Introduction to Zoology: Classification, Taxonomy Intro, and Body Systems

Ch 1, 8, and 9

Zoology is the study of animal life # of species currently classified: 1.5 million Use taxonomy to help classify animals

◦What is taxonomy? Naming and evolutionary background of animals

◦How? Using what? Use patterns of physical, chemical and ecological relationship to classify animals Use 5 categories to classify animals

Introduction

Definition◦Balanced proportions, how does size/shape

compare on opposite halves 4 main types

#1: Symmetry

Spherical

RadialBilateral

Biradial

1) Spherical◦ Any plane passing through center divides body

into equivalent parts/halves, very rare◦ Ex: some unicellular organisms

2) Biradial◦ Only two planes produce mirrored halves◦ Ex: comb jelly fish

3) Radial◦ More than two planes creates similar halves◦ Ex: starfish, hydra, sponge

4) Bilateral◦ Divides along a sagittal plant making right/left ½◦ Ex: most insects, mammals, birds, reptiles

#1: Symmetry

Evidence types◦1) Fossils◦2) Protein/DNA structure◦3) Biochemistry (molecular make-up)◦4) Biogeography

#2: Evolutionary Evidence

Most widely used TODAY, in modern science to classify organisms

Use phylogeny to group/classify organisms◦Def: origin and diversity of organisms◦Where did organisms come from?

#2: Evolutionary Evidence

10 major body systems

#3: Body System Organiz.

1) Circulatory◦Transports nutrients, gases (oxygen and

carbon dioxide), hormones and wastes◦Organs: heart, veins, arteries, vessels,

capillaries, blood

2) Digestive◦To breakdown food into proteins, vitamins,

minerals, carbs and fats; absorbs nutrients necessary for growth and maintenance

◦Organs: mouth, stomach, esophagus, intestines

#3: Body System Organiz.

3) Endocrine◦To rely chemical message throughout the

body◦Organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland,

pancreas, liver, gall bladder, ovaries and testes

4) Lymphatic/Immune◦To destroy and remove invading microbes

and viruses; remove fat and excess fluid◦Organs: lymph nodes, white blood cells, T-

cells

#3: Body System Organiz.

5) Muscular system◦To provide movement, control

movement of materials through some organs

◦Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

6) Nervous system ◦To relay electrical signals throughout the

body, directs behavior and/or movement◦Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves

#3: Body System Organiz.

7) Reproductive system◦To manufacture cells that allow for

reproduction (sperm and egg)◦Organs: ovaries, vagina, uterus,

mammary glands, fallopian tubes; testis, penis

8) Respiratory system◦To provide gas exchange between blood

and the environment◦Organs: lungs, trachea, nose,

bronchial tubes

#3: Body System Organiz.

9) Skeletal system◦To provide support for the body,

protection of organs, provides attachment site for organs/muscles

◦Organs: bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

10) Excretory/Urinary system◦To filter out cellular wastes, toxins and

excess water from the circulatory system◦Organs: kidney, bladder, ureter

#3: Body System Organiz.

Homologous is similarities between organisms resulting from a common ancestor

This characteristic and evolutionary evidence work together

Ex:

#4: Homologous Features

Ecological: different biomes, different areas to eat, sleep, etc.◦Niche/Habitat

Diet: What do they eat?Predator/Prey:

◦Hunting for eating purposes

#5: Other relationships

HierarchyFrom largest group to smallest group1. Kingdom2. Phylum3. Class4. Order5. Family6. Genus7. Species

Taxonomy

King Philip can’t

order five giant

slurppies

How many do we currently have?◦5

Names of these:◦Animal, plant, fungi, monerans/bacteria, protists

Major differences between them:◦Fun/Animals: must consume food◦Plants: cell wall, chloroplasts◦Protists/monerans: unicellular

Kingdom

9 we study◦Names of each◦Example of each◦8 invertebrates, 1 vertebrate◦Invert vs. vert.

Phylum

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes Nematoda

Mollusca

Annelida

Arthropoda

Echinodermata

Chordata

Porifera

Used in naming system called binomial nomenclature, current system of naming and classifying animals

Scientist who invented system: Carl Linnaeus◦Genus – capitalized◦Species – NOT capitalized◦Both are italicized or underlined

Ex: Homo sapiens

Genus/Species

How does phylogeny relate to classification and taxonomy◦Classification is categorizing◦Taxonomy is naming◦Phylogeny is using evolution to classify and

name animals

Phylogeny

◦They are related because they all rely upon each other to get species organized into workable categoriesSpecies is a reproductive community

living in a specific area/location3 criteria for recognizing species 1) Common ancestor or common descent 2) Small grouping w/ distinct and unique

characteristics 3) Must be able to reproduce

Phylogeny, cont.

◦After a NEW species is discovered: Must name it Classify it

Use phylogeny (evolutionary evidence) 1) Comparative homology 2) Character variation 3) Ecological relationships

Phylogeny, cont.