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Transcript of Introduction to biology
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Introduction to Introduction to BiologyBiology
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Biology – The Study of Biology – The Study of LifeLife
Life arose more than 3.5 billion years ago
First organisms (living things) were single celled
Only life on Earth for millions of years
Organisms changed over time (evolved)
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New organisms arose from older kinds
Today there are millions of species
They inhabit almost every region of Earth today
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Themes of BiologyThemes of Biology Cell structure and
function Stability and homeostasis Reproduction and
inheritance Evolution Interdependence of
organisms Matter, energy, and
organization
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Cell Structure and Cell Structure and FunctionFunction Cell basic unit of life All organisms are
made of and develop from cells
Some composed of only a single cell (unicellular) which is usually identical to parent
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CellsCells Most organisms are
composed of many cells (multicellular) Cells are different
(undergo differentiation)
Cells are small Cells are highly
organized
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Cells contain specialized structures (organelles) that carry out the cell’s life processes
Many different kinds of cells exist
All cells surrounded by a plasma membrane
Contain a set of instructions called DNA (genetic information)
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Stability and Stability and HomeostasisHomeostasis
Organisms must Maintain very stable internal conditions - HOMEOSTASIS
Temperature, water content, chemical content, etc. must be maintained
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Reproduction and Reproduction and InheritanceInheritance
All organisms produce new organisms like themselves REPRODUCE
Organisms transmit hereditary information to their offspring INHERITANCE
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DNADNA Genetic Information in all cells Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA contains instructions for
traits GENES Make the structures and
complex chemicals necessary for life PROTEINS
DNA in every body cell (SOMATIC CELLS) is exactly alike
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Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction Hereditary information
from two different organisms of the same species are combined
Egg and sperm zygote (fertilized egg)
Zygote contains hereditary information from both parents
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Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction Hereditary
information from one, usually unicellular, organism that divides
Resulting cells contain identical hereditary information
Genetic information from single parent
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EvolutionEvolution Populations of
organisms change (evolve) over generations (time)
Explains how many different kinds of organisms came into existence SPECIES
Explains how modern organisms are related to past organisms
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Explains why organisms look and behave the way they do
Provides a basis for exploring the relationships among different groups of organisms
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Natural SelectionNatural Selection Natural selection is the
driving force in evolution Organisms that have
certain favorable traits are better able to successfully reproduce than organisms that lack these traits
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Natural SelectionNatural Selection Survival of organisms
with favorable traits cause a gradual change in populations over many generations
Also Called “Survival of the Fittest”
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Interdependence of Interdependence of OrganismsOrganisms
Interaction of organisms with one another and with their environment ECOLOGY
Insects depend and flowers DEPEND on each other for food & pollination COEVOLUTION
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All organisms need substances such as nutrients, water, and gases from the environment
The stability of the environment depends on the healthy functioning of organisms in that environment
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Matter, Energy and Matter, Energy and OrganizationOrganization
Living things are highly organized
Require a constant supply of energy to maintain their orderly state
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EnergyEnergy ALL energy comes from the SUN
(directly or indirectly) Photosynthesis is the process by
which some organisms capture the energy from the sun (solar) and transform it into energy (chemical) that can be used by living things
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AutotrophsAutotrophs Organisms that make
their own food are called autotrophs
Phototrophs – use solar energy (photosynthesis) to get energy
Convert H2O and CO2 into sugar and O2
Chemotrophs – use different chemical processes to get energy
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HeterotrophsHeterotrophs Organisms that must take in
food to meet their energy needs are called heterotrophsheterotrophsConsume autotrophs (herbivores), (herbivores), other heterotrophs (carnivores) (carnivores) or both (omnivores) (omnivores) for their energy needs
Complex chemicals are broken down and reassembled into reassembled into chemicalschemicals and structures needed by organisms
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The World of Biology
Chapter 1.2
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Characteristics of Life
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Cells All living things are
composed of cellscells In multicellular
organisms, many are specializedspecialized to perform specific functions
Cells are always very smallsmall
The size of multi-celled organisms depends on the number of cells the number of cells NOT their sizeNOT their size
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Organization Organized at both the
molecular and molecular and cellular levelscellular levels
Take in substances from the environment and organize them in complex ways
Specific cell structures (organelles) (organelles) carry out particular functions
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In multicellular multicellular organisms, organisms, cells and groups of cells (tissues) are organized by their function CellsCells
tissues TissuesTissues
organs Organs Organs systemssystems SystemsSystems ORGANISMORGANISMCopyright Cmassengale
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Energy Use Use energy in a process called
metabolismmetabolism Sum of all chemical processesSum of all chemical processes
Require energy to maintain their molecular and cellular organization, grow and reproduce
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HomeostasisHomeostasis Maintain stable internal stable internal
conditionsconditions Temperature, pH, etc.Temperature, pH, etc.
