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Cellular Metabolism and Division

Animals Among UsAugust 29th, 2013

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Perfect Attendance!!

• YAY!

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Organic Molecules

• Anything with carbon in it• The Building Blocks of Life1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Amino Acids and Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

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Organic Molecules

• Anything with carbon in it• The Building Blocks of Life1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Amino Acids and Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates– Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen– 1 C: 2 H: 1 O– Sugars, starches, cellulose– Where do carbohydrates come from?

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Carbohydrates

• Photosynthesis• Water + Carbon Dioxide -> solar -> Carbs!1. Monosaccharides– Simple sugars

2. Disaccharides– Double sugars

3. Polysaccharides– Complex sugars

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Monosaccharides

• Glucose/dextrose• Fructose• Galactose

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Disaccharides

• Combined monosaccharides• Maltose = 2 glucose• Sucrose = 1 glucose + 1 fructose• Lactose = 1 glucose + 1 galactose

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Polysaccharides

• Many molecules of simple sugars in long chains

• Glycogen– How sugars are stored in animal tissues– When needed, converted into glucose

• Cellulose– Principal structural carbohydrate of plants

Organic Molecules

• Anything with carbon in it• The Building Blocks of Life1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Amino Acids and Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

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Lipids• Fuel storage and building material1. Neutral Fats– “True” fats– Storage from dietary fats or carbs

2. Phospholipids– Structurally important

3. Steroids– Complex alcohols

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Neutral Fats• Saturated– Typically animal fats– Every carbon atom is bonded with two hydrogen

atoms– Usually solid at room temperature

• Unsaturated– Typically plant fats (“oils”)– 2 or more carbon atoms are joined by double

bonds, not “saturated” with hydrogen atoms

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Phospholipids

• Unlike neutral fats, these are soluble in water• Some phospholipids are soluble in water on

one side, and insoluble on the other side• Major component of the cell membrane

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Steroids

• Structurally unlike fats• Other chemical properties are similar• Cholesterol• Hormones

Organic Molecules

• Anything with carbon in it• The Building Blocks of Life1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Amino Acids and Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

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Amino Acids and Proteins

• 20 amino acids• Amino acid + amino acid = protein• Organized into 3 dimensional structures• Often interlinked with other proteins

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Organic Molecules

• Anything with carbon in it• The Building Blocks of Life1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Amino Acids and Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic Acids

• RNA– Ribonucleic Acid

• DNA– Deoxyribonucleic Acid

• Store codes for replication

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Miller Experiment

• Methane, hydrogen, ammonia, water• Circulate 1 week with electric spark– Solar energy, hydrothermic vents, lightning

• 15% into complex molecules– 4 amino acids

• Add a couple of billion years…

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Animal ID #1

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Scissor-Grinder Cicada

• Annual cicada• Important food source for many bird species• Lives underground in nymph stage for several

years, feeding on tree roots

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Metabolism

• PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O + Solar Energy = Sugar + O2

• First law of thermodynamics– Energy cannot be created or destroyed– Solar energy becomes stored energy in the plant

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Cellular Respiration

1. Heterotroph eats food, food is broken down and absorbed into the bloodstream

2. Molecules enter cells3. Molecules are turned into ATP in the

cytoplasm4. Mitochondria break bonds of ATP to provide

energy for the cell

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Metabolism

• ATP– Adenosine Tri-Phosphate– High-energy bonds (“potential energy”)

• ATP + Water = ADP + Energy

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Cellular Respiration

• Aerobic– ATP + Water + O2 = ADP + Energy + CO2

• Anaerobic– ATP + Water = ADP + Energy + Lactic Acid– 1/18th as efficient as aerobic

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Anaerobic is Unavoidable

• Difficult to get oxygen to muscles fast enough in enough quantity

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Many Animals Require Anaerobic

• Diving birds and mammals use anaerobic metabolism under water

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Metabolism of Lipids

• Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins can be stored as fats

• Stored fats contain huge amounts of potential energy

Animal ID #2

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Northern True Katydid

• Life cycle within one year• Prefers oak leaves• Usually in tree canopy

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Cellular Division

• Mitosis– “My Toes” sis– NOT Meiosis (forming gametes)

• Each new cell contains complete genetic code of “parent” cell

• For animals that reproduce asexually, this is the whole story

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Mitosis

• 5 stages– Interphase (MOST OF THE TIME)– Prophase– Metaphase– Anaphase– Telophase

• IPMAT – I Poop More After Tacos

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1. Prophase

• Chromatin copies itself• Chromatin Chromosomes– Separates and becomes dense– Each chromosome is two chromatids

• Sister chromatids are identical• Fibers in the cell arrange themselves to

prepare for separation

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2. Metaphase

• Chromosomes line up along center of nucleus

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3. Anaphase

• Sister chromatids are separated• Pulled towards poles of new cells

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4. Telophase

• Fibers disappear• Chromosomes relax into chromatin• Nuclear membrane is formed

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Animal ID #3

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European Earthworm

• Nightcrawler, red wriggler• Areas that were glaciated during the Ice Age

do not have native earthworms• European earthworms were transported by

the colonials, probably by accident, when they transplanted their plant stocks

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Meiosis

• Same basic process as mitosis, except – Two cycles– Four resulting cells– Resulting cells have half of the DNA

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Meiosis I

Prophase I• Chromatin condenses into chromosomes• Chromosome line up with homologues

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Meiosis I

• Metaphase I– “Crossing Over”– Genetic exchange for variation

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Meiosis I

• Anaphase I– Chromosomes pulled to opposite poles

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Meiosis I

• NO TELOPHASE I!!!

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Meiosis II

• Prophase II– Spindles form

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Meiosis II

• Metaphase II– Chromosomes line up

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Meiosis II

• Anaphase II– Chromatids pulled to opposite poles

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Meiosis II

• Telophase II– Nuclear membranes form– Chromosomes relax into chromatin– Each cell contains only half of the DNA necessary

for an organism

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCL6d0OwKt8