Carbon-free Power IntegrationCollege of Earth, Ocean, and Environment

University of Delaware


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Overview

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)

Car as underutilized resource

How much power available?

Vehicles as A/S providers

Control of car by ISO

Software for aggregation of vehicles

Car production, Fleet Expansion


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vehicle-to-grid Powervehicle-to-grid Power


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Plug-in for chargingPlug-in for charging


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V2G with ISO ControlV2G with ISO Control


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V2G taps an underutilized

resource US car used 1 hour/day, parked 23 h/d

Daily travel = 35 mi, battery 100-200 mi

Thus, most storage unused most days

Drive train output = 100 kW

Practical power through grid = 10 - 20 kW

Cars as significant power? Compare:

Vehicle fleet at 15 kW each car, with

Total load for country (GW)


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How Much Power in cars?

Denmark UK USA

Light vehicles(10

6) 1.9 28.5 191

Vehicle GW(@ 15 kW each) 29 427 2,865

Avg. ElectricLoad (GW) 3.6 40 417


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Initial Market -- Ancillary

services

First Market: Ancillary Services (A/S)

Higher revenue, especially regulation ISO control via Automatic Generation

Control (AGC)

Revenue sufficient for business launch


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Energy Markets


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North American RTO/ISOs


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11 2006 PJ Mwww.pjm.com

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Key Statistics

PJ M member companies 470+Millions of people served 51Peak load in megawatts 144,796MWs of generating capacity 165,303Miles of transmission lines 56,070GWh of annual energy 728,000

Generation sources 1,271Square miles of territory 164,260Area served 13 states + DC

26% of generation inEastern Interconnection

23% of load in

Eastern Interconnection

19% of transmission assets

in Eastern Interconnection

19% of U.S. GDP produced in PJM

6,038substations

PJM as Part of the US Eastern Interconnection


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Value of regulationAverage Annual Market Clearing Price

($/MW-h)2004 2005 2006

PJM $42.75 $49.73 $32.69

RTO-NE $28.92 $30.22 $24.02

NY ISO $22.59 $39.21 $51.26ERCOT $22.66 $38.07 n/a

CA ISO $29.00 n/a $36.04


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Value per Vehicle10 Year Present Value V2G Revenue Potential

Assumptions: 80% availability, Reg. $40/MW-h, Spin.$10/MW-h, 7% discount rate, example calculations


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Sequence of Markets

Initial, high-value markets, are ancillaryservices (A/S)

Regulating power (Regulation) Spinning reserves (synchronous

reserves)


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Sequence of Markets

Later -- larger markets, lower value per kW Defer upgrades to distribution feeders,

transformers

Peak load reduction, valley filling

Power factor correction

Balancing wind, reducing ramp rate

Shifting solar peak to load peak


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(Grid operator)


(Grid operator)


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AGC from PJ M to Vehicle via

PLC


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What the ISO seesWhat the ISO sees


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What the ISO sees


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EVs providing regulation


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Regulation, drive, regulation, drive

Permitted by Load Serving Entity


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Permitted by Load-Serving Entity

(local utility)

P itt d b L d S i E tit


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Permitted by Load-Serving Entity

(local utility)

meets IEEE 1547 standards


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Bill to codify interconnect Permits

Define:

Grid-integratedelectric vehicle

Aggregator


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Bill to codify interconnect Permits

Net metering

Continued...

Interconnection requirements, etcsame as distributed renewables

Net can be at rate at time of use (not in this case)


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Changed to ISO -

coalition - vehicle smartlink

Changed to ISO -

coalition - vehicle smartlink


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ISO link now on server

V hi l S t li k (VSL) i


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Vehicle Smart link (VSL) in

Car

No moving parts, fitsunder dash

Receives signal from

coalition server

Reports capacity andcurrent state back tocoalition

Working to predict next

use of car (time, distance)

Automotive-grade Linux

computer

F t


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From car-as-generator

to fleet as generator AGC signal to a server used by

aggregator

Server runs an agent-based coalition

manager, dispatches individual vehicles Vehicle Smart Link (VSL) on each vehicle

learns pattern of use of that vehicle,

predicts ability to dispatch

Vehicle module acts reasonably when

communication lost (e.g. night charge)

V2G A t


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V2G Aggregator


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Leveling Wind with V2GLeveling Wind with V2G

Simple model of V2G for


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Simple model of V2G for

wind leveling 220 MW offshore wind power (modelled from buoy 44009)

Leveling target at 88 MW (40% of nameplate or 14%of average DE load over 8760 hours)

EV storage of 1000 MWh (1 GWh) to level

Storage from just under 30,000 EVs (28571eBoxes), about 4% of DE fleet

Simplifying assumptions: no other end use storage,no distribution power limits, driving compromisedduring a few long wind lulls/year

Equivalent proportion: 3,250 MW capacity (100% ofDE electricity) and 58% of fleet


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J uly Wind


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J uly wind + V2G


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J anuary Wind


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J anuary wind + V2G


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V2G as wind leveling

Good to reduce ramp rate, fill short gaps(up to 6 hours? one day?)

Simple model: Not suitable for multi-day

wind lulls

Still need fossil or some other backup

for long wind lulls Half of fleet serves very roughly 100%

wind electric -- needs model with load,etc


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Experimental FleetExperimental Fleet


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Current Fleet

AC PropulsioneBox

Fuel Cell Bus


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Fleet expansion Now building 5 vehicles

Market test requires enough vehicles, at15 kW/vehicle that is

V2G market test in PJ M: 200 cars = 1MW

V2G test in ISO-NE: 20 cars = 100 kW OEMs not building grid-oriented cars, so

we work with medium-volume (300/year)

manufacturers


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medium-volume manufacturing

AutoPort, Inc. converts vehicles, will do EVs with V2G


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Fleet expansion


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Summary Electricity has won as next car fuel

Plug-in cars will be a grid resource

A/S as initial high-value markets

Completed or in process

1-6 vehicle dispatch under AGC

Software for aggregator & vehicle Interconnect; law for net metering

Next: Fleet for A/S contract (~200+)


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ENDENDMore information:

www.magicconsortium.org

www.carbonfree.udel.edu

More information:

www.magicconsortium.org

www.carbonfree.udel.edu
http://www.magicconsortium.org/http://www.carbonfree.udel.edu/http://www.magicconsortium.org/http://www.carbonfree.udel.edu/http://www.carbonfree.udel.edu/http://www.magicconsortium.org/

Kempton 070709 Presentation

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