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GrowthGrowth Grow occurs as the result of cell cell
division and cell enlargementdivision and cell enlargement Cell division Cell division is the formation of
two cells from a preexisting cellpreexisting cell New cells enlarge as they mature When a cell grows to a size
where its surface area isn’t big surface area isn’t big enough for its volumeenough for its volume, the cell divides
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The process by which an adult process by which an adult organism arise organism arise is called developmentdevelopment Repeated cell divisions and cell cell
differentiationdifferentiation
DevelopmentDevelopment
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ReproductionReproduction All species have the ability to ability to
reproducereproduce Not essential to survival of Not essential to survival of
individual individual but is essential for continuation of a species
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ResponsivenessResponsiveness Respond to stimuli Respond to stimuli in
the external environment
Detect and respond to changes in light, heat, light, heat, sound and chemical sound and chemical and mechanical and mechanical contactcontact
Coordinates it’s responses
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EvolveEvolve Ability to adapt to their environment
through the process of evolutionevolution Favorable characteristics Favorable characteristics are selected
for and passed on to offspring Called adaptationsadaptations Driven byDriven by
natural selectionnatural selectionoror “survival of the “survival of thefittest”fittest”
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Scientific Method
Chapter 1.3
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Observation – STEP 1Observation – STEP 1 Employing your five senses five senses to
perceive objects or events
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Asking a Question Based on observations; one or
more questions are generated
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Forming a Hypothesis – STEP Forming a Hypothesis – STEP 22
A statement is testabletestable if evidence can be collected that either does or doesn’t support it
It can never be proven beyond doubt Often must be refined and revised or refined and revised or
discardeddiscarded
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The Hypothesis ---The Hypothesis --- Is a statement made in Is a statement made in
advance that states the advance that states the results that will be obtained results that will be obtained from testing the hypothesisfrom testing the hypothesis
Often written in the form of an “if-then” statement“if-then” statement
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Experimenting – STEP 3 Testing a hypothesis Testing a hypothesis or prediction by
gathering data under controlled controlled conditionsconditions – conducting a controlled experiment Based on a comparison of a
control control grougroup with an experimental groupexperimental group
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Both groups are identical except except for one factorfor one factor (independent independent variablevariable)
Observations and measurements are taken for a particular factor (dependent variabledependent variable) in both groupsDriven by or results from independent variable
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MeasuringInvolves quantitative data quantitative data that can be measured in numbers numbers &/or qualitative data qualitative data information that isn’t numbers
SamplingTechnique of using a samplesample – a small part – to represent the represent the entire populationentire population
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Organizing Data – STEP 4 Involves placing observations and
measurement (data) in order Graphs, charts, tables, or mapsGraphs, charts, tables, or maps
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Analyzing Data – STEP 4 cont)
Collected and organized data must be analyzed Process of determining whether determining whether
data are reliable or whether they data are reliable or whether they support or do not support a support or do not support a hypothesishypothesis or prediction
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Conclusion – STEP 5Conclusion – STEP 5 Conclusions are made on the
basis of facts, not observations Often drawn from data drawn from data
gathered from a study or experiment
Should support the support the hypothesishypothesis
Should be re-testablere-testable
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Communication – STEP 6 Scientists must share the results of share the results of
their studiestheir studies with other scientists (peers)
PublishPublish findings in journalsjournals Present their findings at scientific scientific
meetingsmeetings Scientists must be unbiasedunbiased
Should not tamper with their data Only publish & report tested &
proven ideas
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CommunicationCommunication Sharing of information Sharing of information is essential
to scientific process Subject to examination and
verificationverification by other scientists Allows scientists to build on the
work of others
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TheoriesTheories A theorytheory may be formed
after many related hypotheses have been tested and supported with experimental evidence
A broad and broad and comprehensive comprehensive statement of what is statement of what is thought to be truethought to be true
Supported by considerable evidenceconsiderable evidence
Ties together related hypotheses
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LawsLaws A Statement of factStatement of fact that
concisely explains an action or group of actionse.g. Law of Gravity
Accepted to be trueAccepted to be true UniversalUniversal May be expressed as a math
equatione.g. E=mc2
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MICROSCOPESMICROSCOPES
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Microscopy and Microscopy and MeasurementMeasurement Microscopes – produce an enlarged produce an enlarged
image of an objectimage of an object Used to study organisms, cells, and
cell parts Increase in apparent size is called
magnificationmagnification The ability to show details clearly is
called resolutionresolution Microscopes vary in both
magnification and resolution
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Compound Light Compound Light MicroscopesMicroscopes SpecimenSpecimen mounted on a glass slideglass slide
Must be thinly sliced or very small
Pair of lenseslenses OcularOcular lens (eye
piece) ObjectiveObjective lens
(nose piece) Can be used to
study LIVE LIVE specimensspecimens
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MagnificationMagnification determined by multiplying power of both lenses
Eyepiece 10X times Objective power (20X, 40X…)
HighestHighest Maximum magnification is around 1000X1000X
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Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope Transmission EM (TEM)Transmission EM (TEM)
Uses a beam of beam of electrons electrons to produce an enlarged image of very thinly sliced specimen on screen or photographic plate
Image focused by magnetic lensesmagnetic lenses
200,000X magnification Cannot be used to view
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Scanning EM (SEM)Scanning EM (SEM) 3D3D image Specimens not sliced not sliced
for viewingfor viewing Surface sprayed with Surface sprayed with
fine metal coatingfine metal coating Also uses electron
beam and fluorescent screen or photographic plates
100,000X 100,000X magnificationmagnification
Cannot be used to Cannot be used to view living specimensview living specimens
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MEASUREMENTSMEASUREMENTS
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MeasurementsMeasurements We will be using SI units or metric SI units or metric
system when possible --- the WHOLE world uses it except us (USA)
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