1 Introduction to Zoology

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Introduction to ZoologyDepartment of zoology

Shri.Siddheshwar Mahavidyalaya

Majalgaon-431131

Under Guidence

:-Dr.Pr.Ingole Sir :-Pr.Naik Sir

Presented by:- Tarkasband Vaibhav


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Zoology

Scientific study of the

diversity of animal life


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Why Study Zoology?


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Understand the natural world


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Learn to protect the environment


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Develop skills for learning


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Myths To Explain Biological

Processes

Disease caused by

evil spirits

Brain produces snot

Blood determines

heredity

Heart is for emotions


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How Does Science SeparateMyths from Reality?

Scientific

Method


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Scientific Method

Observation

Hypothesis

Prediction

Test Hypothesis

Experiment

Further Observations

Conclusion


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Edward Jenner 1749-1823

Smallpox

Scientific method


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Observation

Smallpox is deadly


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Observation

Survivors are immune


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Observation

Milkmaids do not get smallpox


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Observation

Milkmaids get cowpox from cows


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Hypothesis

Cowpox Makes YouImmune to Smallpox


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Prediction

If you are exposed to cowpox, you will be

immune to smallpox


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Experiment


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Results

Boy did not get smallpox


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Conclusion

Hypothesis supported


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Robert Koch 1843-1910

Identified the

bacterium that causes

anthrax

Identified thebacterium that causes

tuberculosis


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Louis Pasteur 1822-1895

Developed vaccines for

rabies and anthrax

Demonstrated the

existence ofgerms

Invented Pasteurization


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A New Scientific Theory Explains

the Observations ofMany

Scientists

Edward Jenner

Smallpox Louis Pasteur

Rabies and anthrax

Robert Koch

Tuberculosis and

anthrax


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Germ Theory ofDisease

Germs cause disease

Predictions of the Germ Theory

Many diseases are caused by germs Diptheria

Whooping cough

Measles

Plague

Modern medicine uses the Germ Theory

to guide research


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Ramifications ofGerm Theory

Previous concepts about the cause of

many diseases incorrect

Evil spirits

Bad thoughts

Excess blood


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Theory vrs Scientific Theory

Theory (as used outside of science)

Guess

Speculation Has not been tested


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Scientific Theory

Principle

Tested many times

Explains many different phenomena Makes predictions

Falsifiable


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Falsify Germ Theory

Smallpox occurs without the smallpoxvirus

Tuberculosis occurs without the TBbacterium

Discovery of a different type of cause forinfectious diseases

Cell phones Computer screens

Lack of exercise


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Jeffs Lost Dog

Jeffs beloved dog is

missing (observation)

Jeff thinks the dog

has run away(hypothesis)

What can falsify his

hypothesis?

Jeff finds his dog

asleep in the house

I love

my dog


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Testing Hypotheses

Observation

Jeff found his dog asleep in the house

Scientists find the same bacterium in thebodies of people who die of the plague

Experiment

Jenner vaccinates boy with cowpox and later

infects him with smallpox. The boy does notget smallpox.


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100 Sick People

Experimental group

50 People

M

edicine X

Control group

50 People

Placebo


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Three Days Later

Experimental group

34 Better

M

edicine X

Control group

33 Better

Placebo


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Three Days Later

Experimental group

34 Better

M

edicine X

Control group

5 Better

Placebo


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Why does this frog have extra legs?


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Law vrs Theory

Law

Observation that has been repeated

numerous times

Law of gravity

Does not explain the observation

Theory

Explains why or how something in nature

happens


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Which is most important to a

scientist?

Fact

Hypothesis

Law

Theory


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Theory is the most important

Theory

Explains laws,

hypotheses and facts

Law States what happens

Hypothesis

Untested theory

Fact

Observation


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Major Scientific Theories

Germ Theory ofDisease

Germs cause infectious disease

Atomic TheoryMatter is made if tiny atoms

Gene Theory (Chromosomal Theory)

Genes on chromosomes determine heredity

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells


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Theory of Evolution

Populations of

organisms change

over time

Changes result innew species that

share a common

ancestor.


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Evolution is both a fact and a

theory

Fact

Evolution is

documented in the

fossil record and hasbeen observed in our

lifetime.

Theory

How evolutionhappens


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Theory of Evolution

Scientists no longer

ask if evolution

occurs. They study

how evolution occurs. Evolution is the major

theory that guides

research in Zoology


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Science

A body of knowledgegained from studying thenatural world

It is tested against the

natural world Does not use supernatural

explanations

Its conclusions are notabsolute.

New discoveries can reviseprevious conclusions

It is falsifiable


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The End

1 Introduction to Zoology

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