Invertebrate Zoology Lecture 12: Phylum Nematoda (Nemata) The Nematodes.
Invertebrate Zoology Lecture 8: Phylum Ctenophora.
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Transcript of Invertebrate Zoology Lecture 8: Phylum Ctenophora.
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Invertebrate Zoology
Lecture 8: Phylum Ctenophora
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Lecture outline Phylum Ctenophora
Phylogeny/Evolutionary relationshipsBauplan
Overview Feeding Nervous system/movement Reproduction
EcologyDiversity
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Phylum Ctenophora: comb jellies
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Ctenophora: Phylogeny
Hydrozoan origins?Similarity to certain Hydrozoa (Trachylina)
Related to Platyhelminthes?Based on muscles, aspects of development
The first animal?Recent molecular evidence
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Ctenophora: Bauplan overview
Distinctive featuresEight comb rowsApical sense organTentacles (some)
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Ctenophora: Bauplan overview
Tissues: diploblastic or triploblastic?
Have ectoderm and endoderm
Smooth muscles develop from mesenchyme cells Sometimes considered as
triploblasty
Symmetry is “biradial”
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Feeding (focus on Pleurobrachia)
Predatory! Tentacles
Extend up to 100X their body length
Retract into sheaths Food sticks to them, and
then they wipe them off in their mouth What causes food to stick?
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Feeding (focus on Pleurobrachia)
Focus: Colloblasts On tentacles Near/on mouth Anchored in muscle Structure
Straight filament Spiral filament Head with adhesive
granules Associated neuron
Granules replaced
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Colloblasts on tentacles
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Feeding (focus on Pleurobrachia) Mouth Pharynx
Epidermal lining
Gastrovascular canals4 8Underlie comb rows
DigestionExtracellularIntracellular
Waste exits via mouth, anal pores (minimal)
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Excretory system? Cell rosettes resemble “flame bulbs” of
Platyhelminthes
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Nervous system/movement General movement
Mouth (oral end) forward Move via comb rows Muscle contraction more important in some
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Nervous system/movement Control of comb rows: apical sense organ
Modified StatocystDome (from cilia)StatolithBalancersCiliated furrows
One per comb row
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Apical sense organ: functioning Statocyst pushes against balancers Beating of cilia in furrow Beating of 1st comb Combs transmit waves mechanically
How do we know this? Tilting More vigorous beating in lower rows
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Nervous system/movement Nerve net
Provides feedback to apical sense organ Helps coordinate beating between adjacent
rows Controls muscles
Body receptive to touch, light, vibration, temperature, certain chemicals
Polar fields (ciliated regions) may be sensory Muscles
Escape responses Key form of movement in some
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Reproduction Simultaneous hermaphrodites; may self-
fertilize Gonads within the g.v. canals Eggs and sperm spawned via pores Adults generally die after spawning Polyspermy and female choice
Egg nucleus chooses the sperm nucleus!
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Ecology Solely marine, surface to deep ocean Can have a large effect on zooplankton
Holoplankton Larval fish and invertebrates
An introduced ctenophore to the Black Sea, Mnemiopsis leidyi, may be responsible for the crash in anchovy populations
Consumes anchovy larvae and copepods Potential for recovery due to…?
Nearly all are bioluminescent
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Diversity: a sampling…
Order Cydippida: Pleurobrachia spp.
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Diversity: a sampling… Order Beroida: Beroe spp.
Engulf prey with their muscular lips. Feed on other ctenophores!
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Diversity: a sampling… Order Cestida: Cestum
spp. Compressed, ribbon-like
body Moves via muscular
undulation & comb rows Zooplankton trapped in
mucus on body, propelled toward mouth via cilia
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Diversity: a sampling… Order Lobata: Mnemiopsis spp.
Oral lobes for movement & food collection. Zooplankton trapped in mucus on body, propelled
toward mouth via cilia (as in the Cestida)